RM12 similar to substance P from tachykinin of freshwater murrel Channa striatus influence intracellular ROS in vitro fish erythrocytes and developmental toxicity and antioxidant enzymes in vivo zebrafish embryo.

In this study, substance P, an antioxidant peptide of tachykinin, was identified using bioinformatics tools from the earlier established muscle transcriptome of a freshwater murrel Channa striatus and the peptide was named RM12. The antioxidant properties of RM12 were screened using various colorimetric assays. The toxicity of RM12 was experimented using fish erythrocytes, and it is observed that the maximum concentration (320 µM) of RM12 was found to have 15 or 20% of hemolytic activity; however, it was not significant with other tested concentrations (10, 20, 40, 80, and 160 µM). Further, the in vivo antioxidant properties of RM12 were experimented on zebrafish embryo, the intracellular ROS level was estimated by 5 mM H2O2 stress in the zebrafish embryo, and inhibition of apoptosis was evaluated. The antioxidant enzymes were extracted from the H2O2-stressed zebrafish embryo, and the intracellular ROS was eliminated due to RM12. Collectively, the experiment showed that the substance P from the freshwater murrel C. striatus possessed potent antioxidant properties; thus, it can further be focused to develop it as antioxidant molecule in aquaculture organisms.

Effect of cassic acid on immunity and immune-reproductive genes transcription in Clarias gariepinus against Edwardsiella tarda.

The present study was investigated the dietary administration of cassic acid (CA) on growth, innate immunity, transcription profiles of estrogen and follicle-stimulating hormones as well as lysozyme enzyme determined in Clarias gariepinus against Edwardsiella tarda. The weight gain (WG), protein efficacy ratio (PER), and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were significantly improved in infected fish fed dietary administration with CA at 5 and 10 mg kg-1 diets. The survival is higher (96.7% and 98.3%) in the infected groups fed at 5 and 10 mg kg-1 CA diets. The red (RBC) and white (WBC) blood cells, hemoglobin (Hb), and packed cell volume (PCV) was found significantly high in the infected fish feeding at 5 and 10 mg kg-1 CA diets. Total protein and albumin were significantly increased with 5 and 10 mg kg-1 CA diets among weeks 1-4 while the globulin and albumin: globulin ratio increased of these diet only after week 2. The phagocytic and respiratory burst activities were enhanced statistically the infected fish fed at 10 mg kg-1 CA diet group whereas the production of superoxide anion (SOA) and nitric oxide (NO) were significantly increased at 5 and 10 mg kg-1 CA diets. The lymphocyte proliferation and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity were significantly high the infected fish when fed at 5 and 10 mg kg-1 CA diets after 2nd week whereas the alternate complement activity (ACP), generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and lysozyme activity (Lyz) were observed at 5 and 10 mg kg-1 CA diets among weeks 1-4. The accumulative mortality was 10% in infected fish fed at 1 and 5 mg kg-1 CA diets whereas 15% mortality found with 10 mg kg-1 CA diet. The highest levels of estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) mRNA expression found in gonad while the highest levels of follicle stimulating hormone-beta subunit (FSH-ß) mRNA expression found in testis of the infected fish given at 5 and 10 mg kg-1 CA diets. The up-regulation of chick-type lysozyme (c-Lyz) mRNA was observed at 5 and 10 mg kg-1 CA diets after 2nd week while goose-type lysozyme (g-Lyz) mRNA was up-regulation amongst weeks 1-4 of these diets. The present study suggested that E. tarda challenged fish after feeding with 5 and 10 mg kg-1 CA diets did not affect growth and hemato-biochemical parameter, but it enhanced nonspecific immune system and improving ERα, FSH-ß, c-Lyz, and g-Lyz mRNA expression in C. gariepinus against E. tarda.

Antioxidant molecular mechanism of adenosyl homocysteinase from cyanobacteria and its wound healing process in fibroblast cells.

