Association of monoaminergic gene polymorphisms in chronic inflammatory pulmonary disease patients with successful smoking cessation.

BACKGROUND: Albeit smoking cessation has unequivocal health benefits, attempts to quit are not unanimous, even in patient populations at high risk for smoking-related diseases cessation. Allelic variations of enzymes involved in dopamine metabolism are being considered as candidates for nicotine addiction. We set out to assess whether rs4680 G/A and rs2235186 G/A polymorphisms of COMT and MAO-A, respectively are associated with the ability to quit smoking in chronic inflammatory pulmonary disease patients. METHODS: Patients managed for chronic inflammatory pulmonary disease by the Department of Pulmonology (University of Debrecen, Hungary), with a current or past smoking habit were included in the current analysis. The study was designed in line with the STROBE statement for cross-sectional studies and was approved by the National Center for Public Health, Hungary. Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral blood specimens. SNPs were genotyped using TaqMan SNP genotyping assays. RESULTS: rs4680 COMT polymorphism showed significant effect for successful smoking cessation in patients with pulmonary disease. Accordingly, A/A subjects had lower odds for successful smoking cessation (odds ratio 0.37; 95% confidence interval 0.20-0.69, p = 0.002 (additive model). On the other hand, patients homozygous for the minor allele (A) at rs2235186 of MAO-A showed a non-significant trend toward increased odds for successful smoking cessation. CONCLUSIONS: The presence of the minor allele for rs4680 COMT was shown to decrease the odds for successful smoking cessation, a finding that may be interpreted in view of the altered balance between tonic and phasic dopamine release.

Bone Loss in Diabetes Mellitus: Diaporosis.

The objective of this review is to examine the connection between osteoporosis and diabetes, compare the underlying causes of osteoporosis in various forms of diabetes, and suggest optimal methods for diagnosing and assessing fracture risk in diabetic patients. This narrative review discusses the key factors contributing to the heightened risk of fractures in individuals with diabetes, as well as the shared elements impacting the treatment of both diabetes mellitus and osteoporosis. Understanding the close link between diabetes and a heightened risk of fractures is crucial in effectively managing both conditions. There are several review articles of meta-analysis regarding diaporosis. Nevertheless, no review articles showed collected and well-organized medications of antidiabetics and made for inconvenient reading for those who were interested in details of drug mechanisms. In this article, we presented collected and comprehensive charts of every antidiabetic medication which was linked to fracture risk and indicated plausible descriptions according to research articles.

Exercise-mitigated sex-based differences in aging: from genetic alterations to heart performance.

The prevalence of cardiovascular diseases dramatically increases with age; therefore, striving to maintain a physiological heart function is particularly important. Our aim was to study the voluntary exercise-evoked cardioprotective effects in aged male and female rats, from genetic alterations to changes in heart performance. We divided 20-month-old female and male Wistar rats to control and running groups. After the 12-wk-long experimental period, echocardiographic measurements were performed. Afterwards, hearts were either removed for biochemical measurements or mounted into a Langendorff-perfusion system to detect infarct size. The following genes and their proteins were analyzed from heart: catechol-O-methyltransferase (Comt), endothelin-1 (Esm1), Purkinje cell protein-4 (Pcp4), and osteoglycin (Ogn). Recreational exercise caused functional improvements; however, changes were more prominent in males. Cardiac expression of Comt and Ogn was reduced as a result of exercise in aged males, whereas Pcp4 and Esm1 showed a marked overexpression, along with a markedly improved diastolic function. The key result of this study is that exercise enhanced the expression of the Pcp4 gene and protein, a recently described regulator of calcium balance in cardiomyocytes, and suppressed Comt and Ogn gene expression, which has been associated with impaired cardiac function. In addition, as a result of exercise, a significant improvement was observed in the size of infarct elicited by left anterior descending coronary artery occlusion. Our results clearly show that age and sex-dependent changes were both apparent in key proteins linked to cardiovascular physiology. Exercise-moderated fundamental genetic alterations may have contributed to the functional adaptation of the heart.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Voluntary exercise has proved to be an effective therapeutic tool to improve cardiac function in aged rats with clearly visible sex differences. Long-term exercise is associated with decreased Ogn and Comt expression and enhanced presence of Pcp4 and Esm1 genes. Sex-dependent changes were also observed in the expression of the cardiovascular key proteins. Fundamental alterations in gene and protein expression may contribute to the improvement of cardiac performance.

