Improved accuracy of intraocular lens power calculation by preoperative management of dry eye disease.

BACKGROUND: To evaluate the effects of pretreatment for dry eye disease (DED) on the accuracy of intraocular lens (IOL) power calculation. METHODS: Patients who underwent uneventful cataract surgery were included in the study. IOL power was determined using the SRK/T and Barrett Universal II (Barrett) formulas. The patients were divided into non-pretreatment and pretreatment groups, and those in the pretreatment group were treated with topical 0.5% loteprednol etabonate and 0.05% cyclosporin A for 2 weeks prior to cataract surgery. Ocular biometry was performed in all groups within 2 days before surgery. The mean prediction error, mean absolute error (MAE), and proportions of refractive surprise were compared between the non-pretreatment and pretreatment groups at 1 month postoperatively. Refractive surprise was defined as MAE ≥ 0.75D. RESULTS: In a total of 105 patients, 52 (52 eyes) were in the non-pretreatment group and 53 (53 eyes) in the pretreatment group. The MAE was 0.42 ± 0.33, 0.38 ± 0.34 (SRK/T, Barrett) and 0.23 ± 0.19, 0.24 ± 0.19 in the non-pretreatment and pretreatment groups, respectively (p < 0.001/=0.008). The number of refractive surprises was also significantly lower in the pretreatment group. [non-pretreatment/pretreatment: 9/2 (SRK/T); 8/1 (Barrett); p = 0.024/0.016]. Pretreatment of DED was related to a reduction in postoperative refractive surprise. [SRK/T/Barrett: OR = 0.18/0.17 (95% CI: 0.05-0.71/0.05-0.60), p = 0.014/0.006]. CONCLUSIONS: The accuracy of IOL power prediction can be increased by actively treating DED prior to cataract surgery.

Outdoor Air Pollution and Pterygium in Korea.

We investigated relationships between outdoor air pollution and pterygium in Korean adults. This study includes 23,276 adults in population-based cross-sectional data using the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2008-2011. Pterygium was assessed using slit lamp biomicroscopy. Air pollution data (humidity, particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter less than 10 µm [PM10], ozone [O3], nitrogen dioxide [NO2], and sulfur dioxide levels [SO2]) for 2 years preceding the ocular examinations were acquired. Associations of multiple air pollutants with pterygium or pterygium recurrence after surgery were examined using multivariate logistic models, after adjusting for several covariates. Distributed lag models were additionally used for estimating cumulative effects of air pollution on pterygium. None of air pollution factors was significantly associated with pterygium or pterygium recurrence (each P > 0.05). Distributed lag models also showed that air pollution factors were not associated with pterygium or pterygium recurrence in 0-to-2 year lags (each P > 0.05). However, primary pterygium showed a weak association with PM10 after adjusting for covariates (odds ratio [OR] 1.23; [per 5 µg/m³ PM10 increase]; P = 0.023). Aging, male sex, and greater sun exposure were associated with pterygium, while higher education level and myopia were negatively associated with pterygium (each P ≤ 0.001). Male sex and myopia were negatively associated with pterygium recurrence (each P < 0.05). In conclusion, exposure to higher PM10 levels was associated with primary pterygium, although this study observed no significant association between air pollution and overall pterygium or pterygium recurrence in Korean adults.

Acquired Brown Syndrome Treated With Traction of Superior Oblique Tendon.

Brown syndrome is a rare strabismic disease characterized by a limited elevation in adduction of the eye. The lengthening/weakening of superior oblique muscle is the main way of surgical intervention for this disease. A 7-year-old boy was diagnosed as having acquired Brown syndrome in his right eye after injury in his face. We experienced successful release of this Brown syndrome through mere pulling outward of superior oblique tendon during surgical exploration. We briefly discuss why this manipulation of superior oblique tendon that we performed was successful.

Artificial Tear Instillation-Induced Changes in Corneal Topography.

