Self-Assembly of Strain-Adaptable Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Substrate on Polydimethylsiloxane Nanowrinkles.

Flexible surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrates adaptable to strains enable effective sampling from irregular surfaces, but the preparation of highly stable and sensitive flexible SERS substrates is still challenging. This paper reports a method to fabricate a high-performance strain-adaptable SERS substrate by self-assembly of Au nanoparticles (AuNPs) on polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) nanowrinkles. Nanowrinkles are created on prestrained PDMS slabs by plasma-induced oxidation followed by the release of the prestrain, and self-assembled AuNPs are transferred onto the nanowrinkles to construct the high-performance SERS substrate. The results show that the nanowrinkled structure can improve the surface roughness and enhance the SERS signals by ∼4 times compared to that of the SERS substrate prepared on flat PDMS substrates. The proposed SERS substrate also shows good adaptability to dynamic bending up to ∼|0.4| 1/cm with excellent testing reproducibility. Phenolic pollutants, including aniline and catechol, were quantitatively tested by the SERS substrate. The self-assembled flexible SERS substrate proposed here provides a powerful tool for chemical analysis in the fields of environmental monitoring and food safety inspection.

One-day versus three-day low-residue diet bowel preparation regimens before colonoscopy: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Although studies have shown that the quality of bowel preparation with low-residue diet (LRD) is as effective as that of clear fluid diet (CLD), there is currently no consensus on how long an LRD should last. The aim of this study was to compare a 1-day versus 3-day LRD on bowel preparation before colonoscopy. METHODS: A systematic review search was conducted in MEDLINE/PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, and Cochrane database from inception to April 2023. We identified randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that compared 1-day with 3-day LRD bowel cleansing regiments for patients undergoing colonoscopy. The rate of adequate bowel preparation, polyp detection rate, adenoma detection rate, tolerability, willingness to repeat preparation, and adverse events were estimated using odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI). We also performed meta-analysis to identify risk factors and predictors of inadequate preparation. RESULTS: Four studies published between 2019 and 2023 with 1927 participants were included. The present meta-analysis suggested that 1-day LRD was comparable with 3-day LRD for adequate bowel preparation (OR 0.89; 95% CI, 0.65-1.21; P = 0.45; I2 = 0%; P = 0.52). The polyp detection rate (OR 0.94; 95% CI, 0.77-1.14; P = 0.52; I2 = 23%; P = 0.27) and adenoma detection rate (OR 0.87; 95% CI, 0.71-1.08; P = 0.21; I2 = 0%; P = 0.52) were similar between the groups. There were significantly higher odds of tolerability in patients consuming 1-day LRD compared with 3-day LRD (OR 1.64; 95% CI, 1.13-2.39; P < 0.01; I2 = 47%; P = 0.15). In addition, constipation was identified as the independent predictor of inadequate preparation (OR 1.98; 95% CI, 1.27-3.11; P < 0.01; I2 = 0%; P = 0.46). CONCLUSION: The present study demonstrated that a 1-day LRD was as effective as a 3-day CLD in the quality of bowel preparation before colonoscopy and significantly improved tolerability of patients. In addition, constipation is an independent risk factor of poor bowel preparation, and the duration of LRD in patients with constipation still needs further clinical trials.

Confinement of Organic Dyes in UiO-66-Type Metal-Organic Frameworks for the Enhanced Synthesis of [1,2,5]Thiadiazole[3,4-g]benzoimidazoles.

Organic dyes as non-noble metal photosensitizers have attracted increasing attention due to their environmental friendliness and sustainability but suffer from fast deactivation and low stability. Here, we reported a fruitful strategy by the confinement and stabilization of visible light-active signal unit organic dyes within the metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) and developed a series of heterogeneous photocatalysts dye@UiO-66s [dye = fluorescein (FL)/rhodamine B (RhB)/eosin Y (EY), UiO-66s = UiO-66, and Bim-UiO-66]. It has been demonstrated that the encapsulated dyes can effectively sensitize MOF hosts and dominate the band structures and photocatalytic activities of dye@UiO-66s regardless of the ligand functionalization of MOFs. Photocatalytic experiments showed that these dye@UiO-66s exhibit enhanced activities relative to free dyes and among them, FL@Bim-UiO-66 displays excellent efficiencies toward the green synthesis of new carbon-bridged annulations, [1,2,5]thiadiazole[3,4-g]benzoimidazoles in the yield of up to 98% at room temperature with outstanding stability and reusability. Furthermore, the intramolecular cyclization intermediate was captured and characterized by the single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis.

