Social Determinants of Health and Timing of Tracheostomy for Severe Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the association of ZIP code-level social determinants of health (SDoH), specifically household income, education level, and unemployment rate, with post-menstrual age (PMA) at tracheostomy placement in patients with severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). STUDY DESIGN: This was a retrospective observational study of infants born <32 weeks' gestation and discharged from a Children's Hospitals Neonatal Consortium newborn intensive care unit. Patients were diagnosed with severe BPD and received tracheostomies before discharge. Maternal ZIP code at admission was linked to that ZIP code's SDoH via the 2021 US Census Bureau 5-year data. Unadjusted and adjusted analyses were completed with separate models fit for each SDoH marker. RESULTS: 877 patients received tracheostomies at median (interquartile) 48 (44-53) weeks' PMA. In multivariable models, patients in the highest education groups received tracheostomies earlier (OR: 95% CI = 0.972: 0.947-0.997, p=0.031), and non-Hispanic Black patients received tracheostomies later compared with non-Hispanic White patients (OR: 1.026; 95% CI =1.005-1.048, p=0.017). For household income and unemployment, the PMA at tracheostomy did not differ by SDoH or race. For all three models, male sex, small for gestation status, and later PMA at admission were associated with later PMA at tracheostomy. For each SDoH marker, significant inter-center variation was noted as several centers had independently increased PMA at tracheostomy. CONCLUSIONS: Education at the ZIP code-level influenced PMA at tracheostomy after adjusting for patient and clinical factors. Adjusted for each SDoH studied, significant differences were noted among centers. Factors leading to the decision and timing of neonatal tracheostomy need further evaluation.

Spectrum of Disease in Hospitalized Newborns with Congenital Micrognathia: A Cohort of 3,236 Infants at North American Tertiary-Care Intensive Care Units.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the spectrum of disease and burden of care in infants with congenital micrognathia from a multicenter cohort hospitalized at tertiary care centers. STUDY DESIGN: The Children's Hospitals Neonatal Database was queried from 2010 through 2020 for infants diagnosed with micrognathia. Demographics, presence of genetic syndromes, and cleft status were summarized. Outcomes included death, length of hospitalization, neonatal surgery, and feeding and respiratory support at discharge. RESULTS: Analysis included 3,236 infants with congenital micrognathia. Cleft palate was identified in 1266 (39.1%). A genetic syndrome associated with micrognathia was diagnosed during the neonatal hospitalization in 256 (7.9%). Median (IQR) length of hospitalization was 35 (16, 63) days. Death during the hospitalization (n = 228, 6.8%) was associated with absence of cleft palate (4.4%, P < .001) and maternal Black race (11.6%, P < .001). During the neonatal hospitalization, 1289 (39.7%) underwent surgery to correct airway obstruction and 1059 (32.7%) underwent gastrostomy tube placement. At the time of discharge, 1035 (40.3%) were exclusively feeding orally. There was significant variability between centers related to length of stay and presence of a feeding tube at discharge (P < .001 for both). CONCLUSIONS: Infants hospitalized with congenital micrognathia have a significant burden of disease, commonly receive surgical intervention, and most often require tube feedings at hospital discharge. We identified disparities based on race and among centers. Development of evidence-based guidelines could improve neonatal care.

Use of Point-of-Care Gastric pH Testing to Assess the Efficacy of Acid Suppression Therapy in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit.

OBJECTIVE: The use of acid suppression therapies in newborns lacks efficacy and is associated with adverse effects. Point-of-care (POC) assessment of gastric aspirate pH may provide an objective, noninvasive measure of gastric acidity in tube fed infants. We conducted the present study to characterize the POC gastric pH levels in gastric tube fed infants before and after initiation of enteral omeprazole or ranitidine. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study of infants with gastric aspirate pH levels determined by POC pH strips. Gastric pH levels recorded during 7 days before and 14 days after medication initiation were compared using Wilcoxon's sign-rank tests. RESULTS: Among 307 evaluated infants, 284 (92%) had a median gastric pH level ≥4 in 7 days prior to ranitidine or omeprazole. In 14 days after medication initiation, the median gastric pH of infants with pretreatment median gastric pH < 4 increased to 4.5 and 5 (p < 0.01) in the ranitidine and omeprazole groups, respectively. There was no change in infants with pretreatment median gastric pH ≥4. CONCLUSION: Among infants receiving gastric tube feedings and enteral omeprazole or ranitidine, only those with a pretreatment gastric pH level <4 demonstrated a significant increase in gastric pH. Validation of our findings against esophageal pH multichannel intraluminal impedance testing is needed.