Investigation of H2S Donor Treatment on Neutrophil Extracellular Traps in Experimental Colitis.

Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are chronic, immune-mediated disorders, which affect the gastrointestinal tract with intermittent ulceration. It is increasingly clear that neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) seem to have a role in IBD; however, the associated pathogenesis is still not known. Furthermore, several conventional therapies are available against IBD, although these might have side effects. Our current study aimed to investigate the effects of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) treatment on NETs formation and on the expression of inflammatory mediators in experimental rat colitis. To model IBD, 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS) was administered intracolonically (i.c.) to Wistar-Harlan male rats. Animals were treated (2 times/day) with H2S donor Lawesson's reagent per os. Our results showed that H2S treatment significantly decreased the extent of colonic lesions. Furthermore, the expression of members of NETs formation: peptidyl arginine deiminase 4 (PAD4), citrullinated histone H3 (citH3), myeloperoxidase (MPO) and inflammatory regulators, such as nuclear transcription factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) were reduced in H2S treated group compared to TNBS. Additionally, H2S donor administration elevated the expression of ubiquitin C-terminal hydroxylase L1 (UCHL-1), a potential anti-inflammatory mediator. Taken together, our results showed that H2S may exert anti-inflammatory effect through the inhibition of NETs formation, which suggests a new therapeutic approach against IBD.

A Potential Involvement of Anandamide in the Modulation of HO/NOS Systems: Women, Menopause, and "Medical Cannabinoids".

Endocannabinoids and their receptors are present in the cardiovascular system; however, their actions under different pathological conditions remain controversial. The aim of our study was to examine the effects of anandamide (AEA) on heme oxygenase (HO) and nitric oxide synthase (NOS) systems in an estrogen-depleted rat model. Sham-operated (SO) and surgically induced estrogen-deficient (OVX) female Wistar rats were used. During a two-week period, a group of OVX rats received 0.1 mg/kg estrogen (E2) per os, while AEA-induced alterations were analyzed after two weeks of AEA treatment at the dose of 1.0 mg/kg. At the end of the experiment, cardiac activity and expression of HO and NOS enzymes, content of cannabinoid 1 receptor, as well as concentrations of transient potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) were measured. Our results show that estrogen withdrawal caused a significant decrease in both NOS and HO systems, and a similar tendency was observed regarding the TRPV1/CGRP pathway. Two weeks of either AEA or E2 treatment restored the adverse changes; however, the combined administration of these two molecules did not result in a further improvement. In light of the potential relationship between AEA and HO/NOS systems, AEA-induced upregulation of HO/NOS enzymes may be a therapeutic strategy in estrogen-deficient conditions.

Lessons on the Sigma-1 Receptor in TNBS-Induced Rat Colitis: Modulation of the UCHL-1, IL-6 Pathway.

Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) is an autoimmune ailment of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, which is characterized by enhanced activation of proinflammatory cytokines. It is suggested that the sigma-1 receptor (σ1R) confers anti-inflammatory effects. As the exact pathogenesis of IBD is still unknown and treatment options are limited, we aimed to investigate the effects of σ1R in 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS)-induced experimental colitis. To this end, male Wistar-Harlan rats were used to model colitic inflammation through the administration of TNBS. To investigate the effects of σ1R, Fluvoxamine (FLV, σ1R agonist) and BD1063 (σ1R antagonist) were applied via intracolonic administration to the animals once a day for three days. Our radioligand binding studies indicated the existence of σ1Rs as [3H](+)-pentazocine binding sites, and FLV treatment increased the reduced σ1R maximum binding capacity in TNBS-induced colitis. Furthermore, FLV significantly attenuated the colonic damage, the effect of which was abolished by the administration of BD1063. Additionally, FLV potentially increased the expression of ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase ligase-1 (UCHL-1) and the levels of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), and decreased the levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and inducible NOS (iNOS) expression. In summary, our study offers evidence for the anti-inflammatory potential of FLV and σ1R in experimental colitis, and our results present a promising approach to the development of new σ1R-targeted treatment options against IBD.

Postconditioning-like effect of exercis: new paradigm in experimental menopause.