An antioxidant molecule namely, adenosyl homocysteinase (AHc) was identified from the earlier constructed transcriptome database of Spirulina, where it was cultured in a sulphur deprived condition. From the AHc protein, a small peptide NL13 was identified using bioinformatics tools and was predicted to have antioxidant property. Further, the peptide was synthesised and its antioxidant mechanism was addressed at molecular level. NL13 was subjected to various antioxidant assays including DPPH assay, HARS assay, SARS Assay, NO assay and ABTS assay, where NL13 exhibited significant (P < 0.05) potential antioxidant activity compared to its antioxidant control, Trolox. Cytotoxicity was performed on Human whole blood and the cell viability was performed on VERO fibroblast cells. In both assays, it was found that NL13 did not exhibit any cytotoxic effect towards the cells. Further, the intracellular ROS was performed on Multimode reader followed by imaging on fluorescence microscope which showed scavenging activity even at lower concentration of NL13 (31.2 µM). An effective wound healing property of NL13 on VERO cells was confirmed by analysing the cell migration rate at two different time intervals (24 and 48 h). Overall, the study shows that NL13 peptide scavenges the intracellular oxidative stress.

Leaky Gut and Autoimmunity: An Intricate Balance in Individuals Health and the Diseased State.

Damage to the tissue and the ruining of functions characterize autoimmune syndromes. This review centers around leaky gut syndromes and how they stimulate autoimmune pathogenesis. Lymphoid tissue commonly associated with the gut, together with the neuroendocrine network, collaborates with the intestinal epithelial wall, with its paracellular tight junctions, to maintain the balance, tolerance, and resistance to foreign/neo-antigens. The physiological regulator of paracellular tight junctions plays a vital role in transferring macromolecules across the intestinal barrier and thereby maintains immune response equilibrium. A new paradigm has explained the intricacies of disease development and proposed that the processes can be prevented if the interaction between the genetic factor and environmental causes is barred by re-instituting the intestinal wall function. The latest clinical evidence and animal models reinforce this current thought and offer the basis for innovative methodologies to thwart and treat autoimmune syndromes.

Gene profiling of antimicrobial peptides, complement factors and MHC molecules from the skin transcriptome of Channa striatus and its expression pattern during Aeromonas hydrophila infection.

Channa striatus is one of the economically important freshwater fish with high demand in Southeast Asia for its nutritional and medicinal values. The unique composition of skin mucus of murrel provides immunity against pathogens; however, they are susceptible to few bacterial pathogens especially Aeromonas hydrophila. Although few immune molecules such as antimicrobial peptides have already been identified from the murrel mucus, there is no report on the complete gene profile of the skin and mucosal immunity. Therefore, in this study we applied transcriptome approach to identify the mRNA sequences of various immune molecules such as antimicrobial peptides, complement factors and adaptive immune molecules from the skin tissue. Transcriptome wide search revealed unique mRNA sequences of 13 antimicrobial peptides, 11 complement components, 2 major histocompatibility complex proteins and its receptor, 6 butyrophilins, 2 leptins and its receptor. Brief bioinformatics analysis of the identified mRNA sequences and their respective putative protein sequences were performed to understand molecular information of those immune components. Further, we analysed the differential expression pattern of selected 13 mRNA sequences representing each immune group using qRT-PCR technique which highlighted the role of those genes during A. hydrophila challenge. Overall, this study revealed the complex immune response of murrel skin and the involvement of various innate and adaptive immune molecules against A. hydrophila infection.

Effect of symbiotic supplemented diet on innate-adaptive immune response, cytokine gene regulation and antioxidant property in Labeo rohita against Aeromonas hydrophila.