The Impact of Pulmonary Hypertension in Preterm Infants with Severe Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia through 1 Year.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the effect of pulmonary hypertension on neonatal intensive care unit mortality and hospital readmission through 1 year of corrected age in a large multicenter cohort of infants with severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia. STUDY DESIGN: This was a multicenter, retrospective cohort study of 1677 infants born <32 weeks of gestation with severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia enrolled in the Children's Hospital Neonatal Consortium with records linked to the Pediatric Health Information System. RESULTS: Pulmonary hypertension occurred in 370 out of 1677 (22%) infants. During the neonatal admission, pulmonary hypertension was associated with mortality (OR 3.15, 95% CI 2.10-4.73, P < .001), ventilator support at 36 weeks of postmenstrual age (60% vs 40%, P < .001), duration of ventilation (72 IQR 30-124 vs 41 IQR 17-74 days, P < .001), and higher respiratory severity score (3.6 IQR 0.4-7.0 vs 0.8 IQR 0.3-3.3, P < .001). At discharge, pulmonary hypertension was associated with tracheostomy (27% vs 9%, P < .001), supplemental oxygen use (84% vs 61%, P < .001), and tube feeds (80% vs 46%, P < .001). Through 1 year of corrected age, pulmonary hypertension was associated with increased frequency of readmission (incidence rate ratio [IRR] = 1.38, 95% CI 1.18-1.63, P < .001). CONCLUSIONS: Infants with severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia-associated pulmonary hypertension have increased morbidity and mortality through 1 year of corrected age. This highlights the need for improved diagnostic practices and prospective studies evaluating treatments for this high-risk population.

The Association between Positive Tracheal Aspirate Cultures and Adverse Pulmonary Outcomes in Preterm Infants with Severe Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia.

Objective Bacterial colonization of the airway may contribute to the development of bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Whether airway colonization increases risk for later adverse respiratory outcomes is less clear. We described tracheal aspirate culture results obtained from preterm infants receiving mechanical ventilation at 36 weeks postmenstrual age (PMA) and evaluated the association between bacteria type and the risk for prolonged supplemental oxygen use. Study Design We conducted a retrospective, single-center cohort study comparing infants (1) with and without a tracheal aspirate culture that grew a Gram-negative rod (GNR) and (2) with and without a culture that grew a Gram-positive cocci (GPC). Results Among 121 infants, 65 (53.7%) and 51 (42.2%) had a tracheal aspirate culture that grew a potentially pathogenic GNR and GPC prior to 36 weeks PMA, respectively. GNR were associated with increased risk for death or use of supplemental oxygen at discharge (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 6.2; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.8-21.1), and use of supplemental oxygen at discharge among survivors (aOR, 5.5; 95% CI, 1.6-19.0). GPC did not affect the risk for any study outcomes. Conclusion GNR but not GPC in the airways of preterm infants receiving mechanical ventilation at 36 weeks PMA is associated with increased risk for prolonged supplemental oxygen use.

Postnatal weight gain in preterm infants with severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia.

OBJECTIVES: To characterize postnatal growth failure (PGF), defined as weight < 10th percentile for postmenstrual age (PMA) in preterm (≤ 27 weeks' gestation) infants with severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia (sBPD) at specified time points during hospitalization, and to compare these in subgroups of infants who died/underwent tracheostomy and others. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective review of data from the multicenter Children's Hospital Neonatal Database (CHND). RESULTS: Our cohort (n = 375) had a mean ± standard deviation gestation of 25 ± 1.2 weeks and birth weight of 744 ± 196 g. At birth, 20% of infants were small for gestational age (SGA); age at referral to the CHND neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) was 46 ± 50 days. PGF rates at admission and at 36, 40, 44, and 48 weeks' PMA were 33, 53, 67, 66, and 79% of infants, respectively. Tube feedings were administered to > 70% and parenteral nutrition to a third of infants between 36 and 44 weeks' PMA. At discharge, 34% of infants required tube feedings and 50% had PGF. A significantly greater (38 versus 17%) proportion of infants who died/underwent tracheostomy (n = 69) were SGA, compared with those who did not (n = 306; p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Infants with sBPD commonly had progressive PGF during their NICU hospitalization. Fetal growth restriction may be a marker of adverse outcomes in this population.