The progression of coronary artery diseases in premenopausal women is lower than in age-matched men; however, its probability increases rapidly after menopause. The aim of our study was to investigate the postconditioning-like effects of voluntary physical exercise on postmenopausal cardiovascular outcomes after myocardial infarction. We used fertile Wistar females [control (CTRL)] and pharmacologically induced estrogen-deficient (POVX; 750 µg/kg triptorelin im, every 4th week) rats. CTRL and POVX animals were randomly assigned to receive an injection of 0.1 mg isoproterenol (ISO)/kg. At the 20th hour after ISO injection, serum markers of myocardial injury, such as lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and myoglobin, were measured. After a 3-wk resting period, ISO-treated and untreated animals were further divided into subgroups on the basis of 6 wk of physical exercise. At the end of the experiment, cardiac activity and content of the antioxidative heme oxygenase (HO) enzyme, levels of GSH and GSH + GSSG, activity of myeloperoxidase, as well as the concentration of TNF-α were determined. At the end of the experimental period, we observed a significant decrease in the activity and content of HO enzymes in POVX and POVX/ISO rats, whereas physical exercise significantly improved HO and GSH values in both CTRL and POVX rats. Furthermore, our training protocol significantly reduced the pathological levels of myeloperoxidase and TNF-α. Our findings clearly demonstrate that modulation of the HO system by voluntary physical exercise is a key process to decrease inflammatory parameters and ameliorate the antioxidative status in estrogen-deficient conditions postmyocardial injury. NEW & NOTEWORTHY We used a noninvasive rat model of estrogen deficiency and myocardial infarction. The long-term effects of isoproterenol treatment revealed reduced heme oxygenase enzyme activity and expression and decreased glutathione levels. Isoproterenol treatment enhanced the myeloperoxidase enzyme activity. Voluntary physical exercise ameliorated the antioxidative status by increasing of the heme oxygenase enzyme system. Voluntary physical exercise is a potential therapeutic tool to improve cardiac antioxidant status in menopausal women postmyocardial injury.

New Metabolic Influencer on Oxytocin Release: The Ghrelin.

BACKGROUND: The hypothalamic⁻pituitary axis by secreting neuropeptides plays a key role in metabolic homeostasis. In light of the metabolic regulation, oxytocin is a potential neuropeptide for therapies against obesity and related disorders. The aim of our study is to measure ghrelin-induced oxytocin secretion in rats and to detect the changes after administration of ghrelin antagonist. METHODS: Ghrelin was administrated centrally (intracerebroventricular, i.c.v., 1.0, 10.0, and 100.0 pmol) or systemically (intravenous, i.v., 1.0, and 10.0 nmol). [d-Lys³]-GHRP-6 ghrelin antagonist was injected 15 min before ghrelin injection in a dose of 10.0 pmol i.c.v. and 10.0 nmol i.v. RESULTS: Either i.c.v. or i.v. administration of ghrelin dose-dependently increased the plasma oxytocin concentration. Following pretreatment with the ghrelin antagonist [d-Lys³]-GHRP-6, the high plasma oxytocin level induced by ghrelin was significantly reduced. CONCLUSION: The results indicate that the release of oxytocin is influenced directly by the ghrelin system. Examination of the mechanism of ghrelin-induced oxytocin secretion is a new horizon for potential therapeutic options.

The Anti-Inflammatory Role of Mannich Curcuminoids; Special Focus on Colitis.

The incidence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) increases gradually in Western countries with high need for novel therapeutic interventions. Mannich curcuminoids, C142 or C150 synthetized in our laboratory, have been tested for anti-inflammatory activity in a rat model of TNBS (2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulphonic acid) induced colitis. Treatment with C142 or C150 reduced leukocyte infiltration to the submucosa and muscular propria of the inflamed gut. C142 or C150 rescued the loss of body weight and C150 decreased the weight of standard colon preparations proportional with 20% less tissue oedema. Both C142 and C150 curcumin analogues caused 25% decrease in the severity of colonic inflammation and haemorrhagic lesion size. Colonic MPO (myeloperoxidase) enzyme activity as an indicator of intense neutrophil infiltration was 50% decreased either by C142 or C150 Mannich curcuminoids. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) co-treatment with Mannich curcuminoids inhibited NF-κB (nuclear factor kappa B) activity on a concentration-dependent manner in an NF-κB-driven luciferase expressing reporter cell line. Co-treatment with LPS and curcuminoids, C142 or C150, resulted in NF-κB inhibition with 3.57 µM or 1.6 µM half maximal effective concentration (EC50) values, respectively. C150 exerted a profound inhibition of the expression of inflammatory cytokines, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and interleukin-4 (IL-4) in human PBMCs (peripheral blood mononuclear cells) upon LPS stimulus. Mannich curcuminoids reported herein possess a powerful anti-inflammatory activity.