Reduced Adenoma Miss Rate With 9-Minute vs 6-Minute Withdrawal Times for Screening Colonoscopy: A Multicenter Randomized Tandem Trial.

INTRODUCTION: Although the 9-minute mean withdrawal time (m-WT) is often reported to be associated with the optimal adenoma detection rate (ADR), no randomized trials of screening colonoscopy have confirmed the impact of a 9-minute m-WT on adenoma miss rate (AMR) and ADR. METHODS: A multicenter tandem trial was conducted in 11 centers. Seven hundred thirty-three asymptomatic participants were randomized to receive segmental tandem screening colonoscopy with a 9-minute withdrawal, followed by a 6-minute withdrawal (9-minute-first group, 9MF, n = 366) or vice versa (6-minute-first group, 6MF, n = 367). The primary outcome was the lesion-level AMR. RESULTS: The intention-to-treat analysis revealed that 9MF significantly reduced the lesion-level (14.5% vs 36.6%, P < 0.001) and participant-level AMR (10.9% vs 25.9%, P < 0.001), advanced adenoma miss rate (AAMR, 5.3% vs 46.9%, P = 0.002), multiple adenomas miss rate (20.7% vs 56.5%, P = 0.01), and high-risk adenomas miss rate (14.6% vs 39.5%, P = 0.01) of 6MF without compromising detection efficiency ( P = 0.79). In addition, a lower false-negative rate for adenomas ( P = 0.002) and high-risk adenomas ( P < 0.05), and a lower rate of shortening surveillance schedule ( P < 0.001) were also found in 9MF, accompanying with an improved ADR in the 9-minute vs 6-minute m-WT (42.3% vs 33.5%, P = 0.02). The independent inverse association between m-WT and AMR remained significant even after adjusting ADR, and meanwhile, 9-minute m-WT was identified as an independent protector for AMR and AAMR. DISCUSSION: In addition to increasing ADR, 9-minute m-WT also significantly reduces the AMR and AAMR of screening colonoscopy without compromising detection efficiency.

A high molecular weight silk fibroin scaffold that resists degradation and promotes cell proliferation.

The regulation of the biodegradation rate of 3D-regenerated silk fibroin scaffolds and the avoidance of premature collapse are important concerns for their effective applications in tissue engineering. In this study, bromelain, which is specific to sericin, was used to remove sericin from silk, and high molecular weight silk fibroin was obtained after the fibroin fibers were dissolved. Afterwards, a 3D scaffold was prepared via freeze-drying. The Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis results showed that the average molecular weight of the regenerated silk fibroin prepared by using the bromelain-degumming method was approximately 142.2 kDa, which was significantly higher than that of the control groups prepared by using the urea- and Na2 CO3 -degumming methods. The results of enzyme degradation in vitro showed that the biodegradation rate and internal three-dimensional structure collapse of the bromelain-degumming fibroin scaffolds were significantly slower than those of the two control scaffolds. The proliferation activity of human umbilical vein vascular endothelial cells inoculated in bromelain-degumming fibroin scaffolds was significantly higher than that of the control scaffolds. This study provides a novel preparation method for 3D-regenerated silk fibroin scaffolds that can effectively resist biodegradation, continuously guide cell growth, have good biocompatibility, and have the potential to be used for the regeneration of various connective tissues.

Comparison of the efficacy and safety of an oral sulfate solution and 3-L polyethylene glycol on bowel preparation before colonoscopy: a phase III multicenter randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Adequate bowel preparation is crucial for clear mucosal visualization during colonoscopy. We aimed to comprehensively compare oral sulfate solution (OSS) and 3-L split-dose polyethylene glycol (PEG) for bowel preparation before colonoscopy. METHODS: This randomized, active-controlled, noninferiority study was performed in 10 medical centers. Eligible subjects were enrolled to receive OSS or 3-L PEG in a split-dose regimen. The quality of bowel preparation, adverse reactions, and acceptability were evaluated. The quality of bowel preparation was evaluated using the Boston Bowel Preparation Scale. Safety was evaluated by adverse reactions. The study population was divided into the full analysis set (FAS), the safety set, the modified FAS (mFAS), and the per-protocol set (PPS). RESULTS: Three hundred forty-eight potentially eligible subjects were enrolled. Three hundred forty-four subjects were included in the FAS and safety set, 340 subjects were included in the mFAS, and 328 subjects were included in the PPS. Adequate bowel preparation of the OSS was not inferior to 3-L PEG in the mFAS (98.22% vs 97.66%) and the PPS (98.17% vs 98.78%). There was no significant difference in acceptability between the 2 groups (94.74% vs 94.80%, P = .9798). Overall adverse reactions were similar (50.88% vs 44.51%, P = .2370) between the 2 groups. CONCLUSIONS: The split-dose OSS regimen was not inferior to the split-dose 3-L PEG regimen for the quality of bowel preparation in a Chinese adult population. The safety and acceptability of the 2 groups were similar. (Clinical trial registration number: NCT05465889.).