This study aims to compare changes of corneal topography (Galilei G4) before and after the instillation of artificial tears in patients with dry eye disease (DED). Corneal topography was performed in patients 1 min before and after artificial tear instillation. Two types of artificial tears were used: 1% polysorbate 80 (PSB) and 0.5% carboxymethylcellulose (CMC). Of 135 patients, PSB and CMC were instilled in 101 and 34 eyes, respectively. The average value of Sim K increased significantly after instillation (44.07 ± 2.26 diopter (D)) compared to before (43.90 ± 2.02 D, p = 0.006) the instillation of artificial tears. Mean Sim K astigmatism was statistically increased after PSB instillation (1.48 ± 2.17 D) compared to before instillation (1.31 ± 2.10 D, p = 0.049). An axis change of astigmatism 10° or more after artificial tear instillation was found in 51.9% of patients, and 30° or more in 20.0% of patients. Increased Sim K value and significant changes in the astigmatic axis in the corneal topography were observed after instillation of artificial tears in DED patients. PSB instillation had a greater effect on corneal keratometry values than CMC instillation.

Characteristic differences between full-term and premature infants with intermittent exotropia.

Strabismus is prevalent among preterm infants of low gestational age and birth weight in Southeast Asian countries, with intermittent exotropia (IXT) being the most common type in South Korea. In this retrospective, cross-sectional study, we investigated the differences between full-term and premature infants with IXT. IXT patients with available childbirth history were divided into two groups: preterm vs. full-term and low birth weight (LBW) vs. normal birth weight (NBW). Parameters related to exotropia including parental heredity, surgical history, and treatment options were investigated. In univariate regression for gestational age, a result of ≥ 100 s in the Titmus test was 1.352 times more frequent in preterm than in full-term infants. When birth weight was considered instead, a result of ≥ 100 s in the Titmus test was 1.412 times more frequent in the LBW compared to the NBW group. In multivariate regression for birth weight, the frequency of a result of ≥ 100 s in the Titmus test for the LBW group was 2.032 times higher than that for the NBW group. It is particularly important to examine stereopsis in preterm and LBW patients affected by IXT to ensure timely surgical planning and avoid potential recurrence after surgery.

Adverse effects of meteorological factors and air pollutants on dry eye disease: a hospital-based retrospective cohort study.

Although previous studies have suggested that meteorological factors and air pollutants can cause dry eye disease (DED), few clinical cohort studies have determined the individual and combined effects of these factors on DED. We investigated the effects of meteorological factors (humidity and temperature) and air pollutants [particles with a diameter ≤ 2.5 µ m (PM2.5), ozone (O3), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and carbon monoxide (CO)] on DED. A retrospective cohort study was conducted on 53 DED patients. DED was evaluated by Symptom Assessment in Dry Eye (SANDE), tear secretion, tear film break-up time (TBUT), ocular staining score (OSS), and tear osmolarity. To explore the individual, non-linear, and joint associations between meteorological factors, air pollutants, and DED parameters, we used generalized linear mixed model (GLMM) and Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR). After adjusting for all covariates, lower relative humidity or temperature was associated with a higher SANDE (p < 0.05). Higher PM2.5, O3, and NO2 levels were associated with higher SANDE and tear osmolarity (p < 0.05). Higher O3 levels were associated with lower tear secretion and TBUT, whereas higher NO2 levels were associated with higher OSS (p < 0.05). BKMR analyses indicated that a mixture of meteorological factors and air pollutants was significantly associated with increased SANDE, OSS, tear osmolarity, and decreased tear secretion.

A Comprehensive Analysis of the Influence of Temperature and Humidity on Dry Eye Disease.

PURPOSE: To investigate the effects of humidity and temperature on dry eye disease (DED). METHODS: A retrospective, clinic-based study was conducted on DED patients undergoing dry eye treatment. Patients were followed up at least twice, and symptoms and signs were evaluated using the Symptoms Assessment Questionnaire in Dry Eye (SANDE) score, tear secretion, tear film breakup time (TBUT), ocular staining score, and tear osmolarity. Mean humidity and temperature values for 1 week before ocular examinations were used as the environmental exposure level. The relationship between humidity and temperature, with DED clinical parameters was analyzed in single- and multi-environmental factor models. RESULTS: The study included 33 patients with a mean age of 53.9 ± 12.2 years. The low humidity group showed significantly higher SANDE scores (p = 0.023) and tear osmolarity (p = 0.008), and the low temperature group had higher SANDE scores (p = 0.004), ocular staining scores (p = 0.036), and tear osmolarity (p < 0.001). In the linear mixed model, single factor analysis showed that an increase in humidity resulted in decreased SANDE scores (p = 0.043), and an increase in temperature led to a decrease in SANDE score (p = 0.007), ocular staining score (p = 0.007), and tear osmolarity (p = 0.012). In the multifactor analysis, changes in humidity had no significant effect on dry eye parameters, but an increase in temperature was significantly correlated with decreased SANDE score (p = 0.026), ocular staining score (p = 0.024), and tear osmolarity (p = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS: Lower temperature led to aggravated symptoms and signs of DED and the effect of temperature on DED was more pronounced than humidity. Tear osmolarity was the most sensitive clinical parameter to be affected by climate factors in DED patients.

