Comparative effects of various running exercise modalities on femoral bone quality in rats.

BACKGROUND: It is now well established that physical exercise is an effective preventive method to reduce and treat certain chronic diseases, particularly musculoskeletal disorders. At the bone level, running exercise is well known for its positive effects on various parameters of bone quality. There is, however, no consensus regarding the effects of different running exercise modalities on bone quality. AIM: The objective of this study was to compare the effects of three treadmill running modalities: intermittent, moderate continuous, and a combination of both-on bone quality parameters in rats. METHODS: Thirty-nine, 5-week-old, male Wistar rats were randomly divided in 4 groups: sedentary control (SED; n = 10), intermittent running exercise (IE; n = 10), continuous running exercise (CE; n = 10) and combined running exercise (COME; n = 9). Rats in running groups were exercised 45 min/day, 5 days/week, for 8 consecutive weeks. Femoral micro-architectural parameters were assessed by micro-CT; femoral osteocyte apoptosis, osteoclast resorption and bone histomorphometry were assessed by histology. RESULTS: Femoral trabecular thickness in the combined running group was increased (p < 0.0001) compared to respective results in the other running groups (0.13 mm vs 0.11 mm). The cortical thickness, osteocyte lacunae occupancy rate in the whole femur, numbers of apoptotic osteocytes and osteoclastic resorption surfaces were not significantly different between groups. Statistical differences were occasionally noted depending on the femoral anatomical region. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that the femur should not be considered as the better bone to study the effects of running protocols.

Use of adult mesenchymal stromal cells in tissue repair: impact of physical exercise.

Physical exercise (PE) has unquestionable beneficial effects on health, which likely extend into several organ-to-cell physiological processes. At the cell scale, endogenous mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) contribute to tissue repair, although their repair capacities may be insufficient in paucicellular or severely damaged tissues. For this reason, MSC transplantation holds great promise for tissue repair. With the goals of understanding if PE has beneficial effects on MSC biology and if PE potentiates their role in tissue repair, we reviewed literature reports regarding the effects of PE on MSC properties (specifically, proliferation, differentiation, and homing) and of a combination of PE and MSC transplantation on tissue repair (specifically neural, cartilage, and muscular tissues). Contradictory results have been reported; interpretation is complicated because various and different species, cell sources, and experimental protocols, specifically exercise programs, have been used. On the basis of these data, the effects of exercise on MSC proliferation and differentiation depend on exercise characteristics (type, intensity, duration, etc.) and on the characteristics of the tissue from which the MSCs were collected. For the in vitro studies, the level of strain (and other details of the mechanical stimulus), the time elapsed between the end of exposure to strain and MSC collection, the age of the donors, as well as the passage number at which the MSCs are evaluated also play a role. The combination of PE and MSC engraftment improves neural, cartilage, and muscular tissue recovery, but it is not clear whether the effects of MSCs and exercise are additive or synergistic.

Quick benefits of interval training versus continuous training on bone: a dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry comparative study.

To delay age-related bone loss, physical activity is recommended during growth. However, it is unknown whether interval training is more efficient than continuous training to increase bone mass both quickly and to a greater extent. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of a 10-week interval training regime with a 14-week continuous training regime on bone mineral density (BMD). Forty-four male Wistar rats (8 weeks old) were separated into four groups: control for 10 weeks (C10), control for 14 weeks (C14), moderate interval training for 10 weeks (IT) and moderate continuous training for 14 weeks (CT). Rats were exercised 1 h/day, 5 day/week. Body composition and BMD of the whole body and femur respectively were assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry at baseline and after training to determine raw gain and weight-normalized BMD gain. Both trained groups had lower weight and fat mass gain when compared to controls. Both trained groups gained more BMD compared to controls when normalized to body weight. Using a 30% shorter training period, the IT group showed more than 20% higher whole body and femur BMD gains compared to the CT. Our data suggest that moderate IT was able to produce faster bone adaptations than moderate CT.

Effect of the alcohol consumption on osteocyte cell processes: a molecular imaging study.