Tf2O as a CF3 Source for the Synthesis of Trifluoromethoxylation Reagent nC4F9SO3CF3.

Described herein is the convenient synthesis of an efficient trifluoromethoxylation reagent, nC4F9SO3CF3, by using cheap and widely available reagents and without the need of any tedious column chromatography purification procedure.

Incorporating a D-A-D-Type Benzothiadiazole Photosensitizer into MOFs for Photocatalytic Oxidation of Phenylsulfides and Benzylamines.

Oxidation and removal of highly toxic sulfides and amines are particularly important for environmental and human security but remain challenging. Here, incorporating an excellent photosensitizer, donor-acceptor-donor (D-A-D)-type 4,4'-(benzo[c][1,2,5]thiadiazole-4,7-diyl)dibenzoic (H2L), into metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) has been manifested to promote the charge separation, affording four three-dimensional (3D) MOFs (isostructural 1-Co/1-Zn with Co2/Zn2 units, and 2-Gd/2-Tb with Gd/Tb-cluster chains) as photocatalysts in the visible light-driven air-O2-mediated catalytic oxidation and removal of hazardous phenylsulfides and benzylamines. Impressively, structure-property correlation illustrated that the transition metal centers assembled in MOFs play an important role in the photocatalytic activity, and we can conclude that 1-Zn can be a robust heterogeneous catalyst possessing good light adsorption and fast charge separation in oxidation removal reactions of both benzylamines and phenylsulfides under visible light irradiation and room temperature with excellent activity/selectivity, stability, and reusability.

Elastic and inelastic diffraction of fast neon atoms on a LiF surface.

Grazing incidence fast atom diffraction has mainly been investigated with helium atoms, considered as the best possible choice for surface analysis. This article presents experimental diffraction profiles recorded with neon projectile, between 300 eV and 4 keV kinetic energy with incidence angles θi between 0.3 and 1.5° along three different directions of a LiF(001) crystal surface. These correspond to perpendicular energy ranging from a few meV up to almost 1 eV. A careful analysis of the scattering profile allows us to extract the diffracted intensities even when inelastic effects become so large that most quantum signatures have disappeared. The relevance of this approach is discussed in terms of surface topology.

One-step synthesis of nanosilver embedding laser-induced graphene for H2O2 sensor.

During the novel coronavirus pandemic, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) played an important role as a disinfectant. However, high concentrations of H2O2 can also cause damage to the skin and eyes. Therefore, the quantitative and qualitative detection of H2O2 is an important research direction. In this work, we report a one-step laser-induced synthesis of graphene doped with Ag NPs composites. It directly trims screen printed electrodes (SPE). Firstly, we did the timekeeping current method (CA) test on H2O2 using a conventional platinum sheet as the counter electrode, and obtained linear ranges of 1-110 µM and 110-800 µM with a sensitivity of 118.7 and 96.3 µAmM-1cm-2 and a low detection limit of (LOD) 0.24 µM and 0.31 µM. On this basis we have also achieved a good result in CA testing using Screen printed carbon electrodes (SPCE), laying the foundation for portable testing. The sensor has excellent interference immunity and high selectivity.