Comparison of Consecutive Therapeutic Effects of Nanoemulsion and Emulsion Cyclosporin in Dry Eye Patients after Short-Term Treatment with Topical Fluorometholone.

PURPOSE: To compare the consecutive therapeutic effects of 0.05% emulsion and nanoemulsion cyclosporine (CsA) in dry eye patients after short-term treatment with unpreserved 0.1% fluorometholone (FML). METHODS: A prospective, randomized, and double-blinded study of dry eye patients was conducted in a single center. Patients were assigned to the nanoemulsion CsA (group 1) and emulsion CsA (group 2) groups. To relieve discomfort, unpreserved 0.1% FML was used in both groups for 4 weeks and then changed to 0.05% CsA for the next 8 weeks. Symptom assessment in dry eye (SANDE) score, tear secretion, tear film breakup time (TBUT), corneal staining score (CSS), meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) grade, and meibomian gland (MG) expression were evaluated at baseline and at 4 and 12 weeks after treatment. RESULTS: Twenty-four patients completed the treatment (9 and 15 patients in groups 1 and 2); in both the groups, SANDE score, TBUT, MGD grade, and MG expression were significantly improved after treatment with unpreserved 0.1% FML (each p < 0.005), and the therapeutic effects were enhanced with changes in nanoemulsion or emulsion CsA compared with baseline (each p < 0.001). TBUT and CSS after treatment in group 1 were significantly improved compared to those in group 2 (p=0.003 and 0.020, respectively). CONCLUSION: Consecutive therapeutic effects of nanoemulsion or emulsion CsA after short-term treatment with unpreserved FML were excellent in patients with dry eyes. Topical nanoemulsion CsA showed better improvement in TBUT and OSS than CsA. This trial is registered with KCT0006070.

Short-Term Therapeutic Effects of Topical Corticosteroids on Refractory Dry Eye Disease: Clinical Usefulness of Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 Testing as a Response Prediction Marker.

PURPOSE: To compare the short-term therapeutic effects of topical corticosteroids in patients with refractory dry eye disease (DED) according to the tear matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) point-of-care positivity. METHODS: This study was conducted on 137 patients who were referred from other eye clinics, complaining of irresponsive DED or acute DED flares despite routine treatment with topical cyclosporin or diquafosol. The patients received treatment with topical corticosteroids for 1 month. DED was evaluated by SANDE (Symptom Assessment in Dry Eye) questionnaire, tear film breakup time, ocular surface staining score, and meibomian gland dysfunction stage. The InflammaDry MMP-9 immunoassay was conducted in more symptomatic eyes of all patients. The changes in the subjective symptoms were additionally surveyed as symptom improvement score. RESULTS: The mean age of the patients was 57.8±13.4 years, and the tear MMP-9 positivity was 73.0%. Topical corticosteroids treatment showed significant improvement of symptoms and signs in the patients with refractory DED irrespective of the positivity of MMP-9 (each p<0.001). The changes in SANDE score and OSS, and symptom improvement score were higher in the MMP-9 positive group than in the MMP-9 negative group (p=0.002/0.010/0.011). The overall rates of subjective symptoms improvement and SANDE reduction were 73.0% and 90.6% after topical corticosteroids treatment, respectively. CONCLUSION: Short-term topical corticosteroids had excellent therapeutic effects in patients with refractory DED or acute DED flares, irrespective of the tear MMP-9 level. Tear MMP-9 positivity may serve as a reliable response predictor of topical corticosteroids treatment in DED.

Different adverse effects of air pollutants on dry eye disease: Ozone, PM2.5, and PM10.