We have previously shown microarchitectural tissue changes with cellular modifications in osteocytes following high chronic alcohol dose. The aim of this study was to assess the dose effect of alcohol consumption on the cytoskeleton activity, the cellular lipid content and modulation of differentiation and apoptosis in osteocyte. Male Wistar rats were divided into three groups: Control (C), Alcohol 25% v/v (A25) or Alcohol 35% v/v (A35) for 17 weeks. Bone mineral density (BMD) was assessed by DXA, osteocyte empty lacunae, lacunae surface, bone marrow fat with bright field microscopy. Osteocyte lipid content was analysed with transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and epifluorescence microscopy. Osteocyte apoptosis was analysed with immunolabelling and TEM. Osteocyte differentiation and cytoskeleton activity were analysed with immunolabelling and real time quantitative PCR. At the end of the protocol, BMD was lower in A25 and A35 compared with C, while the bone marrow lipid content was increased in these groups. More empty osteocyte lacunae and osteocyte containing lipid droplets in A35 were found compared with C and A25. Cleaved caspase-3 staining and chromatin condensation were increased in A25 and A35 versus C. Cleaved caspase-3 was increased in A35 versus A25. CD44 and phosphopaxillin stainings were higher in A35 compared with C and A25. Paxillin mRNA expression was higher in A35 versus A25 and C and sclerostin mRNA expression was higher in A35 versus C. We only observed a dose effect of alcohol consumption on cleaved caspase-3 osteocyte immunostaining levels and on the number of lipid droplets in the bone marrow.

Deep UV autofluorescence microscopy for cell biology and tissue histology.

BACKGROUND INFORMATION: Autofluorescence spectroscopy is a powerful tool for molecular histology and for following metabolic processes in biological samples as it does not require labelling. However, at the microscopic scale, it is mostly limited to visible and near infrared excitation of the samples. Several interesting and naturally occurring fluorophores can be excited in the UV and deep UV (DUV), but cannot be monitored in cellulo nor in vivo due to a lack of available microscopic instruments working in this wavelength range. To fulfil this need, we have developed a synchrotron-coupled DUV microspectrofluorimeter which is operational since 2010. An extended selection of endogenous autofluorescent probes that can be excited in DUV, including their spectral characteristics, is presented. The distribution of the probes in various biological samples, including cultured cells, soft tissues, bone sections and maize stems, is shown to illustrate the possibilities offered by this system. In this work we demonstrate that DUV autofluorescence is a powerful tool for tissue histology and cell biology. RESULTS: To fulfil this need, we have developed a synchrotron-coupled DUV microspectrofluorimeter which is operational since 2010. An extended selection of endogenous autofluorescent probes that can be excited in DUV, including their spectral characteristics, is presented. The distribution of the probes in various biological samples, including cultured cells, soft tissues, bone sections and maize stems, is shown to illustrate the possibilities offered by this system. In this work we demonstrate that DUV autofluorescence is a powerful tool for tissue histology and cell biology. CONCLUSIONS: In this work we demonstrate that DUV autofluorescence is a powerful tool for tissue histology and cell biology.

Osteocyte apoptosis and lipid infiltration as mechanisms of alcohol-induced bone loss.

AIMS: We carried out an in vivo study to assess the relationship between increase in adiposity in the marrow and osteocyte apoptosis in the case of alcohol-induced bone loss. METHODS AND RESULTS: After alcohol treatment, the number of apoptotic osteocytes was increased and lipid droplets were accumulated within the osteocytes, the bone marrow and the cortical bone micro-vessels. At last, we found an inverse correlation between bone mineral density and osteocyte apoptosis and strong significant correlations between the osteocyte apoptotic number and lipid droplet accumulation in osteocyte and bone micro-vessels. CONCLUSION: These data show that alcohol-induced bone loss is associated with osteocyte apoptosis and lipid accumulation in the bone tissue. This lipid intoxication, or 'bone steatosis', is correlated with lipid accumulation in bone marrow and blood micro-vessels.

