Antimicrobial action of NeoMTA Plus on mono- and dual-species biofilms of Enterococcus faecalis and Candida albicans: An in vitro study.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the antimicrobial action of NeoMTA Plus on mono- and dual-species biofilms of Enterococcus faecalis and Candida albicans. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 171 sterile dentin blocks, measuring 4 mm × 4 mm × 1 mm, were incubated in media containing E. faecalis (3.1 × 108 cells/mL) and/or C. albicans (1 × 107 cells/mL) for 2 d. These blocks were randomly divided into three groups: the control (no treatment with biomaterials), MTA (treated with an MTA sample with width and thickness same as those of the dentin block after the material was set), and NeoMTA Plus (treated with NeoMTA Plus in a fashion similar to the treatment of the MTA group) groups. The biomaterials remained in contact with the biofilms for 24 h. Quantitative analyses of the number of colony-forming units (CFUs) and metabolic activity (XTT), were performed. Furthermore, qualitative analysis of biofilm structure was performed by scanning electron microscopy. Data were statistically analyzed considering a significance level of 5%. RESULTS: XTT and the number of CFUs were similar among the groups (p > 0.05). The type of biofilm (mono- or dual-species) or the biomaterial used (MTA or NeoMTA Plus) did not affect the results. Biofilm structure exhibited a robust architecture composed of yeast and bacterial cell multilayers and was homogeneous among the groups. CONCLUSION: NeoMTA Plus was not effective against mono- and dual-species biofilms of E. faecalis and C. albicans. Further research investigating biofilm removal methods including those involving the use of biomaterials with antiseptics and other supporting therapies is warranted.

Antimicrobial, antibiofilm and cytotoxic effects of a colloidal nanocarrier composed by chitosan-coated iron oxide nanoparticles loaded with chlorhexidine.

OBJECTIVES: This study evaluated the antimicrobial and antibiofilm effects of a colloidal nanocarrier for chlorhexidine (CHX) on Candida glabrata and Enterococcus faecalis, as well as tested its cytotoxic effect on murine fibroblasts. METHODS: Iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) were coated with chitosan (CS) and loaded with CHX at 31.2, 78 and 156 µg/mL. Antimicrobial effects were assessed by determining the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), using the broth microdilution method, and fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICI). Preformed biofilms (48 h) were treated with different concentrations of the nanocarrier (24 h) and quantified by colony-forming units (CFUs), total biomass and metabolic activity. For cytotoxicity, the viability of L929 cells was evaluated by MTT assay after 24 and 48 h of exposure to the nanocarrier. Data were submitted to ANOVA and Fisher LSD or Tukey post-hoc tests (α = 0.05). RESULTS: MIC and FICI results showed an indifferent interaction among the components of the nanocarrier for all strains evaluated. CHX alone and nanocarrier containing 156 µg/mL CHX did not differ from each other in reducing the number of CFUs. However, the nanocarrier containing 156 µg/mL CHX promoted the highest reductions in total biofilm biomass and metabolism, surpassing the effect of CHX alone. After 24 and 48 h of exposure, the nanocarrier reduced CHX toxicity to the L929 cell at low concentrations. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that the CHX nanocarrier has potential to be used in the control of oral diseases associated with C. glabrata and E. faecalis. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: CHX has improved the antibiofilm effect and reduced the cytotoxicity (at low concentrations) when conjugated to CS-coated IONPs. This new colloidal formulation has potential as an alternative antimicrobial agent to pure CHX for the control of biofilm-related oral diseases, such as oral candidiasis and endodontic infections.