Impact of 9-Minute Withdrawal Time on the Adenoma Detection Rate: A Multicenter Randomized Controlled Trial.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Although current quality indicators of colonoscopy recommend 6 minutes as the minimum standard for withdrawal time (WT), the impact of a WT longer than 6 minutes on neoplasia detection is unclear. METHODS: A multicenter randomized controlled trial involving 1027 patients was conducted from January 2018 to July 2019. Participants were randomly divided into a 9-minute (n = 514) and 6-minute (n = 513) WT group, and a timer was used to adjust the withdrawal speed. The primary outcome was the adenoma detection rate (ADR). RESULTS: Intention-to-treat analysis showed a significantly higher ADR in the 9-minute versus 6-minute WT group (36.6% vs. 27.1%, P = .001). Prolonging WT from 6 to 9 minutes significantly increased ADR of the proximal colon (21.4% vs. 11.9%, P < .001) as well as of the less experienced colonoscopists (36.8% vs. 23.5%, P = .001). Improvements were also observed in the polyp detection rate (58.0% vs. 47.8%, P < .001), and mean number of polyps and adenomas detected per colonoscopy (1.1 vs. 0.9, P = .002; 0.5 vs. 0.4, P = .008, respectively). The higher ADRs in 9-minute WT were also confirmed by the per-protocol (PP) analysis and subgroup analyses, with an increased rate of sessile serrated lesion detection in the 9-minute WT by PP analysis (4.0% vs. 1.3%, P = .04). Multivariate logistic regression demonstrated that the 9-minute WT was independently associated with increased ADR (P = .005). CONCLUSIONS: Prolonging WT from 6 to 9 minutes significantly improved ADR, especially in the proximal colon and for less experienced colonoscopists. A 9-minute WT benchmark should be considered as one of the quality indicators of colonoscopy. ClinicalTrials.gov (identifier, NCT03399045).

Development of Cationic Benzimidazole-Containing UiO-66 through Step-by-Step Linker Modification to Enhance the Initial Sorption Rate and Sorption Capacities for Heavy Metal Oxo-Anions.

Effective and rapid capture of heavy metal oxo-anions from wastewater is a fascinating research topic, but it remains a great challenge. Herein, benzimidazole and -CH3 groups were integrated into UiO-66 in succession via a step-by-step linker modification strategy that was performed by presynthesis modification (to give Bim-UiO-66) and subsequently by postsynthetic ionization (to give Bim-UiO-66-Me). The UiO-66s (UiO-66, Bim-UiO-66, and Bim-UiO-66-Me) were applied in the removal of heavy metal oxo-anions from water. The two benzimidazole derivatives (Bim-UiO-66 and Bim-UiO-66-Me) showed much better performance than UiO-66, as both the initial sorption rate and sorption capacities decreased in the order Bim-UiO-66-Me > Bim-UiO-66 > UiO-66. The maximum performances of Bim-UiO-66 are 5.1 and 1.7 times those of UiO-66. Remarkably, Bim-UiO-66-Me shows 7.5 and 3.0 times better performance than UiO-66. The higher absorptivity of cationic Bim-UiO-66-Me compared with UiO-66 can be attributed to a strong Coulombic interaction as well as an anion-π interaction and hydrogen bonding between the benzimidazolium functional group and heavy metal oxo-anions. The as-synthesized Bim-UiO-66-Me not only provides a promising candidate for application in removal of heavy metal oxo-anions in wastewater treatment but also opens up a new strategy for the design of high-performance adsorbents.

Temperature dependence in fast-atom diffraction at surfaces.

Grazing incidence fast atom diffraction at crystal surfaces (GIFAD or FAD) has demonstrated coherent diffraction both at effective energies close to one eV (λ⊥ ≈ 14 pm for He) and at elevated surface temperatures offering high topological resolution and real time monitoring of growth processes. This is explained by a favorable Debye-Waller factor specific to the multiple collision regime of grazing incidence. This paper presents the first extensive evaluation of the temperature behavior between 177 and 1017 K on a LiF surface. Similarly to diffraction at thermal energies (TEAS), an exponential attenuation of the elastic intensity is observed but, contrarily to TEAS, the maximum coherence is not directly reduced by the attraction forces that increase the effective impact energy. It is more influenced by the surface stiffness and appears very sensitive to surface defects.

Flexible, Mechanically Robust, Solid-State Electrolyte Membrane with Conducting Oxide-Enhanced 3D Nanofiber Networks for Lithium Batteries.

Using a three-dimensional (3D) Li-ion conducting ceramic network, such as Li7La3Zr2O12 (LLZO) garnet-type oxide conductor, has proved to be a promising strategy to form continuous Li ion transfer paths in a polymer-based composite. However, the 3D network produced by brittle ceramic conductor nanofibers fails to provide sufficient mechanical adaptability. In this manuscript, we reported a new 3D ion-conducting network, which is synthesized from highly loaded LLZO nanoparticles reinforced conducting polymer nanofibers, by creating a lightweight continuous and interconnected LLZO-enhanced 3D network to outperform conducting heavy and brittle ceramic nanofibers to offer a new design principle of composite electrolyte membrane featuring all-round properties in mechanical robustness, structural flexibility, high ionic conductivity, lightweight, and high surface area. This composite-nanofiber design overcomes the issues of using ceramic-only nanoparticles, nanowires, or nanofibers in polymer composite electrolyte, and our work can be considered as a new generation of composite electrolyte membrane in composite electrolyte development.