Novel Potentials of the DPP-4 Inhibitor Sitagliptin against Ischemia-Reperfusion (I/R) Injury in Rat Ex-Vivo Heart Model.

Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors are a class of oral anti-diabetic drugs, implicated in pleiotropic secondary cardioprotective effects. The aim of the study was to unveil the unknown and possible cardioprotective targets that can be exerted by sitagliptin (Sitg) against ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury. Male wistar rats received 2 weeks' Sitg oral treatment of different doses (25, 50, 100, and 150 mg/kg/day), or saline as a Control. Hearts were then isolated and subjected to two different I/R injury protocols: 10 min perfusion, 45 min regional ischemia, and 120 min reperfusion for infarct size (IS) measurement, or: 10 min perfusion, 45 min regional ischemia and 10 min reperfusion for biochemical analysis: nitric oxide synthases (NOSs) and DPP-4 activity, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), Calcium, transient receptor potential vanilloid (TRPV)-1 and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) levels, transient receptor potential canonical (TRPC)-1 and e-NOS protein expression. NOS inhibitor (L-NAME) and TRPV-1 inhibitor (Capsazepine) were utilized to confirm the implication of both signaling mechanisms in DPP-4 inhibition-induced at the level of IS. Findings show that Sitg (50 mg) resulted in significant decrease in IS and DPP-4 activity, and significant increase in GLP-1, NOS activity, e-NOS expression, TRPV-1 level and TRPC-1 expression, compared to controls. Results of CGRP are in line with TRPV-1, as a downstream regulatory effect. NOS system and transient receptor potential (TRP) channels can contribute to DPP-4 inhibition-mediated cardioprotection against I/R injury using Sitagliptin.

H2S confers colonoprotection against TNBS-induced colitis by HO-1 upregulation in rats.

Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is an endogenous mediator that contributes to many important physiological processes including vasodilation and vascular smooth muscle relaxation; in turn, preventing tissue damage and reducing inflammation. Heme oxygenase (HO) enzymes, of which HO-1 is inducible by harmful stimuli, were found to regulate intestinal inflammation in experimental animal models of colitis. We aimed to investigate the protective effects of H2S against 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS)-induced colitis in rats, and whether HO enzyme system is involved in the H2S-induced colonic cytoprotection. Male Wistar rats were treated with TNBS to induce colitis, and H2S donor (Lawesson's reagent) was prepared two times/day at different concentrations, and delivered per os (from day 1 to day 3). Our results suggest that daily treatment (2 times/day) with H2S donor, could significantly decrease the extent of colonic inflammation compared to vehicle treatment, and the most effective daily dose of H2S donor against inflammation was 18.75 µM/kg/day. Per os administration of H2S donor increased the colonic HO enzyme activity; on the contrary, the protective effect of H2S was abolished by the co-treatment with HO inhibitor. Our findings suggest that H2S confers colonoprotection, probably by modulation of anti-inflammatory parameters and HO enzyme activity.

The Effects of Exercise Training and High Triglyceride Diet in an Estrogen Depleted Rat Model: The Role of the Heme Oxygenase System and Inflammatory Processes in Cardiovascular Risk.

Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality of premenopausal women are significantly lower compared to men of similar age. However, this protective effect evidently decreases after the onset of menopause. We hypothesized that physical exercise could be a potential therapeutic strategy to improve inflammatory processes and cardiovascular antioxidant homeostasis, which can be affected by the loss of estrogen and the adverse environmental factors, such as overnutrition. Ovariectomized (OVX, n= 40) and sham-operated (SO, n= 40) female Wistar rats were randomized to exercising (R) and non-exercising (NR) groups. Feeding parameters were chosen to make a standard chow (CTRL) or a high triglyceride diet (HT) for 12 weeks. Aortic and cardiac heme oxygenase (HO) activity and HO-1 concentrations significantly decreased in all of the NR OVX and SO HT groups. However, the 12-week physical exercise was found to improve HO-1 values. Plasma IL-6 concentrations were higher in the NR OVX animals and rats fed HT diet compared to SO CTRL rats. TNF-α concentrations were significantly higher in the NR OVX groups. 12 weeks of exercise significantly reduced the concentrations of both TNF-α and IL-6 compared to the NR counterparts. The activity of myeloperoxidase enzyme (MPO) was significantly increased as a result of OVX and HT diet, however voluntary wheel-running exercise restored the elevated values. Our results show that estrogen deficiency and HT diet caused a significant decrease in the activity and concentration of HO enzyme, as well as the concentrations of TNF-α, IL-6, and the activity of MPO. However, 12 weeks of voluntary wheel-running exercise is a potential non-pharmacological therapy to ameliorate these disturbances, which determine the life expectancy of postmenopausal women.

