The Prognostic Value of Histopathologic Lesions in Native Kidney Biopsy Specimens: Results from the Boston Kidney Biopsy Cohort Study.

Background Few studies have evaluated whether histopathologic lesions on kidney biopsy provide prognostic information beyond clinical and laboratory data.Methods We enrolled 676 individuals undergoing native kidney biopsy at three tertiary care hospitals into a prospective, observational cohort study. Biopsy specimens were adjudicated for semiquantitative scores in 13 categories of histopathology by two experienced renal pathologists. Proportional hazards models tested the association between histopathologic lesions and risk of kidney disease progression (≥40% eGFR decline or RRT).Results Mean baseline eGFR was 57.5±36.0 ml/min per 1.73 m2 During follow-up (median, 34.3 months), 199 individuals suffered kidney disease progression. After adjustment for demographics, clinicopathologic diagnosis, and laboratory values, the following lesions (hazard ratio; 95% confidence interval) were independently associated with progression: inflammation in nonfibrosed interstitium (0.52; 0.32 to 0.83), moderate and severe versus minimal interstitial fibrosis/tubular atrophy (2.14; 1.24 to 3.69 and 3.42; 1.99 to 5.87, respectively), moderate and severe versus minimal global glomerulosclerosis (2.17; 1.36 to 3.45 and 3.31; 2.04 to 5.38, respectively), moderate and severe versus minimal arterial sclerosis (1.78; 1.15 to 2.74 and 1.64; 1.04 to 2.60, respectively), and moderate and severe versus minimal arteriolar sclerosis (1.63; 1.08 to 2.46 and 2.33; 1.42 to 3.83, respectively). An 11-point chronicity score derived from semiquantitative assessments of chronic lesions independently associated with higher risk of kidney disease progression (hazard ratio per one-point increase, 1.19; 95% confidence interval, 1.12 to 1.27).Conclusions Across a diverse group of kidney diseases, histopathologic lesions on kidney biopsy provide prognostic information, even after adjustment for proteinuria and eGFR.

Wheelchair-related falls in veterans with spinal cord injury residing in the community: a prospective cohort study.

OBJECTIVES: (1) To determine the incidence of wheelchair falls and fall-related injuries in persons with spinal cord injury (SCI) living in the community. (2) To predict wheelchair-related falls and associated injuries from specific parameters including characteristics of the wheelchair user, wheelchair type and features, health care practices, wheelchair activities, and physical environment. DESIGN: This prospective cohort study followed participants monthly over 1 year; data were collected through surveys, interviews, performance testing, observation, and medical records. SETTING: Three Veterans' Administration hospitals. PARTICIPANTS: Convenience sample of community-dwelling persons with SCI who used a wheelchair as their primary means of mobility (N=702). INTERVENTIONS: Not applicable. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Self-reports of wheelchair falls and fall-related injuries, Wheelchair User Characteristics Survey, Health Status Checklist, Health-Related Behaviors, Zuckerman Sensation Seeking Scale, Wheelchair and Equipment-Related Behaviors, Wheelchair Characteristics, Wheelchair Skills Test, and Physical Environment Assessment. RESULTS: Of the 659 subjects who completed the study, 204 participants (31%) reported 553 fall events, and 95 subjects (14%) were injured as a result of wheelchair falls. A logistic regression model for predicting wheelchair falls identified 6 significant risk factors: pain in previous 2 months, alcohol abuse, greater motor function, history of previous fall, fewer SCI years, and shorter length of wheelchair. Eighty-two percent of the variance for wheelchair fall events was explained by these 6 variables. A logistic regression model for predicting injurious falls identified 4 significant risk factors: pain in previous 2 months, greater motor function, history of previous fall, and inaccessible home entrance. These 4 factors were able to explain 81% of the variance for injurious falls. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first study to determine the incidence of wheelchair-related falls in community-dwelling people with SCI who use a wheelchair. Results indicate the incidence of falls was 31% and injurious falls was 14%. Those at greatest risk can be predicted from some readily available information regarding their clinical status, wheelchair features, and home environment.

Uric Acid and Acute Kidney Injury in the Critically Ill.