Administration of probiotic, prebiotic or symbiotic supplemented diets boosts the antioxidant property, pro and/or anti-inflammatory cytokine gene transcription, innate-adaptive immunity, growth rate and feed digestibility with very low or no mortality in healthy and infected (both groups) in Labeo rohita against Aeromonas hydrophila is reported. The probiotic diet increased the white blood cell (WBC) count and globulin (GB) level significantly on or after 6th week whereas with the symbiotic diet the increase was noted two weeks earlier in both groups; the total protein (TP) level also increased significantly when fed with probiotic diet on weeks 6 and 8, whereas with symbiotic diet the significant increase manifested earlier at 4th week itself. The serum phagocytic activity (PA), respiratory burst activity (RBA), complement C3 (CC3) level, alternative complement pathway (ACP), lysozyme activity (LA), and immunoglobulin M (IgM) levels in head kidney (HK) leucocytes increased significantly (P < 0.05) in both groups fed with probiotic diet on weeks 6 and 8; with symbiotic diet from weeks 2-8; but with prebiotic diet only on 8th week. With probiotic diet the superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities increased significantly (P < 0.05) on weeks 6 and 8; with symbiotic diet from weeks 4-8 but the prebiotics diet only on 8th week. However, glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity increased significantly (P < 0.05) with probiotic diet on weeks 6 and 8 and with symbiotic diet from weeks 4-8. When healthy fish fed with any supplementation diet for a period of 30 days there was no mortality while 5%, 10%, and 10% mortality was observed in infected group fed with symbiotic, probiotic, and prebiotic supplementation diets. In head kidney (HK) leucocytes, the IL-1ß, IL-8, TNF-α, and NF-κB gene transcriptions were significantly up-regulation in both groups when fed with probiotic diet on weeks 6 and 8, symbiotic diet from weeks 4-8 while the prebiotic diet only on 8th week. The iNOS expression was up-regulation significantly in both groups fed with probiotic and symbiotic diets on weeks 6 and 8; however, with any diet, the relative IL-10 and TGF-ß gene expressions were down-regulated. The present study suggested that dietary administration of symbiotic diet elicited earlier antioxidant activity, innate-adaptive immune response, immune related cytokine gene modulation, and disease protection earlier i.e. on 4th week than with probiotic or prebiotic diets in L. rohita against A. hydrophila.

Effects of aloe-emodin on innate immunity, antioxidant and immune cytokines mechanisms in the head kidney leucocytes of Labeo rohita against Aphanomyces invadans.

The effect of aloe-emodin incorporated diets on innate immune response, disease resistance, pro and/or anti-inflammatory cytokine gene transcription in Labeo rohita against Aphanomyces invadans is reported for the first time. In healthy and infected groups fed with 5 mg aloe-emodin enriched diet the white blood cell (WBC) count increased significantly (p > 0.05) after 6th week. In both groups fed with any enriched diet the biochemical parameters such as albumin, globulin, and albumin/globulin ratio did not vary significantly; however with 5 mg aloe-emodin diet the albumin and globulin levels increased significantly (p > 0.05) after 6th week. The serum phagocytic activity (PA), respiratory burst activity (RBA), serum complement C3 (CC3), and lysozyme activity (LA) did not increase with any diet between weeks 2 and 4, whereas with 5 mg aloe-emodin diet increased significantly in both groups after 6th week. The pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1ß, IL-8, TNF-α, and iNOS significantly modulated the expression in both groups on being fed with 5 mg aloe-emodin incorporation diet on 8th week. Healthy fish fed with any aloe-emodin diet did not suffer mortality. However, the infected fish fed with 1, 5, and 10 mg kg-1 aloe-emodin diets registered 5%, 10%, and 15% mortality. The present study indicates that healthy and infected L. rohita exhibited enhanced innate immune response, disease resistance, pro and/or anti-inflamatory cytokine gene transcription levels against A. invadans.

Comparative immunostimulatory effect of probiotics and prebiotics in Channa punctatus against Aphanomyces invadans.

In aquaculture and human health care probiotics and prebiotics have been widely used due to their important role in enhancing beneficial gut microbiota, promoting growth, increasing disease resistance, and positively modulating the host immune system. This study reports for the first time a comparative analysis on the effect of the probiotics and prebiotics on growth, digestive enzymes activity, antioxidant activity, and immune response in Channa punctatus against Aphanomyces invadans. Among the diets enriched with Saccharomyces cerevisiae (S. cerevisiae) and Galactooligosaccharide (GOS) in C. punctatus, feeding 2.5 g kg-1 diet did not significantly influence the mean weight gain (MWG) between weeks 2 and 4 in both the infected and control groups; however the increase in MWG became significant from weeks 6-8. Similarly, during this period the protein efficiency ratio (PER), feed conversion ratio (FCR) and protein intake (PI) did not increase significantly. The intestinal protease, lipase, and amylase enzyme activities also did not increase significantly between weeks 2 and 4, whereas the values increased significantly after 6 weeks in both groups when fed with dietary supplementation of S. cerevisiae and GOS. The total S. cerevisiae count significantly increased in the gut of infected and non-infected fish fed with S. cerevisiae and GOS diets while the total bacterial (TB) count decreased between weeks 6 and 8. The total superoxide dismutase (t-SOD) activity and the malonaldehyde (MDA) concentration increased significantly in the non-infected fish fed with S. cerevisiae and GOS supplementation diets between weeks 6 and 8 whereas the catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities increased significantly only on week 8. The innate immune parameters such as plasma lysozyme, acid phosphatase (ACP), and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activities increased significantly in the infected and non-infected fish fed with S. cerevisiae and GOS containing diets after 6 weeks. Similarly, the plasma nitric oxide (NO) level and total protein (TP) content significantly increased in the non-infected fish fed with S. cerevisiae and GOS containing diets between weeks 6 and 8. In the control and the non-infected fish fed with S. cerevisiae and GOS enriched diets caused no mortality whereas 15% and 10% mortality was observed in the infected fish fed with S. cerevisiae and GOS diets, respectively. This study indicates that the infected and non-infected C. punctatus fed with dietary supplementation of GOS diet at 2.5 g kg-1 had exhibited better growth performance, digestive enzyme activities, gut microbiota composition, and immune response than that of S. cerevisiae diet.