MLD: An Intelligent Memory Leak Detection Scheme Based on Defect Modes in Software.

With the expansion of the scale and complexity of multimedia software, the detection of software defects has become a research hotspot. Because of the large scale of the existing software code, the efficiency and accuracy of the existing software defect detection algorithms are relatively low. We propose an intelligent memory leak detection scheme MLD based on defect modes in software. Based on the analysis of existing memory leak defect modes, we summarize memory operation behaviors (allocation, release and transfer) and present a state machine model. We employ a fuzzy matching algorithm based on regular expression to determine the memory operation behaviors and then analyze the change in the state machine to assess the vulnerability in the source code. To improve the efficiency of detection and solve the problem of repeated detection at the function call point, we propose a function summary method for memory operation behaviors. The experimental results demonstrate that the method we proposed has high detection speed and accuracy. The algorithm we proposed can identify the defects of the software, reduce the risk of being attacked to ensure safe operation.

Understanding Carbon Nanotube-Based Ionic Diodes: Design and Mechanism.

The rectification of ion transport through biological ion channels has attracted much attention and inspired the thriving invention and applications of ionic diodes. However, the development of high-performance ionic diodes is still challenging, and the working mechanisms of ionic diodes constructed by 1D ionic nanochannels have not been fully understood. This work reports the systematic investigation of the design and mechanism of a new type of ionic diode constructed from horizontally aligned multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) with oppositely charged polyelectrolytes decorated at their two entrances. The major design and working parameters of the MWCNT-based ionic diode, including the ion channel size, the driven voltage, the properties of working fluids, and the quantity and length of charge modification, are extensively investigated through numerical simulations and/or experiments. An optimized ionic current rectification (ICR) ratio of 1481.5 is experimentally achieved on the MWCNT-based ionic diode. These results promise potential applications of the MWCNT-based ionic diode in biosensing and biocomputing. As a proof-of-concept, DNA detection and HIV-1 diagnosis is demonstrated on the ionic diode. This work provides a comprehensive understanding of the working principle of the MWCNT-based ionic diodes and will allow rational device design and optimization.

Research on advanced methods of electrochemiluminescence detection combined with optical imaging analysis for the detection of sulfonamides.

In this study, a novel method that combines electrochemiluminescence (ECL) analysis and digital image processing was developed for the detection of sulfonamides. This method is based on the ECL system of ruthenium terpyridine, with 1 mM tripropylamine as a co-reactant to enhance the performance. Under the optimal conditions comprising a solution of pH 7 and a scanning rate of 0.08 V s-1, the Pt electrode has an excellent linear detection range from 5 µM to 5 mM, with a detection limit of 0.85 µM (S/N = 3). A wireless camera is used to record the light-emitting process. The recordings are processed, and the digital images are extracted using image-processing algorithms implemented in Python to calculate the brightness value of the image, which has a linear relationship with the logarithm of the sulfonamide concentration. Image analysis simplifies and improves the stability of the ECL analysis process, while also increasing the speed of analysis. The results indicate that the method can successfully detect a sulfonamide concentration of 5 µM. Thus, the analysis method of ECL combined with image processing is feasible for the detection of sulfonamides, thereby displaying its potential applicability as a novel method in drug and food safety, for instance, for sulfonamide detection in antibiotics.

In situ detection of heavy metal ions in sewage with screen-printed electrode-based portable electrochemical sensors.