Impact of Treadmill Interval Running on the Appearance of Zinc Finger Protein FHL2 in Bone Marrow Cells in a Rat Model: A Pilot Study.

Although the benefits of physical exercise to preserve bone quality are now widely recognized, the intimate mechanisms leading to the underlying cell responses still require further investigations. Interval training running, for instance, appears as a generator of impacts on the skeleton, and particularly on the progenitor cells located in the bone marrow. Therefore, if this kind of stimulus initiates bone cell proliferation and differentiation, the activation of a devoted signaling pathway by mechano-transduction seems likely. This study aimed at investigating the effects of an interval running program on the appearance of the zinc finger protein FHL2 in bone cells and their anatomical location. Twelve 5-week-old male Wistar rats were randomly allocated to one of the following groups (n = 6 per group): sedentary control (SED) or high-intensity interval running (EX, 8 consecutive weeks). FHL2 identification in bone cells was performed by immuno-histochemistry on serial sections of radii. We hypothesized that impacts generated by running could activate, in vivo, a specific signaling pathway, through an integrin-mediated mechano-transductive process, leading to the synthesis of FHL2 in bone marrow cells. Our data demonstrated the systematic appearance of FHL2 (% labeled cells: 7.5%, p < 0.001) in bone marrow obtained from EX rats, whereas no FHL2 was revealed in SED rats. These results suggest that the mechanical impacts generated during high-intensity interval running activate a signaling pathway involving nuclear FHL2, such as that also observed with dexamethasone administration. Consequently, interval running could be proposed as a non-pharmacological strategy to contribute to bone marrow cell osteogenic differentiation.

Prediction of Cortical Bone Thickness Variations in the Tibial Diaphysis of Running Rats.

A cell-mechanobiological model is used for the prediction of bone density variation in rat tibiae under medium and high mechanical loads. The proposed theoretical-numerical model has only four parameters that need to be identified experimentally. It was used on three groups of male Wistar rats under sedentary, moderate intermittent and continuous running scenarios over an eight week period. The theoretical numerical model was able to predict an increase in bone density under intermittent running (medium intensity mechanical load) and a decrease of bone density under continuous running (higher intensity mechanical load). The numerical predictions were well correlated with the experimental observations of cortical bone thickness variations, and the experimental results of cell activity enabled us to validate the numerical results predictions. The proposed model shows a good capacity to predict bone density variation through medium and high mechanical loads. The mechanobiological balance between osteoblast and osteoclast activity seems to be validated and a foreseen prediction of bone density is made available.

Free-fall landing and interval running have different effects on trabecular bone mass and microarchitecture, serum osteocalcin, biomechanical properties, SOST expression and on osteocyte-related characteristics.

The effects of treadmill interval training (IT) and free-fall exercise were evaluated on bone parameters including osteocyte related characteristics. Thirty-eight 4-month-old male Wistar rats were randomly divided into a control (C) group and exercise groups: IT, 10 free-fall impacts/day with a 10-s (FF10) or 20-s interval between drops (FF20), 5 days/week, for 9 weeks. We assessed bone mineral density (BMD); microarchitecture by µCT; mechanical strength by a 3-point bending test; density and occupancy of the osteocyte lacunae by toluidine blue staining; osteocalcin and NTx systemic levels by ELISA; and bone tissue Sost messenger RNA (mRNA) expression by RT-PCR. NTx levels were significantly lower in exercise groups as compared with the C group. In exercise groups the Sost mRNA expression was significantly lower than in C. Tb.N was significantly higher for IT and FF20 compared with the C group. Tb.Sp was significantly lower in FF10 compared with the C group. Both IT and FF20 were associated with higher tibial lacunar density as compared with FF10. compared with FF10, IT fat mass was lower, while tibial osteocyte lacunae occupancy and systemic osteocalcin level were higher. All exercise modes were efficient in reducing bone resorption. Both IT and free-fall impact with appropriate recovery periods, which may be beneficial for bone health and osteocyte-related characteristics. Novelty: Interval training is beneficial for bone mineral density. Exercises decreased both bone resorption and inhibition of bone formation (Sost mRNA). Longer interval recovery time favors osteocyte lacunae density.