Exogenous nicotinamide supplementation and moderate physical exercise can attenuate the aging process in skeletal muscle of rats.

Nicotinamide (NAM) could enhance the availability of NAD+ and be beneficial to cell function. However, NAM can inhibit the activities of SIRT1 and PARP. The effect of NAM supplementation on the aging process is not well known. In the present study exogenous NAM (1-0.5% in drinking water) was supplemented for 5 weeks and in the last 4 weeks moderate treadmill running was given to 5 mo and 28 mo old rats. The content of SIRT1 was not effected by NAM treatment alone. However, the activity of SIRT1, judged from the acetylated p53/p53 ratio, increased in both NAM treated age groups, suggesting beneficial effects of exogenous NAM. This was confirmed by the finding of increased PGC-1α and pCREB/CREB ratio in the gastrocnemius muscle of old but not young NAM treated animals. Our data suggest NAM administration can attenuate the aging process in skeletal muscle of rats, but NAM administration together with exercise training might be too great challenge to cope with in the old animals, since it leads to decreased levels of SIRT1.

A Novel Therapeutic Approach in the Treatment of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: Allium ursinum Liophylisate Alleviates Symptoms Comparably to Sildenafil.

Right-sided heart failure-often caused by elevated pulmonary arterial pressure-is a chronic and progressive condition with particularly high mortality rates. Recent studies and our current findings suggest that components of Wild garlic (Allium ursinum, AU) may play a role in reducing blood pressure, inhibiting angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), as well as improving right ventricle function in rabbit models with heart failure. We hypothesize that AU may mitigate cardiovascular damage caused by pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) and has value in the supplementary treatment of the complications of the disease. In this present investigation, PAH was induced by a single dose of monocrotaline (MCT) injection in Sprague-Dawley rats, and animals were divided into 4 treatment groups as follows: I. healthy control animals (Control group); II. pulmonary hypertensive rats (PAH group); III. pulmonary hypertensive rats + daily sildenafil treatment (Sildenafil group); and IV. pulmonary hypertensive rats + Wild garlic liophylisate-enriched chow (WGLL group), for 8 weeks. Echocardiographic measurements were obtained on the 0 and 8 weeks with fundamental and Doppler imaging. Isolated working heart method was used to determinate cardiac functions ex vivo after thoracotomy on the 8th week. Histological analyses were carried out on excised lung samples, and Western blot technique was used to determine Phosphodiesterase type 5 enzyme (PDE5) expression in both myocardial and pulmonary tissues. Our data demonstrate that right ventricle function measured by echocardiography was deteriorated in PAH animals compared to controls, which was counteracted by AU treatment. Isolated working heart measurements showed elevated aortic flow in WGLL group compared to PAH animals. Histological analysis revealed dramatic increase in medial wall thickness of pulmonary arteries harvested from PAH animals, but arteries of animals in sildenafil- and WGLL-treated groups showed physiological status. Our results suggest that bioactive compounds in Allium ursinum could have beneficial effects in pulmonary hypertension.

Protective Effect of Prunus Cerasus (Sour Cherry) Seed Extract on the Recovery of Ischemia/Reperfusion-Induced Retinal Damage in Zucker Diabetic Fatty Rat.