To date, there have been no well-organized clinical studies evaluating which air pollutants affect dry eye disease (DED). In this study, we investigated changes in the clinical parameters of DED according to exposure to outdoor air pollutants, including PM2.5 (particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of less than 2.5 µm), PM10 (less than 10 µm), and ozone. A prospective observational study was conducted on 43 DED patients who had used the same topical eye drop treatment between 2016 and 2018 in South Korea. Ocular surface discomfort index (OSDI) score, tear film break-up time (TBUT), corneal fluorescein staining score (CFSS), and tear secretion were measured during each visit. Air pollution data of ambient PM10, PM2.5, and ozone, based on the patients' address, were obtained, and mean concentrations were computed for one day, one week, and one month before the examination. The relationships between air pollutants and DED were analyzed in single- and multi-pollutant models adjusted for demographic and clinical factors. In the multi-pollutant model, the OSDI score was positively correlated with ozone and PM2.5 exposure [ozone: ß(exposure for 1 day/1 week) = 0.328 (95% CI: 0.161-0.494)/0.494 (0.286-0.702), p < 0.001/<0.001, per 1 ppb increase; PM2.5: ß(1 day/1 week) = 0.378 (0.055-0.699)/0.397 (0.092-0.703), p = 0.022/ = 0.011, per 1 µg/m3 increase], and tear secretion decreased with increased ozone exposure [ozone: ß(1 week/1 month) = -0.144 (-0.238 to -0.049)/-0.164 (-0.298 to -0.029), p = 0.003/ = 0.017, per 1 ppb increase]. Interestingly, increased PM10 exposure was only associated with decreased TBUT [ß(1 day/1 week/1 month) = -0.028(-0.045 to -0.011)/-0.029(-0.046 to -0.012)/-0.023(-0.034 to -0.006), p = 0.001/ = 0.001/ = 0.018, per 1 µg/m3 increase]. Tear secretion and CFSS were not associated with PM10 exposure. Increased ozone and PM2.5 exposure led to aggravated ocular discomfort, and increased PM10 concentration aggravated tear film stability in patients with DED. Thus, each air pollutant may aggravate DED via different mechanisms of action.

Short-Term Effects of Ground-Level Ozone in Patients With Dry Eye Disease: A Prospective Clinical Study.

PURPOSE: To investigate changes in the clinical features of patients with dry eye disease (DED) according to short-term outdoor ground-level ozone exposure. METHODS: This prospective observational study included patients with DED who were treated with the same topical drugs (0.05% cyclosporine or 3% diquafosol) and visited the hospital twice at 2-month intervals. Patients who showed a short tear film breakup time and positive ocular surface staining were assigned to the diquafosol and cyclosporine groups, respectively. The ocular surface disease index (OSDI) score, tear secretion, tear film breakup time, and corneal fluorescein staining score were measured at each visit. The mean ground-level ozone concentration for 1 week before the ocular examinations was used as the ozone exposure level. Changes in dry eye parameters according to changes in ozone concentration were analyzed using univariate and multivariate linear analyses. RESULTS: Thirty-three patients were included in the analysis. The mean age was 55.2 ± 10.5 years. Ozone concentrations were significantly associated with increased OSDI scores (R = 0.304, P = 0.0006) and a decreased tear secretion (R = -0.355, P = 0.0012) in univariate models. In multivariate models, the results were consistent; the OSDI score increased by 3.43 points (ß = 3.43, P = 0.002), and tear secretion decreased by 1.43 mm (ß = -1.43, P = 0.015) per 0.01 ppm increase in ozone concentrations over a 2-month interval. Notably, the cyclosporine group showed more prominent changes in the OSDI score and tear secretion with changes in the ozone concentration (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Short-term exposure to increased ground-level ozone concentration led to increased ocular discomfort and decreased tear secretion in patients with DED.

Effect of volume used in sub-Tenon's anesthesia on efficacy and intraocular pressure in vitreoretinal surgery.