Physical Activity and Bone Vascularization: A Way to Explore in Bone Repair Context?

Physical activity is widely recognized as a biotherapy by WHO in the fight and prevention of bone diseases such as osteoporosis. It reduces the risk of disabling fractures associated with many comorbidities, and whose repair is a major public health and economic issue. Bone tissue is a dynamic supportive tissue that reshapes itself according to the mechanical stresses to which it is exposed. Physical exercise is recognized as a key factor for bone health. However, the effects of exercise on bone quality depend on exercise protocols, duration, intensity, and frequency. Today, the effects of different exercise modalities on capillary bone vascularization, bone blood flow, and bone angiogenesis remain poorly understood and unclear. As vascularization is an integral part of bone repair process, the analysis of the preventive and/or curative effects of physical exercise is currently very undeveloped. Angiogenesis-osteogenesis coupling may constitute a new way for understanding the role of physical activity, especially in fracturing or in the integration of bone biomaterials. Thus, this review aimed to clarify the link between physical activities, vascularization, and bone repair.

MRI of iron-oxide labelled transplanted hepatocytes in mice: effect of treatment with cyclophosphamide.

PURPOSE: To assess if 1.5T MRI can be used to study the transport to the liver, the intrahepatic distribution and engraftment of iron-oxide labelled hepatocytes in cyclophosphamide-treated and untreated mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Hepatocytes were isolated from C57bl/6 mice and were labelled with 1.63 microm iron-oxide particles. Seventeen mice were pretreated with cyclophosphamide to disrupt the sinusoidal endothelium and 15 were left untreated. Seven days after splenic injection of the labelled hepatocytes, T2*-weighted gradient-echo images at 1.5T were acquired. The hepatic transport, distribution and engraftment of the labelled hepatocytes were assessed with signal intensity (SI) and T2* measurements, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), texture analysis and histology. RESULTS: Lower hepatic SI (P = 0.005), lower T2* (P = 0.033) and larger number of particles at histology (P = 0.006) suggested increased transport to the liver of labelled hepatocytes in cyclophosphamide-treated mice versus untreated mice. At histology, most particles were located in Kupffer cells. Particles distribution was heterogeneous. No difference between both groups was observed at texture analysis. CONCLUSION: MRI is useful to assess the transport to the liver and intrahepatic distribution of transplanted labelled hepatocytes. The preferential location of iron-oxide particles within Kupffer cells after seven days limits the value of MRI for assessing hepatocyte engraftment.

Does Physical Exercise Always Improve Bone Quality in Rats?

For decades, the osteogenic effect from different physical activities on bone in rodents remained uncertain. This literature review presents for the first time the effects on five exercise models (treadmill running, wheel running, swimming, resistance training and vibration modes) in three different experimental rat groups (males, females, osteopenic) on bone quality. The bone parameters presented are bone mineral density, micro-architectural and mechanical properties, and osteoblast/osteocyte and osteoclast parameters. This review shows that physical activities have a positive effect (65% of the results) on bone status, but we clearly observed a difference amongst the different protocols. Even if treadmill running is the most used protocol, the resistance training constitutes the first exercise model in term of osteogenic effects (87% of the whole results obtained on this model). The less osteogenic model is the vibration mode procedure (31%). It clearly appears that the gender plays a role on the bone response to swimming and wheel running exercises. Besides, we did not observe negative results in the osteopenic population with impact training, wheel running and vibration activities. Moreover, about osteoblast/osteocyte parameters, we conclude that high impact and resistance exercise (such jumps and tower climbing) seems to increase bone formation more than running or aerobic exercise. Among the different protocols, literature has shown that the treadmill running procedure mainly induces osteogenic effects on the viability of the osteocyte lineage in both males and females or ovariectomized rats; running in voluntary wheels contributes to a negative effect on bone metabolism in older male models; whole-body vertical vibration is not an osteogenic exercise in female and ovariectomized rats; whereas swimming provides controversial results in female models. For osteoclast parameters only, running in a voluntary wheel for old males, the treadmill running program at high intensity in ovariectomized rats, and the swimming program in a specific ovariectomy condition have detrimental consequences.

