Multi-objective Genetic Algorithm Based Deep Learning Model for Automated COVID-19 Detection Using Medical Image Data.

Purpose: In early 2020, the world is amid a significant pandemic due to the novel coronavirus disease outbreak, commonly called the COVID-19. Coronavirus is a lung infection disease caused by the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 virus (SARS-CoV-2). Because of its high transmission rate, it is crucial to detect cases as soon as possible to effectively control the spread of this pandemic and treat patients in the early stages. RT-PCR-based kits are the current standard kits used for COVID-19 diagnosis, but these tests take much time despite their high precision. A faster automated diagnostic tool is required for the effective screening of COVID-19. Methods: In this study, a new semi-supervised feature learning technique is proposed to screen COVID-19 patients using chest CT scans. The model proposed in this study uses a three-step architecture, consisting of a convolutional autoencoder based unsupervised feature extractor, a multi-objective genetic algorithm (MOGA) based feature selector, and a Bagging Ensemble of support vector machines based binary classifier. The proposed architecture has been designed to provide precise and robust diagnostics for binary classification (COVID vs.nonCOVID). A dataset of 1252 COVID-19 CT scan images, collected from 60 patients, has been used to train and evaluate the model. Results: The best performing classifier within 127 ms per image achieved an accuracy of 98.79%, the precision of 98.47%, area under curve of 0.998, and an F1 score of 98.85% on 497 test images. The proposed model outperforms the current state of the art COVID-19 diagnostic techniques in terms of speed and accuracy. Conclusion: The experimental results prove the superiority of the proposed methodology in comparison to existing methods.The study also comprehensively compares various feature selection techniques and highlights the importance of feature selection in medical image data problems.

Fog Computing Employed Computer Aided Cancer Classification System Using Deep Neural Network in Internet of Things Based Healthcare System.

Computer assisted automatic smart pattern analysis of cancer affected pixel structure takes critical role in pre-interventional decision making for oral cancer treatment. Internet of Things (IoT) in healthcare systems is now emerging solution for modern e-healthcare system to provide high quality medical care. In this research work, we proposed a novel method which utilizes a modified vesselness measurement and a Deep Convolutional Neural Network (DCNN) to identify the oral cancer region structure in IoT based smart healthcare system. The robust vesselness filtering scheme handles noise while reserving small structures, while the CNN framework considerably improves classification accuracy by deblurring focused region of interest (ROI) through integrating with multi-dimensional information from feature vector selection step. The marked feature vector points are extracted from each connected component in the region and used as input for training the CNN. During classification, each connected part is individually analysed using the trained DCNN by considering the feature vector values that belong to its region. For a training of 1500 image dataset, an accuracy of 96.8% and sensitivity of 92% is obtained. Hence, the results of this work validate that the proposed algorithm is effective and accurate in terms of classification of oral cancer region in accurate decision making. The developed system can be used in IoT based diagnosis in health care systems, where accuracy and real time diagnosis are essential.

Tunable electronic, electrical and optical properties of graphene oxide sheets by ion irradiation.

The tunable electronic, electrical and optical properties of graphene oxide (GO) sheets were investigated using a controlled reduction by 500 keV Ar+-ion irradiation. The carbon to oxygen ratio of the GO sheets upon the ion beam reduction has been estimated using resonant Rutherford backscattering spectrometry analyses and its effect on the electrical and optical properties of GO sheets has been studied using sheet resistance measurements and photoluminescence (PL) measurements. The restoration of sp 2-hybridized carbon atoms within the sp 3 matrix is found to be increases with increasing the Ar+-ion fluences as evident from Fourier transform infrared, and x-ray absorption near-edge structure measurements. The decrease in the number of disorder-induced local density of states (LDOSs) within the π-π* gap upon the reduction causes the shifting of PL emission from near infra-red to blue region and decreases the sheet resistance. The improved electrical and optical properties of GO sheets were correlated to the decrease in the number of LDOSs within the π-π* gap. Our experimental investigations suggest ion beam irradiation is one of an effective approaches to reduce GO to RGO and to tailor its electronic, electrical and optical properties.

A novel green approach for reduction of free standing graphene oxide: electrical and electronic structural investigations.