PURPOSE: To compare the effect of volumes used in sub- Tenon's anesthesia on efficacy and intraocular pressure (IOP) in vitreoretinal surgery. METHODS: A prospective clinical trial was conducted on patients undergoing sub-Tenon's anesthesia for vitreoretinal surgery. Patients were randomized to receive either 3-, 5- or 7-ml volumes of anesthetic solution. IOP were measured immediately prior to injection, immediately after injection and at 2, 5 and 10 min after injection. Pain scores were assigned using a numerical visual analogue scale immediately after surgery, and again on postoperative day 1. RESULTS: A total of 108 patients (119 eyes) were studied, including 35 eyes in the 3-ml group, 48 eyes in the 5-ml group, and 36 eyes in the 7-ml group. There were significant elevations in mean IOP following injection in all groups, and a trend for larger rises in IOP with larger volumes of anesthesia (p < 0.01). Mean IOP were elevated after injection, and reduced at all time intervals. However, the reduction in the 3-ml group took levels to preinjection amounts. There were no significant differences in patient-reported pain scores among the groups when assessed immediately after surgery or on postoperative day 1. The incidence of chemosis and high IOP elevations (>or=40 mm Hg) were more frequent in the 7-ml group (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Sub-Tenon's anesthesia is effective in vitreoretinal surgery. It would appear that a 3-5-ml volume of anesthetic is safe, when considering the associated complications.

Unexpected potential protective associations between outdoor air pollution and cataracts.

Air pollution is one of the biggest public health issues, and the eye is continuously exposed to multiple outdoor air pollution. However, to date, no large-scale study has assessed the relationship between air pollutants and cataracts. We investigated associations between outdoor air pollution and cataracts in the Korean population. A population-based cross-sectional study was performed using data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, including 18,622 adults more than 40 years of age. The presence of cataracts and their subtypes were evaluated by ophthalmologists. Air pollution data (levels of particulate matter, ozone, nitrogen dioxide, and sulfur dioxide) for the 2 years prior to the ocular examinations were collected from national monitoring stations. The associations of multiple air pollutants with cataracts were assessed by multivariate logistic regression analyses. Sociodemographic factors and previously known risk factors for cataracts were controlled as covariates (model 1 included sociodemographic factors, sun exposure, and behavioral factors, while model 2 further included clinical factors). Higher ozone concentrations were protectively associated with overall cataract which included all subtypes [single pollutant model: 0.003 ppm increase-model 1 (OR 0.89, p = 0.014), model 2 (OR 0.87, p = 0.011); multi-pollutant model: 0.003 ppm increase-model 1 (OR 0.80, p = 0.002), model 2 (OR 0.87, p = 0.002)]. Especially, higher ozone concentrations showed deeply protective association with nuclear cataract subtype [0.003 ppm increase-single pollutant model: model 2 (OR 0.84, p = 0.006), multi-pollutant model: model 2 (OR 0.73, p < 0.001)]. Higher tropospheric ozone concentrations showed protective associations with overall cataract and nuclear cataract subtype in the Korean population.

Therapeutic Effects of Topical 8-Oxo-2'-deoxyguanosine on Ethanol-Induced Ocular Chemical Injury Models.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the therapeutic effects of topical 8-oxo-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-oxo-dG) on experimental ocular chemical injury models. METHODS: We created ocular chemical injury models with 8-week-old BALB/c mice (n = 70) by applying 100% ethanol; the mice were then treated with 8-oxo-dG eye drops 10 and 5 mg/mL and phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) twice daily. After 7 days, clinical findings such as corneal integrity, clarity, and neovascularization were assessed. Histology, immunohistochemistry findings, and inflammatory cytokine levels using real-time polymerase chain reactions in the corneas of the mice were also analyzed. RESULTS: Topical application of 8-oxo-dG eye drops resulted in a significant improvement of epithelial defects and clarity, dose dependently (each P < 0.001). Inflammatory cell infiltration and corneal stromal edema were also decreased in the 8-oxo-dG-treated mice compared with PBS-treated controls, based on hematoxylin and eosin staining. The expressions of F4/80 and neutrophil elastase-positive inflammatory cells and IL-1 and TNF-α cytokine levels were significantly reduced in the 8-oxo-dG group compared with the PBS group (each P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Topical 8-oxo-dG application showed an excellent therapeutic effect in ocular chemical injury models by suppressing inflammation.

Postoperative changes of intermittent exotropia type as classified by 1-hour monocular occlusion.