Study the immunomodulation of anthracenedione in striped dwarf catfish, Mystus vittatus against pathogenic bacteria, Aeromonas hydrophila.

Anthracenedione is a derivative of anthraquinone aromatic organic natural pigments found in senna, aloe latex, rhubarb, cascara, lichens, and fungi having broad range of bioactivity, including anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, anti-fungal, anti-oxidant, anti-viral activities suggesting potential for clinical purpose of many diseases. The effect of anthracenedione enriched diet on growth, hematology, innate and adaptive immune parameters as well as protection from Aeromonas hydrophila in Mystus vittatus was reported. The weight gain, feed intake, specific growth rate (SGR), and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were significantly increased in uninfected groups fed with 5 mg kg-1 diet. The red blood cells (RBC) and white blood cells (WBC) count and the percentage of lymphocytes were significantly augmented in both infected and uninfected groups feeding with any diet. The percentage of monocytes, eosinophils, neutrophils and the biochemical profile such as total protein, albumin, and globulin also were significantly increased in the infected and uninfected groups fed with 5 mg kg-1 enriched diet. The innate and adaptive immune parameters such as phagocytic activity, immunoglobulin M (IgM), respiratory burst activity, complement activity, and lysozyme activity were significantly increased in uninfected and infected groups fed with 5 or 10 mg kg-1 diets but not with 1 mg kg-1 diet. The serum superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity is significantly increased in the uninfected and infected fish fed with 5 mg kg-1 diet but the increase was not significantly observed in 1 or 10 mg kg-1 diets. The nitric oxide (NO) production is significantly elevated in both uninfected and infected groups fed with 5 mg kg-1 diet. On the other hand, the lymphocyte proliferation and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity were significantly increased the infected and uninfected groups fed with 5 and 10 mg kg-1 diets. The cumulative mortality was found 5% with 1 and 5 mg kg-1 diet groups while it was observed 10% mortality with 10 mg kg-1 diet group. Based on the results, it is observed that feeding the uninfected and infected groups with 5 mg kg-1 anthracenedione diet resulted in better improvement of growth, hematological, biochemical, and innate as well as adaptive immune parameters in M. vittatus against A. hydrophila.

Resolving the pathogenicity factors of a novel opportunistic fungus Schizophyllum commune at molecular level.

Schizophyllum commune is a well-known mushroom forming fungi which is an edible one due to its nutritive value. It exhibits a special wood degrading mechanism to grow in decay matters by releasing a series of enzymes. These enzymes might make them an opportunistic pathogen which has been reported to infect various animals and human beings too. Although these fungi were identified as human and animal pathogens, their mechanisms of pathogenesis and the key virulence factors involved in disease establishment are not known. In this study, we reported this fungal infection in freshwater fish for the first time and its morphological features. Further, we employed RNA-seq technique to identify the major virulence factors involved in the pathogenesis in fish and the network of interaction between the identified virulence factors were analysed. Also, we confirmed the virulence roles of this fungus during infection by qRT-PCR analysis. This study emphasizes the virulence nature of the common mushroom forming food fungus and the involvement of enzymes such as phosphoinositide phospholipase C, hexosaminidase and few toxins such as pesticidal and insecticidal crystal proteins which opened a new avenue in the virulence nature of edible mushrooms.

Kaolin incorporated diet on growth and immune response in Ctenopharyngodon idellus against Aeromonas hydrophila.