Surgical interventions and short-term outcomes for preterm infants with post-haemorrhagic hydrocephalus: a multicentre cohort study.

OBJECTIVE: To (1) describe differences in types and timing of interventions, (2) report short-term outcomes and (3) describe differences among centres from a large national cohort of preterm infants with post-haemorrhagic hydrocephalus (PHH). DESIGN: Cohort study of the Children's Hospitals Neonatal Database from 2010 to 2022. SETTING: 41 referral neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) in North America. PATIENTS: Infants born before 32 weeks' gestation with PHH defined as acquired hydrocephalus with intraventricular haemorrhage. INTERVENTIONS: (1) No intervention, (2) temporising device (TD) only, (3) initial permanent shunt (PS) and (4) TD followed by PS (TD-PS). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Mortality and meningitis. RESULTS: Of 3883 infants with PHH from 41 centres, 36% had no surgical intervention, 16% had a TD only, 19% had a PS only and 30% had a TD-PS. Of the 46% of infants with TDs, 76% were reservoirs; 66% of infants with TDs required PS placement. The percent of infants with PHH receiving ventricular access device placement differed by centre, ranging from 4% to 79% (p<0.001). Median chronological and postmenstrual age at time of TD placement were similar between infants with only TD and those with TD-PS. Infants with TD-PS were older and larger than those with only PS at time of PS placement. Death before NICU discharge occurred in 12% of infants, usually due to redirection of care. Meningitis occurred in 11% of the cohort. CONCLUSIONS: There was significant intercentre variation in rate of intervention, which may reflect variability in care or referral patterns. Rate of PS placement in infants with TDs was 66%.

Surgical outcome and treatment trends in 1289 infants with micrognathia: a multicenter cohort.

BACKGROUND: Studies of infants with micrognathia, especially Robin Sequence (RS), are limited by its rarity and both phenotypic and diagnostic variability. Most knowledge of this condition is sourced from small, single-institution samples. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study including infants with micrognathia admitted to 38 Children's Hospital Neonatal Consortium centers from 2010-2020. Predictor variables included demographic data, birth characteristics, cleft and syndrome status. Outcome variables included length of stay (LOS), death, feeding or respiratory support, and secondary airway operations. RESULTS: 1289 infants with micrognathia had a surgery to correct upper airway obstruction. Mean age and weight at operation were 34.8±1.8 weeks and 3515.4±42 grams, respectively. A syndromic diagnosis was made in 150 (11.6%) patients, with Stickler (5.4%) and Treacher Collins Syndromes (2.2%) most common. Operations included: mandibular distraction osteogenesis (MDO), 66.3%; tracheostomy, 25.4%; and tongue-lip adhesion (TLA), 8.3%. Tracheostomy patients had a lower birth weight, head circumference, gestational age, and APGAR scores. MDO patients were less likely to need a second airway operation compared to TLA patients (3.5%vs17.8%,p<0.001). The proportion of infants feeding exclusively orally at hospital discharge differed significantly, from most to least: MDO, TLA, tracheostomy. Hospital LOS was not statistically different for patients that had MDO and TLA, but was longer for those with primary tracheostomy. Mortality was low for all operations (0.5%). CONCLUSION: In this 1289 surgical patient cohort, MDO was associated with shorter hospital stay, improved oral feeding, and lower rates of secondary airway operations. Prospective multi-center studies are necessary to support these conclusions.

Cerebrospinal fluid reference ranges in term and preterm infants in the neonatal intensive care unit.