PURPOSE: To evaluate postoperative changes of the intermittent exotropia type as classified by 1-hour monocular occlusion test. DESIGN: Institutional, retrospective study. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 179 patients who had undergone surgery for intermittent exotropia with a postoperative follow-up of 6 months or more. We evaluated the exodeviation obtained before and after 1-hour monocular occlusion preoperatively and again at postoperative 1, 3 and 6 months. Intermittent exotropia was divided into 4 types according to Burian's classification. The main outcome measure was the distribution of intermittent exotropia type based on 1-hour monocular occlusion in both pre- and postoperative periods. RESULTS: Of the 179 patients, 152 (84.9%) were assigned preoperatively to the basic type, 14 (7.8%) to the pseudo-divergence excess type, and 13 (7.8%) to the convergence insufficiency type. At postoperative 1, 3, and 6 months, the exotropia-type distribution was shifted predominantly to the basic type (p<0.001, p = 0.004, p = 0.029, respectively). Among the preoperative basic-type patients, 96.9% maintained that type postoperatively. However, only 18.2 and 11.1% of the pseudo-divergence excess and convergence insufficiency types maintained the same type. The proportions of the basic type had increased at postoperative 6 months, from 87.8 to 95.7% for bilateral lateral rectus (BLR) recession, from 73.7 to 92.3% for unilateral recess-resect (R&R), and from 88.0 to 95.0% for unilateral lateral rectus (ULR) recession. CONCLUSION: The type of intermittent exotropia changed mostly to the basic type postoperatively even as classified after 1-hour monocular occlusion. This finding was consistent regardless of the surgical methods (BLR, ULR recession and R&R).

Endogenous aeromonas hydrophila endophthalmitis in an immunocompromised patient.

PURPOSE: To report a case of endogenous endophthalmitis due to Aeromonas hydrophila in a patient with distal common bile duct carcinoma and biliary sepsis. METHODS: A 72-year-old woman with distal common bile duct carcinoma, obstructive jaundice, diabetes mellitus, and hypertension had a 1-day history of blurred vision, redness, and eye discharges in the right eye. An ophthalmic examination showed no light perception vision, increased intraocular pressure, severe corneal edema, severe anterior chamber reaction, exudative membranes on the anterior lens surface, and severe vitreal reaction. There was no ocular history of trauma, infection, or surgery in either eye. RESULTS: Under the impression of endogenous bacterial endophthalmitis, immediate intraocular cultures and intravitreal antibiotic injections were performed, but the anterior chamber reaction, and the ultrasonogram findings were deteriorated. Evisceration was undertaken because of extrusion of the intraocular contents, and Aeromonas hydrophila was isolated by intraocular culture. CONCLUSIONS: Endogenous endophthalmitis due to Aeromonas hydrophila is rare, but has a rapid clinical course and a poor prognosis, despite of prompt diagnosis and management.

The Effect of Preoperative Occlusion Therapy on Long-term Outcome after Surgery for Early-onset Exotropia.

PURPOSE: To investigate the effect of preoperative part-time occlusion therapy on long-term surgical success in early-onset exotropia. METHODS: The medical records of patients who underwent surgery for exotropia with onset before the first year of age and who were followed for ≥3 years were reviewed. Patients were divided into two groups according to the degree of compliance with part-time occlusion therapy: the good compliance group (>50% adherence rate) and the poor compliance group (≤50% adherence rate). Surgical success was defined as orthophoria to exodeviation less than 10 prism diopters both at distance and near. The level of postoperative stereopsis was compared between the two study groups among total enrolled patients and among those with constant exotropia. RESULTS: Of the 51 patients, 26 were assigned to the good compliance group and the remaining 25 patients to the poor compliance group. The surgical success rate was significantly higher in the good compliance group than in the poor compliance group (80.8% vs. 52.0%, p = 0.040). Among 24 constant exotropia patients (12 patients for each group), the success rate was insignificantly higher in the good compliance group than in the poor compliance group (75.0% vs. 58.3%, p = 0.448). The good compliance group had a better level of stereopsis than the poor compliance group (p = 0.045 for all 44 patients, p = 0.020 for 19 patients with constant exotropia). CONCLUSIONS: Preoperative part-time occlusion therapy was useful for improving the surgical outcome of early-onset exotropia and postoperative stereopsis.

Sex differences in the effect of aging on dry eye disease.