Ion beam irradiation technique has been proposed, for efficient, fast and eco-friendly reduction of graphene oxide (GO), as an alternative to the conventional methods. 5 MeV, Au+ ion beam has been used to reduce the free standing GO flake. Both electronic and nuclear energy loss mechanisms of the irradiation process play a major role in removal of oxygen moieties and recovery of graphene network. Atomic resolution scanning tunnelling microscopy analysis of the irradiated GO flake shows the characteristic honeycomb structure of graphene. X-ray absorption near edge structure analysis at C K-edge reveals that the features of the irradiated GO flake resemble the few layer graphene. Resonant Rutherford backscattering spectrometry analysis evidenced an enhanced C/O ratio of ∼23 in the irradiated GO. In situ sheet resistance measurements exhibit a sharp decrease of resistance (few 100 s of Ω) at a fluence of 6.5 × 1014 ions cm-2. Photoluminescence spectroscopic analysis of irradiated GO shows a sharp blue emission, while pristine GO exhibits a broad emission in the visible-near IR region. Region selective reduction, tunable electrical and optical properties by controlling C/O ratio makes ion irradiation as a versatile tool for the green reduction of GO for diverse applications.

Delineating the role of ripples on the thermal expansion of 2D honeycomb materials: graphene, 2D h-BN and monolayer (ML)-MoS2.

We delineated the role of thermally excited ripples on the thermal expansion properties of 2D honeycomb materials (free-standing graphene, 2D h-BN, and ML-MoS2), by explicitly carrying out three-dimensional (3D) and two-dimensional (2D) molecular dynamics simulations. In 3D simulations, the in-plane lattice parameter (a-lattice) of graphene and 2D h-BN shows thermal contraction over a wide range of temperatures and exhibits a strong system size dependence. The 2D simulations of the very same system show a reverse trend, where the a-lattice expands in the whole computed temperature range. In contrast to graphene and 2D h-BN, the a-lattice of ML-MoS2 shows thermal expansion in both 2D and 3D simulations and their system size dependence is marginal. By analyzing the phonon dispersion at 300 K, we found that the discrepancy between 2D and 3D simulations of graphene and 2D h-BN is due to the absence of out-of-plane bending modes (ZA) in 2D simulations, which is responsible for the thermal contraction of the a-lattice at low temperature. Meanwhile, all the phonon modes are present in the 2D phonon dispersion of ML-MoS2, which indicates that the origin of the ZA mode is not purely due to the out-of-plane movement of atoms and also its effect on thermal expansion is not significant as found in graphene and 2D h-BN.

The influence of carbon concentration on the electronic structure and magnetic properties of carbon implanted ZnO thin films.

The influence of carbon concentration on the electronic and magnetic properties of C-implanted ZnO thin films has been studied using synchrotron radiation based X-ray absorption spectroscopic techniques and vibrating sample magnetometer measurements. 20 keV carbon ions were implanted in ZnO films with different fluences (2 × 1016, 4 × 1016 and 6 × 1016 ions per cm2). The pristine ZnO film shows diamagnetic behaviour while the C-implanted films exhibit room temperature ferromagnetism. Our first-principles calculations based on density functional theory show an appreciable magnetic moment only when the implanted C atom sits either in the O-site (2 µB) or in the interstitial position (1.88 µB), whereas the C atom in the Zn substitutional position does not possess any magnetic moment. X-ray absorption near edge structure analysis at the O K-edge reveals that the charge transfer from O-2p to the C-defect site causes the ferromagnetism in the C-implanted ZnO film at low fluence. However at high fluence, the implanted C replaces the lattice and produces more Zn vacancies, as evidenced by extended X-ray absorption fine structure studies at the Zn K-edge, which favors the ferromagnetism. The persistence of the implanted carbon and ferromagnetism of the C-implanted ZnO film has also been studied by isothermal annealing at 500 °C and discussed in detail.

Effect of strong phonon-phonon coupling on the temperature dependent structural stability and frequency shift of 2D hexagonal boron nitride.