OBJECTIVE: To determine reference ranges of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) laboratory findings in term and preterm infants in the neonatal intensive care unit. STUDY DESIGN: Data were collected prospectively as part of a multisite study of infants aged <6 months undergoing lumbar puncture for evaluation of suspected sepsis. Infants with a red blood cell count >500 cells/µL or a known cause of CSF pleocytosis were excluded from the analysis. RESULTS: A total of 318 infants met the inclusion criteria. Of these, 148 infants (47%) were preterm, and 229 (72%) received antibiotics before undergoing lumbar puncture. The upper reference limit of the CSF white blood cell (WBC) count was 12 cells/µL in preterm infants and 14 cells/µL in term infants. CSF protein levels were significantly higher in preterm infants (upper reference limit, 209 mg/dL vs 159 mg/dL in term infants; P < .001), and declined with advancing postnatal age in both groups (preterm, P = .008; term, P < .001). CSF glucose levels did not differ in term and preterm infants. Antibiotic exposure did not significantly affect CSF WBC, protein, or glucose values. CONCLUSIONS: CSF WBC counts are not significantly different in preterm and term infants. CSF protein levels are higher and decline more slowly with postnatal age in preterm infants compared with term infants. This study provides CSF reference ranges for hospitalized preterm and term infants, particularly in the first month of life.

A comparison of newer classifications of bronchopulmonary dysplasia: findings from the Children's Hospitals Neonatal Consortium Severe BPD Group.

OBJECTIVE: To compare three bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) definitions against hospital outcomes in a referral-based population. STUDY DESIGN: Data from the Children's Hospitals Neonatal Consortium were classified by 2018 NICHD, 2019 NRN, and Canadian Neonatal Network (CNN) BPD definitions. Multivariable models evaluated the associations between BPD severity and death, tracheostomy, or length of stay, relative to No BPD references. RESULTS: Mortality was highest in 2019 NRN Grade 3 infants (aOR 225), followed by 2018 NICHD Grade 3 (aOR 145). Infants with lower BPD grades rarely died (<1%), but Grade 2 infants had aOR 7-21-fold higher for death and 23-56-fold higher for tracheostomy. CONCLUSIONS: Definitions with 3 BPD grades had better discrimination and Grade 3 2019 NRN had the strongest association with outcomes. No/Grade 1 infants rarely had severe outcomes, but Grade 2 infants were at risk. These data may be useful for counseling families and determining therapies for infants with BPD.

Utility of echocardiography in predicting mortality in infants with severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the relationship between interventricular septal position (SP) and right ventricular systolic pressure (RVSP) and mortality in infants with severe BPD (sBPD). STUDY DESIGN: Infants with sBPD in the Children's Hospitals Neonatal Database who had echocardiograms 34-44 weeks' postmenstrual age (PMA) were included. SP and RVSP were categorized normal, abnormal (flattened/bowed SP or RVSP > 40 mmHg) or missing. RESULTS: Of 1157 infants, 115 infants (10%) died. Abnormal SP or RVSP increased mortality (SP 19% vs. 8% normal/missing, RVSP 20% vs. 9% normal/missing, both p < 0.01) in unadjusted and multivariable models, adjusted for significant covariates (SP OR 1.9, 95% CI 1.2-3.0; RVSP OR 2.2, 95% CI 1.1-4.7). Abnormal parameters had high specificity (SP 82%; RVSP 94%), and negative predictive value (SP 94%, NPV 91%) for mortality. CONCLUSIONS: Abnormal SP or RVSP is independently associated with mortality in sBPD infants. Negative predictive values distinguish infants most likely to survive.

Cerebral Pulsed Arterial Spin Labeling Perfusion Weighted Imaging Predicts Language and Motor Outcomes in Neonatal Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy.

Rationale and Objectives: To compare cerebral pulsed arterial spin labeling (PASL) perfusion among controls, hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) neonates with normal conventional MRI(HIE/MRI⊕), and HIE neonates with abnormal conventional MRI(HIE/MRI⊖). To create a predictive machine learning model of neurodevelopmental outcomes using cerebral PASL perfusion. Materials and Methods: A total of 73 full-term neonates were evaluated. The cerebral perfusion values were compared by permutation test to identify brain regions with significant perfusion changes among 18 controls, 40 HIE/MRI⊖ patients, and 15 HIE/MRI⊕ patients. A machine learning model was developed to predict neurodevelopmental outcomes using the averaged perfusion in those identified brain regions. Results: Significantly decreased PASL perfusion in HIE/MRI⊖ group, when compared with controls, were found in the anterior corona radiata, caudate, superior frontal gyrus, precentral gyrus. Both significantly increased and decreased cerebral perfusion changes were detected in HIE/MRI⊕ group, when compared with HIE/MRI⊖ group. There were no significant perfusion differences in the cerebellum, brainstem and deep structures of thalamus, putamen, and globus pallidus among the three groups. The machine learning model demonstrated significant correlation (p < 0.05) in predicting language(r = 0.48) and motor(r = 0.57) outcomes in HIE/MRI⊖ patients, and predicting language(r = 0.76), and motor(r = 0.53) outcomes in an additional group combining HIE/MRI⊖ and HIE/MRI⊕. Conclusion: Perfusion MRI can play an essential role in detecting HIE regardless of findings on conventional MRI and predicting language and motor outcomes in HIE survivors. The perfusion changes may also reveal important insights into the reperfusion response and intrinsic autoregulatory mechanisms. Our results suggest that perfusion imaging may be a useful adjunct to conventional MRI in the evaluation of HIE in clinical practice.