The rapid development of industrial technologies continuously increases the heavy metal pollution of water resources. Recently, portable electrochemical analysis-based devices for detecting heavy metal ions have attracted much attention due to their excellent performance and low fabrication costs. However, it has proven difficult to accommodate complex testing needs in a cost-effective manner. To address these limitations, we propose a new system for the in situ detection of heavy metals in wastewater using an organic light-emitting diode-based panel to display data in real time and Bluetooth to transmit data to a smartphone for rapid analysis. The fabricated device integrates an in situ signal analysis circuit, a Bluetooth chip, a photocured 3D-printed shell, and an electrode sleeve interface. In addition, a fully screen-printed functional electrode plate containing chitosan/PANi-Bi nanoparticle@graphene oxide multi-walled carbon nanotubes is utilized for the rapid detection of heavy metal ions. This device can perform wireless data transmission and analysis and in situ signal acquisition and processing. The sensor exhibits a high sensitivity (Hg2+: 88.34 µA ppm-1 cm-2; Cu2+: 0.956 µA ppm-1 cm-2), low limit of detection (Hg2+: 10 ppb, Cu2+: 0.998 ppm) and high selectivity during the detection of copper and mercury ions in tap water under non-laboratory conditions, and the results of real-time tests reveal that parameters measured in the field and laboratory environments are identical. Hence, this small, portable, electrochemical sensor with a screen-printed electrode can be effectively used for the real-time detection of copper and mercury ions in complex water environments.

Diagnostic Accuracy and Interobserver Agreement of PI-RADS Version 2 and Version 2.1 for the Detection of Transition Zone Prostate Cancers.

BACKGROUND. PI-RADS version 2.1 (v2.1) introduced a number of key changes to the assessment of transition zone (TZ) lesions. OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this study was to evaluate interobserver agreement and diagnostic accuracy for detecting TZ prostate cancer (PCa) and clinically significant PCa (csPCa) by use of PI-RADS v2 and PI-RADS v2.1 among radiologists with different levels of experience. METHODS. This retrospective study included 355 biopsy-naïve patients who from January 2017 to March 2020 underwent prostate MRI that showed a TZ lesion and underwent subsequent biopsy. PCa was diagnosed in 93 patients (International Society of Urological Pathology [ISUP] grade group 1, n = 34; ISUP grade group ≥ 2, n = 59) and non-cancerous lesions in 262 patients. Five radiologists with varying experience in prostate MRI scored lesions using PI-RADS v2 and PI-RADS v2.1 in sessions separated by at least 4 weeks. Interobserver agreement was evaluated with kappa and Kendall W statistics. ROC curve analysis was used to evaluate performance in detection of TZ PCa and csPCa. RESULTS. Interobserver agreement among all readers was higher for PI-RADS v2.1 than for PI-RADS v2 (mean weighted κ = 0.700 vs 0.622; Kendall W = 0.805 vs 0.728; p = .03). The pooled AUC values for detecting TZ PCa and csPCa were higher among all readers using PI-RADS v2.1 (0.866 vs 0.827 for TZ PCa; 0.929 vs 0.899 for TZ csPCa; p < .001). For detecting TZ PCa, the pooled sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy were 86.9%, 79.4%, and 75.4% among all readers for PI-RADS v2.1 compared with 79.4%, 71.8%, and 73.8% for PI-RADS v2. For detecting TZ csPCa, the pooled sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy were 84.8%, 90.9%, and 89.9% among all readers for PI-RADS v2.1 compared with 81.4%, 89.9%, and 88.5% for PI-RADS v2. Reader 1, who had the least experience, had the lowest sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy (78.0%, 89.2%, and 87.3%). Reader 5, who had the most experience, had the highest sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy (88.1%, 92.9%, and 92.1%) in detecting csPCa. CONCLUSION. PI-RADS v2.1 had better interobserver agreement and diagnostic accuracy than PI-RADS v2 for evaluating TZ lesions. Reader experience continues to affect the performance of prostate MRI interpretation with PI-RADS v2.1. CLINICAL IMPACT. PI-RADS v2.1 is more accurate and reproducible than PI-RADS v2 for the diagnosis of TZ PCa.

Grazing incidence fast atom diffraction, similarities and differences with thermal energy atom scattering (TEAS).

Grazing incidence fast atom diffraction (GIFAD) at surfaces has made rapid progress and has established itself as a surface analysis tool where effective energy E⊥ of the motion towards the surface is in the same range as that in thermal energy atom scattering (TEAS). To better compare the properties of both techniques, we use the diffraction patterns of helium and neon atoms impinging on a LiF (001) surface as a model system. E-Scan, θ-scan, and φ-scan are presented where the primary beam energy E is varied between a few hundred eV up to five keV, the angle of incidence θi between 0.2 and 2° and the azimuthal angle φi around 360°. The resulting diffraction charts are analyzed in terms of high and low values of effective energy E⊥. The former provides high resolution at the positions of the surface atoms and the attached repulsive interaction potentials while the second is sensitive to the attractive forces towards the surface. The recent progress of inelastic diffraction is briefly presented.