The effect of kaolin enriched diet on growth, hematology, and immune response in the grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idellus against Aeromonas hydrophila is reported. Both the infected and uninfected groups fed with kaolin enriched diet gained better weight, protein efficiency ratio (PER) and feed conversion ratio (FCR). The survival rate was 98.3% in control (C) and uninfected (UI) fed with 2 g kg-1 kaolin diet, whereas it was 95.0% in uninfected (UI) fed with 1 g kg-1 or infected (I) fed with 1 g kg-1 kaolin diets. In both groups the red blood cell (RBC) and white blood cell (WBC) counts, percentage of lymphocytes and eosinophils, level of albumin and globulin increased in uninfected (UI) fed with 1, 2, and 3 g kg-1 diets. The serum Ig level significantly increased in both groups when fed with 3 g kg-1 diet, whereas the phagocytic activity did not increase significantly. Further the respiratory burst activity in both groups significantly increased with any supplemented diet. The serum superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity increased significantly in the infected group fed with 2 g kg-1 diet and the uninfected group fed with 1 g kg-1 diet. The complement activity was significantly enhanced in both groups when fed with 1 and 2 g kg-1 diets; the lysozyme activity increased with 2 g kg-1 diet; besides the group was 5% mortality whereas 10% mortality was observed when fed with 1 or 3 g kg-1 diets. The present results suggest that C. idellus fed with kaolin enriched diet promotes growth, hematology, innate and adaptive immune response against Aeromonas hydrophila infection.

Immune defense of emodin enriched diet in Clarias batrachus against Aeromonas hydrophila.

This study investigates the effect of emodin enriched diet on growth, hematology, and immune response in walking catfish, Clarias batrachus against Aeromonas hydrophila. The basal (control) diet supplemented with emodin at 0.0, 0.1, 0.2, or 0.4 g kg-1 was fed to the experimental groups for a period of four weeks. Feeding infected fish with 0.2 g kg-1 and 0.4 g kg-1 emodin enriched diets resulted in an overall weight gain, enhanced PER and FCR when compared to other diets. The survival rates were 98.3% and 96.7% in 0.1 g kg-1 and 0.4 g kg-1 emodin diet fed groups. Feeding with 0.2 g kg-1 diet the RBC level significantly elevated on week 1 and with 0.4 g kg-1 diet on weeks 2 and 4. The WBC, the percentage of globulin and neutrophils increased significantly with 0.2 g kg-1 diet only on week 4; however with 0.4 g kg-1 diet the increase was observed from week 1-4. The phagocytic activity increased significantly on being fed with 0.4 g kg-1 diet on week 2 while with 0.2 g kg-1 and 0.4 g kg-1 diets the increase manifested only on week 4; the respiratory burst activity also significantly increased on week 4 whereas increased the complement activity on weeks 2 and 4. The superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was high on being fed with 0.4 g kg-1 diet on week 1; with 0.2 g kg-1 or 0.4 g kg-1 diets the increase was observed on weeks 2 and 4. The serum IgM level significantly increased when fed with 0.4 g kg-1 diet whereas the lysozyme activity was enhanced with 0.2 g kg-1 and 0.4 g kg-1 emodin diets on weeks 2 and 4. The percentage cumulative mortality was 10% with 0.1 g kg-1 or 0.2 g kg-1 diets while with 0.2 g kg-1 diet it was 15%. The results demonstrate that as a feed additive emodin acts as an immunostimulant enhancing the specific and nonspecific immune defense affording increased disease protection, enhances better growth and boosts hematology parameters in C. batrachus against A. hydrophila infection.

Bentonite clay supplemented diet on immunity in stinging catfish, Heteropneustes fossilis against Aeromonas hydrophila.

The effect of Sodium Bentonite (SB) enriched diet on growth performance, innate immune response, and disease resistance in stinging catfish, Heteropneustes fossilis against Aeromonas hydrophila is reported. The infected fish fed with 5% SB had the maximum weight gain diet (PWG %) and specific growth rate (SGR %) were 26% and 29% when compared to 14% and 17% with 10% diet. Similarly the phagocytic activity increased significantly when infected fish were fed with 5% or 10% SB diets during the experimental period; the complement, respiratory burst and lysozyme activities were also significantly enhanced on weeks 2 and 4. The lower cumulative mortality (10% and 15%) was observed when the infected fish were fed with 5% and 10% SB diets for 30 days. The results suggest that the infected H. fossilis after administration of 5% and 10% SB enriched diets for 30 days had significantly improved growth performance, innate immunity, and disease resistance against A. hydrophilla. Hence, sodium bentonite can be used as a feed additive to stimulate immunity and for disease resistance in the effective production of economically valuable freshwater catfish, H. fossilis.