The temperature dependent structural stability, frequency shift and linewidth of 2D hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) are studied using a combination of lattice dynamics (LD) and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. The in-plane lattice parameter shows a negative thermal expansion in the whole computed temperature range (0-2000 K). When the in-plane lattice parameter falls below the equilibrium value, the quasi-harmonic bending (ZA) mode frequency becomes imaginary along the Γ-M direction in the Brillouin zone, leading to a structural instability of the 2D sheet. The ZA mode is seen to be stabilized in the dispersion obtained from MD simulations, due to the automatic incorporation of higher order phonon scattering processes in MD, which are absent in a quasi-harmonic dispersion. The mode resolved phonon spectra computed with a quasi-harmonic method predict a blueshift of the longitudinal and transverse (LO/TO) optic mode frequencies with an increase in temperature. On the other hand, both canonical (NVT) and isobaric-isothermal (NPT) ensembles predict a redshift with an increase in temperature, which is more prominent in the NVT ensemble. The strong phonon-phonon coupling dominates over the thermal contraction effect and leads to a redshift in LO/TO mode frequency in the NPT ensemble simulations. The out-of-plane (ZO) optic mode quasi-harmonic frequencies are redshifted due to a membrane effect. The phonon-phonon coupling effects in the NVT and NPT ensemble simulations lead to a further reduction in the ZO mode frequencies. The linewidth of the LO/TO and ZO mode frequencies increases in a monotonic fashion. The temperature dependence of acoustic modes is also analyzed. The quasi-harmonic calculations predict a redshift of ZA mode, and at the same time the TA (transverse acoustic) and LA (longitudinal acoustic) mode frequencies are blueshifted. The strong phonon-phonon coupling in MD simulations causes a redshift of the LA and TA mode frequencies, while the ZA mode frequencies are blueshifted with an increase in temperature.

Anopheline ecology and malaria transmission during the construction of an irrigation canal in an endemic district of Odisha, India.

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES: A new irrigation canal system is under construction in Dhenkanal district of Odisha, to increase the production of rice crop and thereby improve the living standard of farmers in the project area. Construction of canal may increase the transmission of malaria by creating vector breeding habitats. Knowledge about bionomics of vectors will support authorities for appropriate management of the disease in a changing ecological set up. The aim of this study was to assess the malaria transmission in the bank of the canal area under construction. METHODS: The entomological survey was carried out in three seasons, winter, summer and rainy during the period November 2008-October 2010 in the study area. Adult mosquitoes were collected by using suction tubes and flash lights. Mosquito species identification was done by using standard keys, separated according to abdominal conditions and were kept in an isopropanol for further molecular analysis of sibling species, presence of sporozoites and human blood meal. Larvae were collected by dippers and reared in the laboratory, and the emerged adults were identified to species. The epidemiology of malaria was evaluated from the data collected by the State Health Department. Insecticide succeptibility test was done by WHO method. RESULTS: The adult mosquito collection from the study area showed the prevalence of 14 species belonging to three genera, i.e. Anopheles, Culex and Aedes. The per man hour densities (PMHD) of An. culicifacies were 3.8, 1.4, 4.8; that of An. annularis were 2.1, 1, 2.1; and that of An. fluviatilis were 1.4, 0.3, 0.6 during winter, summer and rainy seasons respectively. Sibling species identified were: An. culicifacies A, B, C and D, An. annularis A and An. fluviatilis S. Sporozoite rates of An. culicifacies A and C were 1.1 and 0.5% respectively and that of An. annularis A was 2% (reported for the first time in the state). Both the vectors (An. culicifacies and An. annularis) showed resistance to DDT and malathion and were susceptible to deltamethrin, whereas An. fluviatilis was susceptible to all the three insecticides tested. INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSION: Anopheles culicifacies, An. fluviatilis and An. annularis were prevalent in all the three seasons. The artificial ponds and seepage pools of canal are the major breeding sites for An. culicifacies and An. annularis. Thus, in the canal command area, control of malaria transmission requires use of insecticide-treated bednets and use of biolarvicides (seepage pools) and larvivorous fish (artificial ponds) wherever feasible.

Semantic segmentation of bone structures in chest X-rays including unhealthy radiographs: A robust and accurate approach.