Preventive Moderate Continuous Running-Exercise Conditioning Improves the Healing of Non-Critical Size Bone Defects in Male Wistar Rats: A Pilot Study Using µCT.

Although physical exercise has unquestionable benefits on bone health, its effects on bone healing have been poorly investigated. This study evaluated the effects of preemptive moderate continuous running on the healing of non-critical sized bone defects in rats by µCT. We hypothesized that a preemptive running exercise would quicken bone healing. Twenty 5-week-old, male, Wistar rats were randomly allocated to one of the following groups (n = 10): sedentary control (SED) or continuous running (EX, 45 min/d, 5 d/week at moderate speed, for 8 consecutive weeks). A 2 mm diameter bone defect was then performed in the right tibia and femur. No exercise was performed during a 4 week-convalescence. Healing-tissue trabecular microarchitectural parameters were assessed once a week for 4 weeks using µCT and plasma bone turnover markers measured at the end of the study protocol (time point T12). At T12, bone volume fraction (BV/TV; BV: bone volume, TV: tissue volume) of the healing tissue in tibiae and femurs from EX rats was higher compared to that in SED rats (p = 0.001). BV/TV in EX rats was also higher in tibiae than in femurs (p < 0.01). The bone mineral density of the healing tissue in femurs from EX rats was higher compared to that in femurs from SED rats (p < 0.03). N-terminal telopeptide of collagen type I in EX rats was decreased compared to SED rats (p < 0.05), while no differences were observed for alkaline phosphatase and parathyroid hormone. The study provides evidence that preemptive moderate continuous running improves the healing of non-critical sized bone defects in male Wistar rats.

Early detection of steatohepatitis in fatty rat liver by using MR elastography.

PURPOSE: To assess the potential value of magnetic resonance (MR) elastographic imaging to help detect nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in the fatty rat liver. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study was approved by the regional ethics committee. Fifty-four rats were imaged after being fed either a standard diet, a choline-deficient diet for up to 8 weeks to induce steatohepatitis, or a 2-week orotic acid diet to induce steatosis; or were imaged 48 hours after carbon tetrachloride injection to model acute liver injury. MR elastography was performed at 7.0 T to assess viscoelastic liver parameters. Steatosis and fibrosis were quantified with morphometric and biochemical analysis. Myofibroblast activation was assessed with morphometric analysis of alpha-smooth muscle actin. Expression of transforming growth factor beta1 and procollagens 1 and 3 as markers of fibrogenesis was evaluated with real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Inflammation was scored at histologic analysis. RESULTS: In rats with steatohepatitis, mean elasticity (2.24 kPa +/- 0.19 [standard deviation] vs 1.82 kPa +/- 0.22) and mean viscosity (0.86 kPa +/- 0.10 vs 0.59 kPa +/- 0.12) increased significantly (P < .005) after the 2-week orotic acid diet, while steatosis, inflammation, myofibroblast activation, and increase of other fibrogenesis markers were observed. Fibrosis appeared only after 5 weeks. In rats with steatosis, viscosity increased (0.77 kPa +/- 0.11, P < .005), elasticity remained constant. In rats with acute liver injury, elasticity (2.96 kPa +/- 0.63) and viscosity (0.85 kPa +/- 0.22) increased (P < .005), while fibrogenesis and inflammation were observed without substantial fibrosis or steatosis. At multivariate analysis in all rats, liver elasticity correlated only with myofibroblast activation (P < .001, r > 0.6). CONCLUSION: The results suggest that in nonalcoholic fatty rat liver, MR elastography may be useful in the early detection of steatohepatitis by showing increased elasticity and appearing before fibrosis development, which was linked to myofibroblast activation. SUPPLEMENTAL MATERIAL: http://radiology.rsna.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10.1148/radiol.2523081817/-/DC1.