Protective efficacy of Mucuna pruriens (L.) seed meal enriched diet on growth performance, innate immunity, and disease resistance in Oreochromis mossambicus against Aeromonas hydrophila.

The impact of Mucuna pruriens (L.) seed meal diet on growth performance, innate immune response, and disease resistance in Oreochromis mossambicus against Aeromonas hydrophila is reported for the first time. Infected O. mossambicus was fed with 2 g kg-1, 4 g kg-1, and 6 g kg-1 of M. pruriens seed meal diets significantly increased initial body weight (IBW) and final body weight (FBW) over control, for a period of 4 weeks. At 4 g kg-1 and 6 g kg-1 the enriched diet significantly (P < 0.05) enhanced the survival rate, weight gain (WG), protein efficiency ratio (PER), specific growth rate (SGR), feed conversion ratio (FCR), and feed efficiency (FE) when compared to the control; besides, from weeks 2-4 these diets significantly (P < 0.05) enhanced the complement activity, phagocytic activity, respiratory burst activity, and lysosome activity. On being fed with 4 g kg-1 and 6 g kg-1-enriched diets the cumulative mortality was lower (10% and 12%) than with 2 g kg-1 diet (24%). The present investigation suggests that the enriched diet at 4 g kg-1 and 6 g kg-1 improved the growth performance more than that of the control and negative control; it also positively enhanced the innate immunity and disease resistance against A. hydrophilla in O. mossambicus. Hence M. pruriens can be used as a feed additive to stimulate immunity for effective production of economically valuable freshwater fish, O. mossambicus.

GLP-I secretion in healthy and diabetic Wistar rats in response to aqueous extract of Momordica charantia.

BACKGROUND: Diabetes mellitus is one of the major global health disorders increasing at an alarming rate in both developed and developing countries. The objective of this study was to assess the effect of aqueous extract of Momordica charantia (AEMC) on fasting blood glucose (FBG), tissue glycogen, glycosylated haemoglobin, plasma concentrations of insulin and GLP-1 hormone (glucagon-like peptide 1) in healthy and diabetic wistar rats. METHODS: Male Wistar rats (both normal and diabetic) were treated with AEMC by gavaging (300 mg/kg body wt/day for 28 days). RESULTS: AEMC was found to increase tissue glycogen, serum insulin and GLP-1 non-significantly (P > 0.05) in normal, significantly (P < 0.01) in diabetic Wistar rats, whereas decrease in FBG and Glycosylated haemoglobin non-significantly (P > 0.05) in normal, significantly (P < 0.01) in diabetic Wistar rats. The elevation of GLP-1 level in normal and diabetic treated groups may be due to the L-cell regeneration and proliferation by binding with L-cell receptors and makes a conformational change, resulting in the activation of a series of signal transducers. The polar molecules of M. charantia also depolarize the L-cell through elevation of intracellular Ca2+ concentration and which in turn releases GLP-1. GLP-1 in turn elevates beta-cell proliferation and insulin secretion. CONCLUSION: The findings tend to provide a possible explanation for the hypoglycemic action of M. charantia fruit extracts as alternative nutritional therapy in the management and treatment of diabetes.

Correction to: GLP-I secretion in healthy and diabetic Wistar rats in response to aqueous extract of Momordica charantia.

Following publication of the original article [1], the authors reported that there was an error in the acknowledgements.

Correction to: GLP-I Secretion in Healthy and Diabetic Wistar Rats in Response to Aqueous Extract of Momordica charantia.

Following publication of the original article [1], the authors reported that there was an error in the acknowledgements. In this Correction, the incorrect and correct acknowledgements are shown.

Pharmaceutical significance of Leuconostoc mesenteroides KS-TN11 isolated from Nile Tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus.