The chest X-ray is a widely used medical imaging technique for the diagnosis of several lung diseases. Some nodules or other pathologies present in the lungs are difficult to visualize on chest X-rays because they are obscured byoverlying boneshadows. Segmentation of bone structures and suppressing them assist medical professionals in reliable diagnosis and organ morphometry. But segmentation of bone structures is challenging due to fuzzy boundaries of organs and inconsistent shape and size of organs due to health issues, age, and gender. The existing bone segmentation methods do not report their performance on abnormal chest X-rays, where it is even more critical to segment the bones. This work presents a robust encoder-decoder network for semantic segmentation of bone structures on normal as well as abnormal chest X-rays. The novelty here lies in combining techniques from two existing networks (Deeplabv3+ and U-net) to achieve robust and superior performance. The fully connected layers of the pre-trained ResNet50 network have been replaced by an Atrous spatial pyramid pooling block for improving the quality of the embedding in the encoder module. The decoder module includes four times upsampling blocks to connect both low-level and high-level features information enabling us to retain both the edges and detail information of the objects. At each level, the up-sampled decoder features are concatenated with the encoder features at a similar level and further fine-tuned to refine the segmentation output. We construct a diverse chest X-ray dataset with ground truth binary masks of anterior ribs, posterior ribs, and clavicle bone for experimentation. The dataset includes 100 samples of chest X-rays belonging to healthy and confirmed patients of lung diseases to maintain the diversity and test the robustness of our method. We test our method using multiple standard metrics and experimental results indicate an excellent performance on both normal and abnormal chest X-rays.

Zinc oxide epitaxial thin film deposited over carbon on various substrate by pulsed laser deposition technique.

Zinc Oxide (ZnO) is a promising candidate material for optical and electronic devices due to its direct wide band gap (3.37 eV) and high exciton binding energy (60 meV). For applications in various fields such as light emitting diode (LED) and laser diodes, growth of p-type ZnO is a prerequisite. ZnO is an intrinsically n-type semiconductor. In this paper we report on the synthesis of Zinc Oxide-Carbon (ZnO:C) thin films using pulsed laser deposition technique (PLD). The deposition parameters were optimized to obtain high quality epitaxial ZnO films over a carbon layer. The structural and optical properties were studied by glazing index X-ray diffraction (GIXRD), photoluminescence (PL), optical absorption (OA), and Raman spectroscopy. Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy (RBS), scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEMEDS) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) were employed to determine the composition and surface morphology of these thin films. The GIXRD pattern of the synthesized films exhibited hexagonal wurtzite crystal structure with a preferred (002) orientation. PL spectroscopy results showed that the emission intensity was maximum at -380 nm at a deposition temperature of 573 K. In the Raman spectra, the E2 phonon frequency around at 438 cm(-1) is a characteristic peak of the wurtzite lattice and could be seen in all samples. Furthermore, the optical direct band gap of ZnO films was found to be in the visible region. The growth of the epitaxial layer is discussed in the light of carbon atoms from the buffer layer. Our work demonstrates that the carbon is a novel dopant in the group of doped ZnO semiconductor materials. The introduction of carbon impurities enhanced the visible emission of red-green luminescence. It is concluded that the carbon impurities promote the zinc related native defect in ZnO.

Stability of embedded indium nanoclusters in silica under thermal treatment and ion irradiation.

The stability of embedded Indium (In) nanoclusters (NCs) in silica under thermal annealing and ion irradiation was investigated. The In NCs were prepared by implantation of 890 keV indium ions in silica matrix at room temperature. Post implantation annealing resulted in the shifting of the size distribution to higher side. On the other hand 140 keV Nitrogen ion irradiation at elevated temperature resulted in the reduction of NCs size, with significant narrowing of the size distribution. The paper discusses the results of the study in the light of the models pertaining to the stability of NCs under ion irradiation conditions.

Intense ultraviolet-blue photoluminescence from SiO2 embedded ge nanocrystals prepared by different techniques.

We have made systematic studies on the ultraviolet-blue photoluminescence (PL) from Ge nanocrystals (NCs) grown embedded in SiO2 matrix. Embedded Ge NCs are grown by two different methods, namely, radio-frequency magnetron sputtering (SPT) and ion implantation (IMP). For comparison, Ar implanted SiO2 layer was processed similarly and studied to isolate the contribution of Ge atoms in the observed PL. X-ray diffraction, optical Raman and low frequency Raman scattering studies confirm the presence of Ge NCs in samples prepared by SPT and IMP methods, and Si nanoclusters in Ar implanted sample. Room temperature PL studies with 325 nm excitation show very strong UV-blue emission bands in the range 342-420 nm, and PL studies with 246 nm excitation show two strong UV emission bands at approximately 285 nm and approximately 393 nm in implanted samples. Deconvolution of UV-blue bands show that most of the emission peaks are not unique to the presence of Ge in the samples. Time resolved PL studies in the blue wavelength region show a fast decay dynamics (time constant of approximately 1.0 ns), irrespective of the NC size. PL excitation spectroscopy measurements show a large Stoke's shift for the UV emission bands. Our results indicate that contrary to the literature reports, the approximately 400 nm PL emission is band is not unique to the presence of Ge in the SiO2 matrix and it is likely to originate from a defective NC/SiO2 interface, irrespective of the species of NCs. Origin of various UV emission bands is discussed in the light of the experimental findings and literature reports.