Intense bone fluorescence reveals hidden patterns in pumpkin toadlets.

The phenomenon of fluorescence can be used by animals to change effective colouration or patterning, potentially to serve functions including intra- and interspecific signalling. Initially believed to be restricted to marine animals, fluorescent colours are now being described in an increasing number of terrestrial species. Here, we describe unique, highly fluorescent patterns in two species of pumpkin toadlets (Brachycephalus ephippium and B. pitanga). We establish that the origin of the fluorescence lies in the dermal bone of the head and back, visible through a particularly thin skin. By comparing them to those of the closely related species Ischnocnema parva, we demonstrate that pumpkin toadlets' bones are exceptionally fluorescent. We characterize the luminescence properties of the toadlets' bones and discuss the potential function of fluorescent patterns in natural lighting conditions.

Ptychographic X-ray CT characterization of the osteocyte lacuno-canalicular network in a male rat's glucocorticoid induced osteoporosis model.

Ptychographic X-ray computed tomography (PXCT) is a quantitative imaging modality that non-destructively maps the 3D electron density inside an object with tens of nanometers spatial resolution. This method provides unique access to the morphology and structure of the osteocyte lacuno-canalicular network (LCN) and nanoscale density of the tissue in the vicinity of an osteocyte lacuna. Herein, we applied PXCT to characterize the lacunae and LCN in a male Wistar rat model of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis (GIO). The ptychographic images revealed significant (p < 0.05) differences in the number of canaliculi originating from the lacuna per ellipsoidal surface unit, Ca.Nb (p = 0.0106), and the 3D morphology of the lacuna (p = 0.0064), between GIO and SHAM groups. Moreover, the mean canalicular diameter, Ca.Dm, was slightly statistically un-significantly smaller in GIO (152 ±â€¯6.5) nm than in SHAM group (165 ±â€¯8) nm (p = 0.053). Our findings indicate that PXCT can non-destructively provide detailed, nanoscale information on the 3D organization of the LCN in correlative studies of pathologies, such as osteoporosis, leading to improved diagnosis and therapy.

Mathematical modelling of the distribution of newly formed bone in bone tissue engineering.

New bone formation in bone substitutes is usually investigated by histomorphometric global analysis. This study provides a novel mathematical modelling approach of new bone formation in the use of osteoinductive and functionalized biomaterials for bone tissue engineering. We discuss here the repartition and the probability to get new bone formation inside Biphasic Calcium Phosphate (BCP) loaded with autologous osteogenic cells, functionalized with a cyclo RGD peptide, after implantation in rabbits for 2 and 4 weeks. This local analysis allowed us to complement classical global findings and to demonstrate that after 2 weeks of implantation, the probability of new bone formation was significantly higher in RGD-grafted BCP and that new formed bone was largely distributed from the edge to the centre of the implant. While no significant differences were obtained after 4 weeks of implantation between RGD-grafted and non-grafted materials, distribution of new bone formation inside RGD-grafted materials was significantly more homogeneous as demonstrated by our mathematical modelling approach. In conclusion, local analysis of new bone formation inside macroporous substitutes coupled with mathematical modelling constitutes a potential quantitative approach for the evaluation of the osteoconductive and osteoinductive characteristics of such biomaterials.

The effect of cyclo-DfKRG peptide immobilization on titanium on the adhesion and differentiation of human osteoprogenitor cells.

This study takes place in the field of development of a bioactive surface of titanium alloys. In this paper, titanium was functionalized with cyclo-DfKRG peptide by coating or grafting using different anchors (thiol or phosphonate) as spacers between the surface and the peptide. Cell adhesion, and differentiation of human osteoprogenitor (HOP) cells arising from human bone marrow were investigated. Our results seem to demonstrate that cyclo-DfKRG peptide coating with a phosphonate anchor and grafting procedure contributes to higher cell adhesion and a strong ALP and Cbfa1 mRNA expression, after 10 days of cell seeding. At the contrary, this peptide coated with a thiol anchor stimulates differentiation of HOP within 3 days of culture.