Among diabetes patients, ophthalmological complications are very frequent. High blood glucose and (consequential) ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury contribute significantly to the severity of retinopathies. Diabetic retinopathy is among the leading causes of blindness. Our study demonstrates the effect of sour cherry seed extract (SCSE) on blood glucose and function of the retina with electroretinography (ERG) in a diabetic setting with or without ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury in Zucker Diabetic Fatty (ZDF) rats. Our results prove that the SCSE has a retinoprotective effect in diabetic rats: according to ERG measurements, SCSE treatment mitigated the retinal function-damaging effect of diabetes, and proved to be protective in the diabetic eye against ischemia-reperfusion injuries of the retina. Outcomes suggest that the protective effects of SCSE may occur through several pathways, including HO-1 dependent mechanisms. The observation that SCSE treatment decreases blood glucose is also novel. These findings offer the possibility for development of novel therapeutic strategies utilizing this emerging functional food, in particular in the prevention of conditions resulting from high blood glucose or I/R injury, such as deterioration of retinal microcirculation.

Long Term Osmotic Mini Pump Treatment with Alpha-MSH Improves Myocardial Function in Zucker Diabetic Fatty Rats.

The present investigation evaluates the cardiovascular effects of the anorexigenic mediator alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH), in a rat model of type 2 diabetes. Osmotic mini pumps delivering MSH or vehicle, for 6 weeks, were surgically implanted in Zucker Diabetic Fatty (ZDF) rats. Serum parameters, blood pressure, and weight gain were monitored along with oral glucose tolerance (OGTT). Echocardiography was conducted and, following sacrifice, the effects of treatment on ischemia/reperfusion cardiac injury were assessed using the isolated working heart method. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase activity was measured to evaluate levels of oxidative stress, and force measurements were performed on isolated cardiomyocytes to determine calcium sensitivity, active tension and myofilament co-operation. Vascular status was also evaluated on isolated arterioles using a contractile force measurement setup. The echocardiographic parameters ejection fraction (EF), fractional shortening (FS), isovolumetric relaxation time (IVRT), mitral annular plane systolic excursion (MAPSE), and Tei-index were significantly better in the MSH-treated group compared to ZDF controls. Isolated working heart aortic and coronary flow was increased in treated rats, and higher Hill coefficient indicated better myofilament co-operation in the MSH-treated group. We conclude that MSH improves global heart functions in ZDF rats, but these effects are not related to the vascular status.

HPLC method for measurement of human salivary α-amylase inhibition by aqueous plant extracts.

Control of hyperglycemia is an important treatment in metabolic disorders such as type II diabetes and obesity. α-Amylase, as the first enzyme of glucose release from dietary polysaccharides, is a potential target to identify new sources of novel anti-obesity and anti-diabetic drugs. In this work, different herbal extracts as α-amylase inhibitors were studied by measuring the rate of the cleavage of a maltooligomer substrate 2-chloro-4-nitrophenyl-ß-D-maltoheptoside. Measurement of chromophore containing products after reversed phase HPLC separation was used for α-amylase activity measurement. Rates of hydrolysis catalysed by human salivary α-amylase were determined in the presence and absence of lyophilised water extracts of eleven herbs. Remarkable bioactivities were found for extracts of Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume (bark), Camellia sinensis L. (leaf), Ribes nigrum L. (leaf), Laurus nobilis L. (leaf), Vaccinium macrocarpon Aiton (fruit) and Syzygium aromaticum L. (bud). Determined IC50 values were in 0.017-41 µg/ml range for these six selected plant extracts. Our results confirm the applicability of this HPLC-based method for the quick and reliable comparison of plants as α-amylase inhibitors.

Human recombinant activated protein C-coated stent for the prevention of restenosis in porcine coronary arteries.

Activated protein C (APC), an endogenous protein, inhibits inflammation and thrombosis and interrupts the coagulation cascade. Here, we investigated the effect of human recombinant APC on the development of neointimal hyperplasia in porcine coronary arteries. Yukon Choice bare metal stents were coated with 2.6 µg APC/mm(2). Under general anesthesia, APC-coated and bare stents were implanted in the left anterior descending and circumflex coronary arteries of 10 domestic pigs. During the 4-week follow-up, animals were treated with dual antiplatelet therapy and neointimal hyperplasia was evaluated via histology. Scanning electron microscopy indicated successful but unequal coating of stents with APC; nearly complete drug release occurred within 4 h. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay revealed that intracoronary stent implantation rapidly increased the levels of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, an effect that was inhibited by APC release from the coated stent. Fibrin deposition and adventitial inflammation were significantly decreased 1 month after implanting APC-coated stents versus bare stents, paralleled by significantly smaller neointimal area (0.98 ± 0.92 vs. 1.44 ± 0.91 mm(2), P = 0.028), higher lumen area (3.47 ± 0.94 vs. 3.06 ± 0.91 mm(2), P = 0.046), and lower stenosis area (22.2 ± 21.2% vs. 32.1 ± 20.1%, P = 0.034). Endothelialization was complete with APC-coated but not bare (90%) stents. P-selectin immunostaining revealed significantly fewer activated endothelial cells in the neointima in the APC group (4.6 ± 1.9 vs. 11.6 ± 4.1%, P < 0.001). Thus, short exposure of coronary arteries to APC reduced inflammatory responses, neointimal proliferation, and in-stent restenosis, offering a promising therapy to improve clinical outcomes of coronary stenting. However, coating stents with APC for prolonged, controlled drug release remains technically challenging.

