The potential role of prolactin as a modulator of the secretion of proinflammatory mediators in chorioamniotic membranes in term human gestation.

OBJECTIVE: To test the effect of prolactin (PRL) on expression of proinflammatory cytokines and matrix metallopeptidase 9 (MMP-9) in vitro. STUDY DESIGN: Tissue explants were incubated from 4 to 48 hours alone or in the presence of 500 ng/mL PRL, and mRNA expression in tissues and secretion of interleukin (IL)-1ß, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), MMP-2, and MMP-9 was quantified. RESULTS: Fetal membranes secreted IL-1ß, TNF-α, and MMP-9 in culture with consistent low concentration during the first 24 hours and then increased progressively. The presence of PRL during explant incubation significantly decreased the patterns of IL-1ß, TNF-α and MMP-9 secretion along culture (P < .001). MMP-2 secretion was unaffected by PRL. The relative basal expression of IL-1ß mRNA (1.2 ± 0.87) was reduced by 80% in the presence of PRL after 32 hours of incubation of the membranes (P = .001). The expression of the TNF-α mRNA was not modified by the presence of PRL (0.06 ± 0.01) compared with the basal expression levels (0.05 ± 0.01). MMP-9 mRNA basal expression (0.018 ± 0.008) was significantly reduced (P = .001) in the presence of PRL after 32 hours (0.002 ± 0.0005). CONCLUSION: PRL may be a potential candidate as a key signal controlling the expression of signals related to the proinflammatory reaction associated with human labor.

Genetic determinants for gestational diabetes mellitus and related metabolic traits in Mexican women.

Epidemiological and physiological similarities among Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) and Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) suggest that both diseases, share a common genetic background. T2D risk variants have been associated to GDM susceptibility. However, the genetic architecture of GDM is not yet completely understood. We analyzed 176 SNPs for 115 loci previously associated to T2D, GDM and body mass index (BMI), as well as a set of 118 Ancestry Informative Markers (AIMs), in 750 pregnant Mexican women. Association with GDM was found for two of the most frequently replicated T2D loci: a TCF7L2 haplotype (CTTC: rs7901695, rs4506565, rs7903146, rs12243326; P=2.16 x 10(-06); OR=2.95) and a KCNQ1 haplotype (TTT: rs2237892, rs163184, rs2237897; P=1.98 x 10(-05); OR=0.55). In addition, we found two loci associated to glycemic traits: CENTD2 (60' OGTT glycemia: rs1552224, P=0.03727) and MTNR1B (HOMA B: rs1387153, P=0.05358). Remarkably, a major susceptibility SLC16A11 locus for T2D in Mexicans was not shown to play a role in GDM risk. The fact that two of the main T2D associated loci also contribute to the risk of developing GDM in Mexicans, confirm that both diseases share a common genetic background. However, lack of association with a Native American contribution T2D risk haplotype, SLC16A11, suggests that other genetic mechanisms may be in play for GDM.

Low Glycemic Index Carbohydrates versus All Types of Carbohydrates for Treating Diabetes in Pregnancy: A Randomized Clinical Trial to Evaluate the Effect of Glycemic Control.

Background. Due to the higher prevalence of obesity and diabetes mellitus (DM), more pregnant women complicated with diabetes are in need of clinical care. Purpose. Compare the effect of including only low glycemic index (GI) carbohydrates (CHO) against all types of CHO on maternal glycemic control and on the maternal and newborn's nutritional status of women with type 2 DM and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Methods. Women (n = 107, ≤29 weeks of gestation) were randomly assigned to one of two nutrition intervention groups: moderate energy and CHO restriction (Group 1: all types of CHO, Group 2: low GI foods). Results. No baseline differences in clinical data were observed. Capillary glucose concentrations throughout pregnancy were similar between groups. Fewer women in Group 2 exceeded weight gain recommendations. Higher risk of prematurity was observed in women in Group 2. No differences in glycemic control were observed between women with type 2 DM and those with GDM. Conclusions. Inclusion of low GI CHO as part of a comprehensive nutrition intervention is equally effective in improving glycemic control as compared to all types of CHO. This strategy had a positive effect in preventing excessive maternal weight gain but increased the risk of prematurity.

A medical nutrition therapy program improves perinatal outcomes in Mexican pregnant women with gestational diabetes and type 2 diabetes mellitus.

UNLABELLED: Diabetes in pregnancy is a major public health problem in Mexico. Nutrition therapy is an important component of treatment. Intensive nutrition intervention has not been implemented for Mexican pregnant women with diabetes. Its effect on different types of diabetes mellitus has not been studied. PURPOSE: The authors assessed the effect of a medical nutrition therapy (MNT) program on perinatal complications in Mexico City. METHODS: Quasi-experimental design with a historical control. Women were assigned to a MNT program (n = 88) and were followed up with every 2 weeks until delivery (2004-2007). The control group (n = 86) was selected from medical charts (2001-2003) and the same inclusion criteria were used. In each group, 55% of women had type 2 diabetes mellitus and 45% had gestational diabetes. The MNT program included a moderate intake of carbohydrate (40%-45% of total energy) and reduction in energy intake, capillary glucose self-monitoring, and education. The control group received usual hospital routine care. Statistical analysis included descriptive statistics, chi-square, and multivariate logistic regression (OR, 95% CI) as indicated. RESULTS: Women in the MNT program had a lower risk of preeclampsia, fewer maternal hospitalization, and neonatal deaths in both types of diabetes. Low birth weight was less frequent only in women with gestational diabetes receiving MNT, while neonatal intensive care unit admissions were lower only in women with type 2 diabetes. CONCLUSIONS: An intensive MNT program, including counseling, education, and capillary glucose self-monitoring, has a positive effect over preeclampsia, maternal hospitalization, and neonatal death in women with diabetes in pregnancy. MNT guidelines should be implemented in Mexican health care facilities treating diabetes in pregnancy.

