Enhance of Cellulase Production and Biomass Degradation by Transformation of the Trichoderma reesei RUT-C30∆ zface1 Strain

Abstract The second-generation bioethanol employs lignocellulosic materials degraded by microbial cellulases in their production. The fungus Trichoderma reesei is one of the main microorganisms producing cellulases, and its genetic modification can lead to the optimization in obtaining hydrolytic enzymes. This work carried out the deletion of the sequence that encodes the zinc finger motif of the transcription factor ACE1 (cellulase expression repressor I) of the fungus T. reesei RUT-C30. The transformation of the RUT-C30 lineage was confirmed by amplification of the 989 bp fragment relative to the selection marker, and by the absence of the zinc finger region amplification in mutants, named T. reesei RUT-C30Δzface1. The production of cellulases by mutants was compared to RUT-C30 and measured with substrates carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), microcrystalline cellulose (Avicel®) and Whatman filter paper (PF). The results demonstrated that RUT-C30Δzface1 has cellulolytic activity increased 3.2-fold in Avicel and 2.1-fold in CMC and PF. The mutants presented 1.4-fold higher sugar released in the hydrolysis of the biomass assays. These results suggest that the partial deletion of ace1 gene is an important strategy in achieving bioethanol production on an industrial scale at a competitive price in the fuel market.

Avaliação de infecção urinária em gestantes do município de Marechal Cândido Rondon - PR / Evaluation of urinary infection in pregnant women in the municipality of marechal cândido rondon - PR

A infecção urinária constitui uma das intercorrências clínicas mais comuns nas gestantes, devido a alterações anatômicas e fisiológicas que ocorrem neste período, facilitando o seu desenvolvimento. Durante a gravidez, infecções urinárias mais graves podem causar contrações do útero, levando ao trabalho de parto prematuro, aborto, hipertensão arterial, morte do bebê e até mesmo da mãe quando a infecção se torna severa e generalizada. Desse modo, o objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar a incidência de infecção urinária, verificando em que período gestacional está mais presente, além de identificar os principais microrganismos envolvidos e avaliar a sintomatologia nas infecções positivas. A pesquisa foi realizada por meio do exame de urocultura de 34 gestantes. Das amostras analisadas, 56% apresentaram resultado positivo, e dentre as positivas 63,1% tiveram o desenvolvimento de Escherichia coli. As gestantes que estavam no 3° trimestre gestacional apresentaram maior incidência de infecção urinária, constatada em 71,4% das pesquisadas. Apenas 16% das gestantes com infecção urinária, apresentaram sinais e sintomas que indicassem a suspeita de infecção. A presença de infecção urinária assintomática na maioria das gestantes demonstra a importância da realização do exame de urocultura no período gestacional, a fim de diagnosticar e tratar precocemente as infecções urinárias, evitando possíveis complicações.

The urinary infection is one of the most common clinical complications in pregnant women due to anatomic and physiological changes that occur in this period, facilitating their development. During pregnancy, urinary infections can cause more severe contractions of the uterus, leading to a work of premature birth, abortion, hypertension, death of the baby and even of the mother when the infection becomes severe and widespread. The aim of this study is to verify the incidence of urinary tract infection, verify that pregnancy is present, it is identify the key microorganisms and evaluate the positive symptoms of infections. The survey was conducted by examining urine of 34 pregnant women. Of the samples analyzed, 56% were positive, and among the 63.1% had positive development of Escherichia coli. The women in the 3 rd trimester of pregnancy showed a higher incidence of urinary tract infection, found in 71.4% of the surveyed women. Only 16% of pregnant women with urinary infection, had signs and symptoms that indicate a suspicion of urinary tract infection. The presence of asymptomatic urinary infection in most pregnant women demonstrates the importance of completing the examination of urine culture in the gestational period in order to diagnose and treat urinary infections early, avoiding possible complications.