Tracheobronchomalacia Is Associated with Increased Morbidity in Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia.

RATIONALE: Tracheobronchomalacia is a common comorbidity in neonates with bronchopulmonary dysplasia. However, the effect of tracheobronchomalacia on the clinical course of bronchopulmonary dysplasia is not well-understood. OBJECTIVE: We sought to assess the impact of tracheobronchomalacia on outcomes in neonates with bronchopulmonary dysplasia in a large, multi-center cohort. METHODS: We preformed a cohort study of 974 neonates with bronchopulmonary dysplasia admitted to 27 neonatal intensive care units participating in the Children's Hospital Neonatal Database who had undergone bronchoscopy. In hospital morbidity for neonates with bronchopulmonary dysplasia and tracheobronchomalacia (N=353, 36.2%) was compared to those without tracheobronchomalacia (N=621, 63.8%) using mixed-effects multivariate regression. RESULTS: Neonates with tracheobronchomalacia and bronchopulmonary dysplasia had more comorbidities, such as gastroesophageal reflux (OR=1.65, 95%CI 1.23- 2.29, P=0.001) and pneumonia (OR=1.68, 95%CI 1.21-2.33, P=0.002) and more commonly required surgeries such as tracheostomy (OR=1.55, 95%CI 1.15-2.11, P=0.005) and gastrostomy (OR=1.38, 95%CI 1.03-1.85, P=0.03) compared with those without tracheobronchomalacia. Neonates with tracheobronchomalacia were hospitalitized (118 ± 93 vs 105 ± 83 days, P=0.02) and ventilated (83.1 ± 91.1 vs 67.2 ± 71.9 days, P=0.003) longer than those without tracheobronchomalacia. Upon discharge, neonates with tracheobronchomalacia and BPD were more likely to be mechanically ventilated (OR=1.37, 95CI 1.01-1.87 P=0.045) and possibly less likely to receive oral nutrition (OR=0.69, 95%CI 0.47-1.01, P=0.058). CONCLUSIONS: Tracheobronchomalacia is common in neonates with bronchopulmonary dysplasia who undergo bronchoscopy and is associated with longer and more complicated hospitalizations.

Neonatal death: Case definition & guidelines for data collection, analysis, and presentation of immunization safety data.

More than 40% of all deaths in children under 5 years of age occur during the neonatal period: the first month of life. Immunization of pregnant women has proven beneficial to both mother and infant by decreasing morbidity and mortality. With an increasing number of immunization trials being conducted in pregnant women, as well as roll-out of recommended vaccines to pregnant women, there is a need to clarify details of a neonatal death. This manuscript defines levels of certainty of a neonatal death, related to the viability of the neonate, who confirmed the death, and the timing of the death during the neonatal period and in relation to immunization of the mother.

Building a common pediatric research terminology for accelerating child health research.

Longitudinal observational clinical data on pediatric patients in electronic format is becoming widely available. A new era of multi-institutional data networks that study pediatric diseases and outcomes across disparate health delivery models and care settings are also enabling an innovative collaborative rapid improvement paradigm called the Learning Health System. However, the potential alignment of routine clinical care, observational clinical research, pragmatic clinical trials, and health systems improvement requires a data infrastructure capable of combining information from systems and workflows that historically have been isolated from each other. Removing barriers to integrating and reusing data collected in different settings will permit new opportunities to develop a more complete picture of a patient's care and to leverage data from related research studies. One key barrier is the lack of a common terminology that provides uniform definitions and descriptions of clinical observations and data. A well-characterized terminology ensures a common meaning and supports data reuse and integration. A common terminology allows studies to build upon previous findings and to reuse data collection tools and data management processes. We present the current state of terminology harmonization and describe a governance structure and mechanism for coordinating the development of a common pediatric research terminology that links to clinical terminologies and can be used to align existing terminologies. By reducing the barriers between clinical care and clinical research, a Learning Health System can leverage and reuse not only its own data resources but also broader extant data resources.