Aquatic animals are known for their myriad of beneficial bacteria with diverse biologically active compounds. The current study was aimed to isolate and characterize potentially beneficial lactic acid bacteria from Nile Tilapia and evaluate their pharmaceutical applications. The fish samples were dissected and stomach, intestine, and gills were collected and serially diluted for the isolation of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) on BCP agar media. Identification of isolate was carried by biochemical and molecular characterization using API kit and 16S rRNA gene sequencing analysis, respectively. Further, KS-TN11 was assessed for α-glucosidase inhibitory potential using the chromogenic method. A lactic acid bacterium KS-TN11 was isolated from the stomach of Nile Tilapia and identified as Leuconostoc mesenteroides. Effect of KS-TN11 on lipid accumulation in adipocytes was done by using Oil Red O staining. The isolate showed strong antibacterial activity against a number of pathogenic bacteria in vitro. In addition, L. mesenteroides KS-TN11 KS-TN11 (50 mg/ml and 100 mg/ml) tends to inhibit adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and thus may have possible anti-obesity effects. Moreover, L. mesenteroides KS-TN11 exhibited substantial α-glucosidase inhibitory activities by 41.33% at 50 mg/ml and 64% at 100 mg/ml, respectively. The bacterium showed potent antibacterial activity against a number of pathogenic bacteria; in addition to alpha-glucosidase activity, and inhibition of lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 cell line. These results reinforce KS-TN11 as a novel bacterium with an impending pharmaceutical application.

Effect of Cucurbita mixta (L.) seed meal enrichment diet on growth, immune response and disease resistance in Oreochromis mossambicus.

The impact of Cucurbita mixta (L.) seed meal enriched diet on growth performance, innate immune response, and disease resistance in Oreochromis mossambicus against Aeromonas hydrophila was investigated. O. mossambicus was fed with 2 g kg-1, 4 g kg-1, and 6 g kg-1 C. mixta seed meal diets for a period of 4 weeks. The results indicated that C. mixta seed meal diets at 4 g kg-1 and 6 g kg-1 significantly (P < 0.05) enhances the survival rate, weight gain (WG), protein efficiency ratio (PER), specific growth rate (SGR), feed conversion ratio (FCR), and feed efficiency (FE) from weeks 1-4 when compared to control. C. mixta seed meals administered as feed supplements significantly (P < 0.05) enhanced the complement activity, phagocytic activity, respiratory burst activity, and lysosome activity in infected fish fed with 4 g kg-1 and 6 g kg-1 of C. mixta seed meal enriched diet from weeks 2-4. The cumulative mortality was lower in the fish fed with 4 g kg-1 and 6 g kg-1 of C. mixta seed meal enriched diets (15% and 18%) than with 2 g kg-1 diet (26%). The present investigation suggested that C. mixta seed meal enriched diet at 4 g kg-1 and 6 g kg-1 enhance the better growth performance, innate immunity, and disease resistance against A. hydrophilla in O. mossambicus.

Effect of Shilajit enriched diet on immunity, antioxidants, and disease resistance in Macrobrachium rosenbergii (de Man) against Aeromonas hydrophila.

The effect of diet supplemented with Shilajit, a multi-component natural mineral substance on the antioxidant activity, immune response, and disease resistance in freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii (de Man) against Aeromonas hydrophila is reported. The total hemocyte count (THC) and phagocytic activity significantly increased with 2 g kg(-1) supplemented diet on first week and with other enriched diets on weeks 2 and 4. The respiratory burst (RB) activity and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity were significantly increased with 2 g kg(-1) supplemented diet on weeks 1 and 2 whereas 2 and 4 g kg(-1) diets on week 4. The phenoloxidase (PO) activity increased significantly with 2 g kg(-1) diet only on second week and with other enriched diets only on fourth week. The superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity increased significantly with any enriched diet during the experimental period except with 6 g kg(-1) diets on first week. However, the glutathione reductase (GR) activity was enhanced significantly only with 2 g kg(-1) enriched diets on weeks 2 and 4. The cumulative mortality of the prawn fed with 2 and 4 g kg(-1) enriched diets was 10% and 15% whereas with 6 g kg(-1) diet the mortality was 20%. The results suggest that diet enriched with Shilajit at 2 g kg(-1) or 4 g kg(-1) positively enhances the antioxidant activity, immunity, and disease resistance in M. rosenbergii against A. hydrophila.