PURPOSE: Aging is a major risk factor in dry eye disease (DED), and understanding sexual differences is very important in biomedical research. However, there is little information about sex differences in the effect of aging on DED. We investigated sex differences in the effect of aging and other risk factors for DED. METHODS: This study included data of 16,824 adults from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2010-2012), which is a population-based cross-sectional survey. DED was defined as the presence of frequent ocular dryness or a previous diagnosis by an ophthalmologist. Basic sociodemographic factors and previously known risk factors for DED were included in the analyses. Linear regression modeling and multivariate logistic regression modeling were used to compare the sex differences in the effect of risk factors for DED; we additionally performed tests for interactions between sex and other risk factors for DED in logistic regression models. RESULTS: In our linear regression models, the prevalence of DED symptoms in men increased with age (R=0.311, P=0.012); however, there was no association between aging and DED in women (P>0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analyses showed that aging in men was not associated with DED (DED symptoms/diagnosis: odds ratio [OR] =1.01/1.04, each P>0.05), while aging in women was protectively associated with DED (DED symptoms/diagnosis: OR =0.94/0.91, P=0.011/0.003). Previous ocular surgery was significantly associated with DED in both men and women (men/women: OR =2.45/1.77 [DED symptoms] and 3.17/2.05 [DED diagnosis], each P<0.001). Tests for interactions of sex revealed significantly different aging × sex and previous ocular surgery × sex interactions (P for interaction of sex: DED symptoms/diagnosis - 0.044/0.011 [age] and 0.012/0.006 [previous ocular surgery]). CONCLUSION: There were distinct sex differences in the effect of aging on DED in the Korean population. DED following ocular surgery also showed sexually different patterns. Age matching and sex matching are strongly recommended in further studies about DED, especially DED following ocular surgery.

Effect of horizontal rectus surgery for the correction of intermittent exotropia on sub-A or sub-V pattern.

We evaluated effect of horizontal rectus surgery on sub-A or sub-V pattern intermittent exotropia. We enrolled patients with sub-A or sub-V pattern intermittent exotropia. The sub-A pattern was diagnosed when the eyes diverged less than 10 prism diopters (PD) from upgaze to downgaze, and sub-V pattern when the divergence was 14 PD or less from downgaze to upgaze. Patients had undergone horizontal rectus surgery without vertical transposition of horizontal rectus muscle or oblique muscle weakening. The patients were divided into two groups: sub-A pattern (group A) and sub-V pattern (group V). The outcome measures were change of amount of pattern and rate of collapse of pattern postoperatively. The amount of pattern (vertical incomitance) was amount of difference in exodeviation between upgaze and downgaze. Collapse of pattern was defined as disappearance of difference in exodeviation between upgaze and downgaze. In groups A and V, preoperative amounts of pattern were 4.9 PD and 6.8 PD, respectively. A significant reduction in amount of pattern was observed in both groups throughout the follow-up period (p<0.05). At postoperative 6 months, the amounts of pattern were 1.0 PD and 1.2 PD and the extents of reduction in amount of pattern were 4.4 PD and 5.9 PD. The rates of collapse of pattern at postoperative 6 months were 77.8 and 60.0%, respectively. In the patients with sub-A or sub-V pattern exotropia, horizontal rectus surgery without vertical transposition or oblique muscle weakening can successfully collapse the pattern.

A silastic sheet found during endoscopic transnasal dacryocystorhinostomy for acute dacryocystitis.

PURPOSE: To report the case of a silastic sheet that was found during an endoscopic transnasal dacryocystorhinostomy for treatment of acute dacryocystitis with necrosis of the lacrimal sac. METHODS: A thirty-two year old male presented with painful swelling on the nasal side of his left lower lid two weeks prior to visiting this clinic. Fourteen years ago, the patient was involved in a traffic accident and underwent surgery to reconstruct the ethmoidal sinus. Lacrimal sac massage showed a regurgitation of a purulent discharge from the left lower punctum. Therefore, the patient was diagnosed with acute dacryocystitis and an endoscopic transnasal dacryocystostomy was performed the next day. RESULTS: The surgical finding showed severe necrosis around the lacrimal sac and a 20 x 15-mm sized silastic sheet was found crumpled within the purulent discharge. The sheet was removed, the lacrimal sac was irrigated with an antibiotic solution, and a silicone tube was intubated into the lacrimal pathway. After surgery, the painful swelling on the nasal side of left lower lid resolved gradually, and there were no symptomatic complications three months later. CONCLUSIONS: We report the first case where a silastic sheet applied during a facial reconstruction had migrated adjacent to the lacrimal sac resulting in severe inflammation.