RATIONALE & OBJECTIVE: Uric acid is excreted by the kidney and accumulates in acute kidney injury (AKI). Whether higher plasma uric acid level predisposes to AKI or its complications is not known. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective observational cohort study. SETTING & PARTICIPANTS: 2 independent cohorts of critically ill patients: (1) 208 patients without AKI admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) at Brigham & Women's Hospital between October 2008 and December 2016; and (2) 250 participants with AKI requiring renal replacement therapy (RRT) who had not yet initiated RRT enrolled in the Acute Renal Failure Trial Network (ATN) Study. EXPOSURE: Plasma uric acid level upon ICU admission and before RRT initiation in the ICU and ATN Study cohorts, respectively. OUTCOMES: Incident AKI and 60-day mortality in the ICU and ATN Study cohorts, respectively. ANALYTICAL APPROACH: Logistic regression models were used to test the association of plasma uric acid level with incident AKI and 60-day mortality. RESULTS: In the ICU cohort, median plasma uric acid level was 4.7 (interquartile range [IQR], 3.6-6.4) mg/dL, and 40 patients (19.2%) developed AKI. Higher plasma uric acid levels associated with incident AKI, but this association was confounded by serum creatinine level and was not significant after multivariable adjustment (adjusted OR per doubling of uric acid, 1.50; 95% CI, 0.80-2.81). In the ATN Study cohort, median plasma uric acid level was 11.1 (IQR, 8.6-14.2) mg/dL, and 125 participants (50.0%) died within 60 days. There was no statistically significant association between plasma uric acid levels and 60-day mortality in either unadjusted models or after multivariable adjustment for demographic, severity-of-illness, and kidney-specific covariates (adjusted OR per doubling of uric acid, 1.15; 95% CI, 0.71-1.86). LIMITATIONS: Heterogeneity of ICU patients. CONCLUSIONS: Plasma uric acid levels upon ICU admission or before RRT initiation are not independently associated with adverse clinical outcomes in critically ill patients.

Design and evaluation of a stand-up motorized prone cart.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE: Prone carts are used for mobility by individuals with spinal cord injury in whom seated mobility (wheelchair) is contraindicated due to ischial or sacral pressure ulcers. Currently available prone carts are uncomfortable, subjecting the user to neck and shoulder strain, and make social interaction and performing activities of daily living difficult. A better design of prone carts is needed. In addition, standing devices have shown some medical benefits. The objective was to design and evaluate an improved prone cart that facilitates standing. DESIGN: Engineering development project with user feedback through questionnaire. Users selected by convenience sampling. METHODS: A marketing survey was performed of nurse managers of spinal cord injury units. Then 2 prototype carts were designed and built. These carts are able to tilt up to 45 degrees and have a joystick-controlled motor for propulsion and other design features, including a workspace storage shelf and rearview mirrors. The carts were evaluated by both patients and caregivers at 2 Veteran's Administration hospitals. OUTCOME MEASURES: Questionnaire of subjects, both patients and caregivers, who used the cart. FINDINGS: Both patients and caregivers liked the carts and the ability to assume a nonhorizontal body angle. The major complaint about the cart was that it seemed too long when it came to making turns. CONCLUSION: This prone cart design is an improvement over the standard, flat variety. However, further design changes will be necessary. This study provided valuable information that will be useful in the next-generation prone cart design project.

Health care costs for patients with chronic spinal cord injury in the Veterans Health Administration.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE: Recurring annual costs of caring for patients with chronic spinal cord injury (SCI) is a large economic burden on health care systems, but information on costs of SCI care beyond the acute and initial postacute phase is sparse. The objective of this study was to establish a frame of reference and estimate of the annual direct medical costs associated with health care for a sample of patients with chronic SCI (ie, > 2 years after injury). METHODS: Patients were recruited from 3 Veterans Health Administration (VHA) SCI facilities; baseline patient information was cross-referenced to the Decision Support System (DSS) National Data Extracts (NDE) to obtain patient-specific health care costs in VHA. Descriptive statistical analysis of annual DSS-NDE cost of patients with SCI (N = 675) for fiscal year (FY) 2005 by level and completeness of injury was conducted. RESULTS: Total (inpatient and outpatient) annual (FY 2005) direct medical costs for 675 patients with SCI exceeded $14.47 million or $21,450 per patient. Average annual total costs varied from $28,334 for cervical complete SCI to $16,792 for thoracic incomplete SCI. Two hundred thirty-three of the 675 patients with SCI who were hospitalized over the study period accounted for a total of 378 hospital discharges, costing in excess of $7.19 million. This approximated a cost of outpatient care received of $7.28 million for our entire sample. CONCLUSIONS: The comprehensive nature of health care delivery and related cost capture for people with chronic SCI in the VHA provided us the opportunity to accurately determine health care costs for this population. Future SCI postacute care cost analyses should consider case-mix adjusting patients at high risk for rehospitalization.

Nurse staffing and patient outcomes in inpatient rehabilitation settings.

In rehabilitation nursing, the patient classification systems or acuity models and nurse-staffing ratios are not supported by empirical evidence. Moreover there are no studies published characterizing nursing hours per patient day, proportion of RN staff and impact of agency nurses in inpatient rehabilitation settings. The purpose of this prospective observational study was to describe rehabilitation nurse staffing patterns, to validate the impact of rehabilitation nursing on patient outcomes, and to test whether existing patient measures on severity and outcomes in rehabilitation could be used as a proxy for burden of care to predict rehabilitation nurse staffing ceilings and daily nurse staffing requirements. A total of 54 rehabilitation facilities in the United States, stratified by geography, were randomly selected to participate in the study.