Efectividad terapéutica de la bromocriptina (BEC) administrada por vía vaginal en pacientes con hiperprolactinemia / Therapeutic effectivity of bromocriptine (BEC) vaginally administered in hyperprolactinemia patients

En la actualidad el tratamiento médico de elección en pacientes con hiperprolactinemia secundaria a un prolactinoma, es la bromocriptina (BEC) administrada por vía oral. Sin embargo, frecuentemente estas mujeres presentan efectos colaterales indeseables al fármaco (de tipo e intensidad variable) secundarios tanto a irritación local como a su efecto a nivel del sistema nervioso central (SNC). El presente estudio se realizó como una etapa piloto, con el fin de confirmatr la efectividad terapéutica de la BEC por vía vaginal y corroborar si los efectos colaterales indeseables son menos frecuentes que los que se observa con la BEC oral. Se estudiaron en total 16 pacientes, pero dos de ellas decidieron abandonar el estudio, quedando a final 14 pacientes con diagnóstico confirmado de hiperprolactonemia (> 40 ng/ml) que se dividieron den dos grupos: gRUPO a, cinco mujeres con edad entre 27 y 36 años, dos de ellas normo regladas y tres con opsomenorrea, todas con esterilidad primaria o secundaria de 3 a 12 años de evolución y con galactorrea de 6 meses a 3 años de duración; sólo en una de ellas se pudo realizar TAC de cráneo diagnosticándose un macroprolactinoma. Todas recibieron BEC oral (2.4 - 5.0 mg/día, excepto una que necesitó 10 mg/día). Grupo B, nueve mujeres con edad entre 26 y 36 años cuatro de ellas normo regladas y cinco con opsomenorrea, ocho con esterilidad primaria de 2 a 11 años de evolución y una con esterilidad secundaria de 7 años de duración; sólo una no tuvo galactorrea y el resto, con galactorrea de 1 a 8 años de duración; en cuatro pacientes de pudo realizar TAC de cráneo diagnosticándose microadenoma hipofisiaria. Todas recibieron BEC vaginal (2.5 - 5.0 mg/día, excepto una que requirió 10 mg/día). En ambos grupos, los niveles séricos de prolactina disminuyeron en forma similar a partir de la segunda semana de tratamiento y en la mayoría de los casos, se alcanzó una normoprolactinemia (< 20 ng/ml) en un período máximo de diez semanas. La tolerancia al fármaco fue diferente, puesto que en el Grupo A, todas las pacientes tuvieron cefalea y/o náusea de moderada a severa intensidad, en tanto que el Grupo B, cuatro pacientes toleraron perfectamente el medicamento, dos tuvieron náusea leve, una tuvo cefalea intensa y en dos más, prurito vaginal, que en un caso obligó a suspender el uso del fármaco. Estos resultados sugieren que: 1) la BEC vaginal puede considerar como una vía de administración alterna, segura y efectiva en el tratamiento de este tipo de hiperprolactinemias, especialmente en aquellas pacientes con una intolerancia al fármaco por vía oral: 2) La administración vaginal de BEC parece acompañarse de efectos colaterales indeseables con una frecuencia e intensidad menor que cundo la BEC se administra por vía oral.

Análisis multifactorial de los niveles séricos de LH, FSH, y estradiol en relación a las tasas de captura ovular, fertilización y segmentación en pacientes de reproducción asistida (GIFT-FIVTE) / Multifactorial analysis of seric levels of LH, FSH and estradiol related to the ovular capture rates, fertilization and segmentation in patients of assisted reproduction (GIFT-FIVTE)

El presente estudio muestra que hay en la actualidad cierta tendencia a asignar mayor valor a la observación del crecimiento folicular por ultrasonido que a los niveles hormonales "per se". Sin embargo, la apreciación del crecimiento es sólo parte del fenómeno de desarrollo y madurez ovárica, por lo cual la vigilancia con monitor hormonal de la respuesta ovárica sigue teniendo un papel preponderante en las Clínicas de Reproducción Asistida. Los niveles basales principalmente de FSH y en menor grado los de LH, correlacionan inversamente con la cantidad de ovocitos recuperados. Los valores de estradiol deben interpretarse con un punto de referencia fijo, como el día de la administración de HCG y se aprecia una relación directa entre niveles de estradiol y ovocitos capturados; sin embargo, es de mayor utilidad valorar el comportamiento de la curva de estradiol, con el conocimiento de que el pronóstico para buenas tasas de captura mejora al presentarse valores ascendentes y por arriba de los 700 pg en el día de la administración de HCG.