Valvuloplasty with a paclitaxel-eluting balloon prevents restenosis in an experimental animal model of aortic stenosis.

BACKGROUND AND AIM OF THE STUDY: Restenosis occurs invariably within 12 months following balloon valvuloplasty (BAV) in calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD), and is a limiting factor of this treatment. Cellular proliferation secondary to balloon injury is thought to play a pivotal role in the mechanism of restenosis. The study aim was to investigate the potential role of a paclitaxel-eluting valvuloplasty balloon to mitigate the progression of restenosis in an animal model of CAVD. METHODS: Fifty-three rabbits were fed with an aortic stenosis (AS)-inducing diet (cholesterol 0.5% plus vitamin D3 50,000 IU/day) for three months. The surviving animals (n = 40) underwent echocardiographic and invasive assessments, followed by valvuloplasty, randomly using either a paclitaxel-coated (3 µg/mm2) or a plain balloon. At one month after BAV, the surviving animals (n = 28) underwent repeat assessments, followed by histology and micro-computed tomography (MicroCT) analysis of the aortic valve. RESULTS: The baseline and post-BAV transvalvular gradients, aortic valve area (AVA), left ventricular stroke work loss (SWL) and aortic valve resistance (AVR) were similar between the groups (14 rabbits were assigned to paclitaxel-eluting, and 14 to plain balloon). Significant differences between the groups were observed at one-month post-BAV, which was suggestive of diminished restenosis in the paclitaxel-balloon group (mean maximum transvalvular pressure gradient 7.7 ± 7.7 versus 3.6 ± 3.7 mmHg, p = 0.08; AVA 0.91 ± 0.59 versus 0.55 ± 0.22 cm2, p = 0.04; SWL 3.5 ± 4.0 versus 8.6 ± 8.0%, p = 0.047; AVR 86 ± 71 versus 177 ± 137 dynes/s/cm(-5), p = 0.039). Histology demonstrated decreased leaflet thickness (0.60 ± 0.15 versus 0.71 ± 0.17 mm, p = 0.03), proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) staining (grade 1.53 ± 0.04 versus 2.24 ± 0.55, p = 0.049), and calcification in the paclitaxel-balloon group. CONCLUSION: Use of a paclitaxel-eluting valvuloplasty balloon in an animal model of AS resulted in attenuated restenosis, secondary to decrease in valve proliferation and calcification.

Perspectives on weight control in diabetes - Tirzepatide.

Tirzepatide, a once-weekly glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP)/glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist (GIP/GLP-1 RA) improves glycemic control. Besides improvement of glycemic control, tirzepatide treatment is associated with significantly more weight loss as compared to potent selective GLP-1 receptor agonists as well as other beneficial changes in cardio-metabolic parameters, such as reduced fat mass, blood pressure, improved insulin sensitivity, lipoprotein concentrations, and circulating metabolic profile in individuals with type 2 diabetes (T2D). Some of these changes are partially associated with weight reduction. We review here the putative mechanisms of GIP receptor agonism contributing to GLP-1 receptor agonism-induced weight loss and respective findings with GIP/GLP-1 RAs, including tirzepatide in T2D preclinical models and clinical studies. Subsequently, we summarize the clinical data on weight loss and related non-glycemic metabolic changes of tirzepatide in T2D. These findings suggest that the robust weight loss and associated changes are important contributors to the clinical profile of tirzepatide for the treatment of T2D diabetes and serve as the basis for further investigations including clinical outcomes.