Risk factors associated with laboratory-confirmed bloodstream infections in a tertiary neonatal intensive care unit.

BACKGROUND: Bloodstream infections (BSI) remain a leading cause of morbidity and mortality among infants admitted to neonatal intensive care units (NICUs). At the time of evaluation for suspected BSI, presenting signs may be nonspecific. We sought to determine the clinical signs and risk factors associated with laboratory-confirmed BSI among infants evaluated for late-onset sepsis in a tertiary NICU. METHODS: This prospective cohort study included infants >3 days of age admitted to a level 4 NICU from July 2006 to October 2009 for whom a blood culture was drawn for suspected sepsis. Clinicians documented presenting signs at the time of culture. Laboratory-confirmed BSI was defined as per the National Healthcare Safety Network. Multivariate analyses were performed using a logistic regression random effects model. RESULTS: Six-hundred and eighty eligible episodes of suspected BSI were recorded in 409 infants. Enteral contrast within the preceding 48 hours was the most significant risk factor for laboratory-confirmed BSI [Odds Ratio: 9.58 (95% confidence interval: 2.03-45.19)] followed by presence of a central venous catheter. Apnea and hypotension were the most strongly associated presenting signs. CONCLUSION: Among infants evaluated in a tertiary NICU, recent exposure to enteral contrast was associated with increased odds of developing BSI. Apnea and hypotension were the most strongly associated clinical signs of infection.

High surgical burden for infants with severe chronic lung disease (sCLD).

BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: Infants with severe chronic lung disease (sCLD) may require surgical procedures to manage their medical problems; however, the scope of these interventions is undefined. The purpose of this study was to characterize the frequency, type, and timing of operative interventions performed in hospitalized infants with sCLD. METHODS: The Children's Hospital Neonatal Database was used to identify infants with sCLD from 24 children's hospital's NICUs hospitalized over a recent 16-month period. RESULTS: 556 infants were diagnosed with sCLD; less than 3% of infants had operations prior to referral and 30% were referred for surgical evaluation. In contrast, 71% of all sCLD infants received ≥1 surgical procedure during the CHND NICU hospitalization, with a mean of 3 operations performed per infant. Gastrostomy insertion (24%), fundoplication (11%), herniorrhaphy (13%), and tracheostomy placement (12%) were the most commonly performed operations. The timing of gastrostomy (PMA 48±10 wk) and tracheostomy (PMA 47±7 wk) insertions varied, and for infants who received both devices, only 33% were inserted concurrently (13/40 infants). CONCLUSIONS: A striking majority of infants with sCLD received multiple surgical procedures during hospitalizations at participating NICUs. Further work regarding the timing, coordination, perioperative complications, and clinical outcomes for these infants is warranted.

The association of type of surgical closure on length of stay among infants with gastroschisis born≥34 weeks' gestation.

BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: The optimal surgical approach in infants with gastroschisis (GS) is unknown. The purpose of this study was to estimate the association between staged closure and length of stay (LOS) in infants with GS. DESIGN/METHODS: We used the Children's Hospital Neonatal Database to identify surviving infants with GS born ≥34 weeks' gestation referred to participating NICUs. Infants with complex GS, bowel atresia, or referred after 2 days of age were excluded. The primary outcome was LOS; multivariable linear regression was used to quantify the relationship between staged closure and LOS. RESULTS: Among 442 eligible infants, staged closure occurred in 68.1% and was associated with an increased median LOS relative to odds ration (OR):primary closure (37 vs. 28 days, p<0.001). This association persisted in the multivariable equation (ß=1.35, 95% CI: 1.21, 1.52, p<0.001) after adjusting for the presence of necrotizing enterocolitis, short bowel syndrome, and central-line associated bloodstream infections. CONCLUSIONS: In this large, multicenter cohort of infants with GS, staged closure was independently associated with increased LOS. These data can be used to enhance antenatal and pre-operative counseling and also suggest that some infants who receive staged closure may benefit from primary repair.