Structure and photoluminescence properties of ion beam synthesized SiC nanoparticles in Si.

Silicon carbide nanoparticles were synthesized in Si(100) wafers by 300 keV C+ ion implantation at elevated substrate temperatures of 550, 650 and 700 degrees C. The implantation has been carried out upto a fluence of 2 x 10(17) ions/cm2 with a constant current density 1.2 microA/cm2. GIXRD analysis on the implanted sample confirms the formation of 3C-SiC. XTEM studies of sample implanted at 650 degrees C show that size of SiC nanoparticles is 6 nm at a depth 0.6 microm from the sample surface. PL spectrum of sample implanted at different temperatures showed a peak at 2.45 eV and 2.3 eV and the intensity of PL peak increases with implantation temperature. The peak at 2.45 eV corresponds to blue shifted emission from SiC nanoparticles having size 6 nm. The peak at 2.3 eV is assigned to the SiC nanoparticles with enhanced d-value.

Si(+) ion irradiation in a Co/Pt multilayer system.

This paper deals with a study of the effect of Si(+) ion irradiation on a Co/Pt multilayer system irradiated at different temperatures. The as-deposited and irradiated samples have been characterized using x-ray reflectivity (XRR), x-ray diffraction (XRD) and the magneto-optical Kerr effect (MOKE). X-ray reflectivity shows clear intermixing at the interfaces. The x-ray diffraction pattern shows that Si(+) ion irradiation at higher temperatures results in the formation of the CoPt(3) fcc phase with a small fraction of L1(0) phase. The mixing process is discussed in terms of recoil displacements induced by energy transfers from ions.

Novel low temperature chemical synthesis and characterization of zinc oxide nanostructures.

We report a new and highly efficient method to synthesize zinc oxide (ZnO) nanostructures having a variety of sizes and shapes. A simple chemical reaction is followed that utilizes the oxidation of metallic zinc in the presence of an appropriate catalyst. This one-step method has advantages such as low temperature and atmospheric pressure synthesis, high yield of more than 90% and excellent optical and crystalline properties of the product. X-ray diffraction pattern of the samples shows hexagonal phase of ZnO with particles size in the range of 60-75 nm. Scanning electron microscope and transmission electron microscope images of the ZnO show hexagonal and rod-shaped nanoparticles. UV-visible spectra of the dispersed samples show strong absorption peaks at approximately 378 nm. The photoluminescence spectra show a strong emission peak at approximately 388 nm indicating good optical characteristics. The product formed is found to be dependent on the ratio of the starting materials and on other reaction conditions such as temperature, time etc. This method is suitable for large-scale production of nanosized ZnO and could be extended for the synthesis of other metal oxides, such as MgO etc.

Study of target and non-target interplay in spatial attention task.

Selective visual attention is the ability to selectively pay attention to the targets while inhibiting the distractors. This paper aims to study the targets and non-targets interplay in spatial attention task while subject attends to the target object present in one visual hemifield and ignores the distractor present in another visual hemifield. This paper performs the averaged evoked response potential (ERP) analysis and time-frequency analysis. ERP analysis agrees to the left hemisphere superiority over late potentials for the targets present in right visual hemifield. Time-frequency analysis performed suggests two parameters i.e. event-related spectral perturbation (ERSP) and inter-trial coherence (ITC). These parameters show the same properties for the target present in either of the visual hemifields but show the difference while comparing the activity corresponding to the targets and non-targets. In this way, this study helps to visualise the difference between targets present in the left and right visual hemifields and, also the targets and non-targets present in the left and right visual hemifields. These results could be utilised to monitor subjects' performance in brain-computer interface (BCI) and neurorehabilitation.

Classification of Targets and Distractors Present in Visual Hemifields Using Time-Frequency Domain EEG Features.