Sclerostin antibody and interval treadmill training effects in a rodent model of glucocorticoid-induced osteopenia.

Glucocorticoids have a beneficial anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effect, but their use is associated with decreased bone formation, bone mass and bone quality, resulting in an elevated fracture risk. Exercise and sclerostin antibody (Scl-Ab) administration have both been shown to increase bone formation and bone mass, therefore the ability of these treatments to inhibit glucocorticoid-induced osteopenia alone or in combination were assessed in a rodent model. Adult (4 months-old) male Wistar rats were allocated to a control group (C) or one of 4 groups injected subcutaneously with methylprednisolone (5mg/kg/day, 5 days/week). Methylprednisolone treated rats were injected subcutaneously 2 days/week with vehicle (M) or Scl-Ab-VI (M+S: 25mg/kg/day) and were submitted or not to treadmill interval training exercise (1h/day, 5 days/week) for 9 weeks (M+E, M+E+S). Methylprednisolone treatment increased % fat mass and % apoptotic osteocytes, reduced whole body and femoral bone mineral content (BMC), reduced femoral bone mineral density (BMD) and osteocyte lacunae occupancy. This effect was associated with lower trabecular bone volume (BV/TV) at the distal femur. Exercise increased BV/TV, osteocyte lacunae occupancy, while reducing fat mass, the bone resorption marker NTx, and osteocyte apoptosis. Exercise did not affect BMC or cortical microarchitectural parameters. Scl-Ab increased the bone formation marker osteocalcin and prevented the deleterious effects of M on bone mass, further increasing BMC, BMD and BV/TV to levels above the C group. Scl-Ab increased femoral cortical bone parameters at distal part and midshaft. Scl-Ab prevented the decrease in osteocyte lacunae occupancy and the increase in osteocyte apoptosis induced by M. The addition of exercise to Scl-Ab treatment did not result in additional improvements in bone mass or bone strength parameters. These data suggest that although our exercise regimen did prevent some of the bone deleterious effects of glucocorticoid treatment, particularly in trabecular bone volume and osteocyte apoptosis, Scl-Ab treatment resulted in marked improvements in bone mass across the skeleton and in osteocyte viability, resulting in decreased bone fragility.

Regular exercise limits alcohol effects on trabecular, cortical thickness and porosity, and osteocyte apoptosis in the rat.

INTRODUCTION: Excessive alcohol consumption is known to be a cause of secondary osteoporosis whereas physical activity is recommended in prevention of osteoporosis. This study was designed to analyze the effects of physical exercise on bone parameters in chronic alcohol-fed rats. METHODS: Forty-eight male Wistar rats were divided in four groups: Control (C), Alcohol (A), Exercise (E) and Alcohol+Exercise (AE). A and AE groups drank a solution composed of ethanol and water (35% volume/volume for 17 weeks). E and AE groups were submitted to treadmill training for 14 weeks (60 min/day, 5 times/week). Bone mineral density (BMD) was assessed by DXA, the trabecular and cortical microarchitectural parameters by microCT and serum osteocalcin, NTx and leptin concentrations by ELISA assays. Bone mechanical parameters were evaluated through mechanical testing. Osteocyte apoptosis was analyzed with cleaved caspase-3 immunostaining. RESULTS: Alcohol-fed rats had significantly lower body weight (-28%), fat (-46%) and lean mass (-25%) compared to controls. BMD (-8%), trabecular (-12%) and cortical thickness (-27%) were significantly lower with alcohol whereas porosity (+38%) and pore number (+42%) were higher. Exercise combined with alcohol prevented lower Tb.Th (+20%), Ct.Th (+30%), stress (+26%) and higher Ct.Po (-24%) and osteocyte apoptosis (-91%) compared to A. However, WB BMD (-4%) and femur BMD were still lower in AE versus C. CONCLUSION: Regular physical activity has beneficial effects on some microarchitectural parameters in alcohol-fed rats. However, regular treadmill exercise does not compensate for the effects of heavy chronic alcohol consumption on whole body bone density.