Validity and reliability of a pressure ulcer monitoring tool for persons with spinal cord impairment.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose was to provide support for validity and reliability of the spinal cord impairment pressure ulcer monitoring tool (SCI-PUMT) to assess pressure ulcer (PrU) healing. DESIGN: Expert panels developed a 30-item pool, including new items and items from two established PrU healing tools, to represent potential variables for monitoring PrU healing. Subjects were prospectively assessed weekly for each variable over a 12-week period. SETTING: Data collection was conducted on a cohort of inpatients and outpatients in one Spinal Cord Injury/Disorders Center in the Veterans' Health Administration. SUBJECTS: A convenience sample of Veterans (n = 66) with spinal cord impairment (SCI) was recruited. Eligible subjects had at least one PrU (n = 167) and a history of SCI for longer than 1 year. Interventions Not applicable. OUTCOME MEASURE: A change in PrU volume was calculated using VeV Measurement Documentation software and a digital imaging camera. RESULTS: Content validity was established for a pool of items designed to gauge PrU healing. Exploratory factor analysis (construct validity) identified a parsimonious set of seven items for inclusion in the SCI-PUMT to assess PrU healing. The SCI-PUMT was found to explain 59% of the variance of the volume across the study. Inter-rater reliability was 0.79 and intra-rater reliability ranged from 0.81 to 0.99 among research assistants. Similar levels of reliability were subsequently established among registered nurses, who used the SCI-PUMT in the clinical setting. CONCLUSIONS: The final version of the SCI-PUMT was determined to be valid, reliable, and sensitive in detecting PrU healing over time in Veterans with SCI.

Effect of a group-based exercise program on balance in elderly.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the effectiveness of 8-week group functional balance training classes on balance outcomes in community-dwelling veterans at risk for falls. DESIGN: Pre-test, post-test using retrospective data. SETTING: VISN 8 Patient Safety Center at James A. Haley Veterans Hospital in Tampa, FL, USA. PARTICIPANTS: Fifty one community living veterans with mean age of 78 at risk for falls. INTERVENTION: Participants received a weekly 1-hour functional balance training class for 8 weeks in a small group setting (4-5 participants). MEASUREMENTS: Pre and post intervention measures included Berg Balance Scale, Limits of Stability (LOS) and modified Clinical Test of Sensory Interaction on Balance (mCTSIB). RESULTS: Eighty four percent of the participants completed 5 or more weekly classes. Peripheral neuropathy was the most common risk factor among the participants. There was a significant improvement in the Berg (p < 0.0001) and Composite Reaction Time (p < 0.0004) after the intervention. CONCLUSION: An eight week group functional balance training class was safe and effective in improving balance outcomes in a cohort of elderly veterans at risk for falls.

Veterans' fall risk profile: a prevalence study.

The Veterans Health Administration (VHA) serves the health care needs of an adult, predominantly male, and aging population. The aging profile of VHA patients is 25% greater than the civilian sector (DVA 2001). Aged patients are at higher risk for falls. In February 2002, 6 VHA medical centers profiled their inpatients' fall risk profile as one aspect of program initiatives targeted at reducing veterans' fall risk and fall-related injuries, participating in a one-day collection of fall risk measurement using the Morse Fall Scale (MFS) for all inpatients (n = 1819), acute and long-term care units. Data results are reported for age, MFS score, and the relationship between age and score, and by type of ward/unit, ie, predominately acute and critical care or long-term care. The results of this prevalence study documented that the veteran inpatient population are at high-risk for anticipated physiological falls. This Veteran Integrated Services Network-wide Deployment of an Evidence-based Program to Prevent Patient Falls study was completed as part of a nationally funded clinical initiative, National Program Initiative 20-006-1.

Pain resource nurses: believing the patients, and believing in themselves.

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVES: To describe the experience of being a pain resource nurse (PRN), discuss the influence of the PRN's role on colleagues and patient care, and explore barriers to the PRN role. DESIGN: Qualitative, exploratory. SETTING: A Veterans Administration hospital in the southeastern United States. SAMPLE: 12 nurses who received advanced training in pain assessment and management attended focus groups approximately one year after assuming the PRN role. METHODS: Two focus group sessions, each with four to eight nurses. Each nurse was asked to describe her experience. Interviews were transcribed verbatim. Data were analyzed using Spradley's domain analysis for discovering processes and themes from the transcribed data. MAIN RESEARCH VARIABLES: The experience of being a PRN, the influence of the PRN on staff and patients, and barriers to the role and pain management. FINDINGS: The key processes that described the PRN experience were Believing the Patients (i.e., an awareness that nurses must have to effectively manage patients' pain) and Believing in Themselves (i.e., the PRNs gained authority as experts in pain management, accepted the responsibility of being champions in pain management, and gave themselves permission to make patients comfortable). CONCLUSIONS: The pain-training course the PRNs received enabled them to practice as confident, credible, and empowered professionals. The awareness that they acquired during the course and the year of practice allowed the PRNs to be patient advocates, role models, and educators. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING: The findings of this study indicate a high level of nurse satisfaction with the PRN role. Nurses with an interest and specialized knowledge in pain assessment and management at the unit level may greatly improve patient outcomes.