This paper presents a classification system to classify the cognitive load corresponding to targets and distractors present in opposite visual hemifields. The approach includes the study of EEG (electroencephalogram) signal features acquired in a spatial attention task. The process comprises of EEG feature selection based on the feature distribution, followed by the stepwise discriminant analysis- (SDA-) based channel selection. Repeated measure analysis of variance (rANOVA) is applied to test the statistical significance of the selected features. Classifiers are developed and compared using the selected features to classify the target and distractor present in visual hemifields. The results provide a maximum classification accuracy of 87.2% and 86.1% and an average classification accuracy of 76.5 ± 4% and 76.2 ± 5.3% over the thirteen subjects corresponding to the two task conditions. These correlates present a step towards building a feature-based neurofeedback system for visual attention.

Development of a universal serial bus interface circuit for ion beam current integrators.

A universal serial bus (USB) interface circuit has been developed to enable easy interfacing of commercial as well as custom-built ion beam current integrators to personal computer (PC) based automated experimental setups. Built using the popular PIC16F877A reduced instruction set computer and a USB-universal asynchronous receiver-transmitter/first in, first out controller, DLP2232, this USB interface circuit virtually emulates the ion beam current integrators on a host PC and uses USB 2.0 protocol to implement high speed bidirectional data transfer. Using this interface, many tedious and labor intensive ion beam irradiation and characterization experiments can be redesigned into PC based automated ones with advantages of improved accuracy, rapidity, and ease of use and control. This interface circuit was successfully used in carrying out online in situ resistivity measurement of 70 keV O(+) ion irradiated tin thin films using four probe method. In situ electrical resistance measurement showed the formation of SnO(2) phase during ion implantation.

Quantification of oxide particle composition in model oxide dispersion strengthened steel alloys.

Oxide dispersion strengthened ferritic steels (ODS) are being considered for structural components of future designs of fission and fusion reactors because of their impressive high-temperature mechanical properties and resistance to radiation damage, both of which arise from the nanoscale oxide particles they contain. Because of the critical importance of these nanoscale phases, significant research activity has been dedicated to analysing their precise size, shape and composition (Odette et al., Annu. Rev. Mater. Res. 38 (2008) 471-503 [1]; Miller et al., Mater. Sci. Technol. 29(10) (2013) 1174-1178 [2]). As part of a project to develop new fuel cladding alloys in India, model ODS alloys have been produced with the compositions, Fe-0.3Y2O3, Fe-0.2Ti-0.3Y2O3 and Fe-14Cr-0.2Ti-0.3Y2O3. The oxide particles in these three model alloys have been studied by APT in their as-received state and following ion irradiation (as a proxy for neutron irradiation) at various temperatures. In order to adequately quantify the composition of the oxide clusters, several difficulties must be managed, including issues relating to the chemical identification (ranging and variable peak-overlaps); trajectory aberrations and chemical structure; and particle sizing. This paper presents how these issues can be addressed by the application of bespoke data analysis tools and correlative microscopy. A discussion follows concerning the achievable precision in these measurements, with reference to the fundamental limiting factors.

Malaria outbreak in a non endemic tribal block of Balasore district, Orissa, India during summer season.

A focal outbreak of malaria at Sialimal sub-centre of Balasore district of Orissa was reported during the month of March, 2010. Three villages of the above block were affected. Regional Medical Research Centre, Bhubaneswar has conducted an entomological survey and a central clinic simultaneously, with door to door household survey to identify the fever cases. Within a span of 18 days around 172 fever cases were reported with Slide Positivity Rate (SPR) of 24.4% and Pf % of 81%. The malaria epidemiological data of the sub-centre area for last three years indicates that the area is non endemic for malaria (API was 0.81). Entomological survey revealed the presence of three known vectors of malaria i.e. Anopheles culicifacies, Anopheles annularis and Anopheles subpictus (local vector). Per Man Hour Density (PMHD) of these three species were 4.2, 2.8 and 10.8 respectively. Plasmodium falciparum sporozoites were detected in two An. culicifacies, in one An. annularis and in one An. subpictus. Larval density of Anopheline mosquitoes per dip ranged between 12 to 20. The vectors were found to be resistant to DDT but susceptible to synthetic pyrethroid. With this finding necessary remedial measures were taken by the government to curtail the transmission.