Annual Research Review: Immersive virtual reality and digital applied gaming interventions for the treatment of mental health problems in children and young people: the need for rigorous treatment development and clinical evaluation.

BACKGROUND: Mental health problems in children and young people are common and can lead to poor long-term outcomes. Despite the availability of effective psychological interventions for mental health disorders, only a minority of affected children and young people access treatment. Digital interventions, such as applied games and virtual reality (VR), that target mental health problems in children and young people may hold a key to increasing access to, engagement with, and potentially the effectiveness of psychological treatments. To date, several applied games and VR interventions have been specifically developed for children and young people. This systematic review aims to identify and synthesize current data on the experience and effectiveness of applied games and VR for targeting mental health problems in children and young people (defined as average age of 18 years or below). METHODS: Electronic systematic searches were conducted in Medline, PsycINFO, CINAHL, and Web of Science. RESULTS: Nineteen studies were identified that examined nine applied games and two VR applications, and targeted symptoms of anxiety, depression, and phobias using both quantitative and qualitative methodologies. Existing evidence is at a very early stage and studies vary extensively in key methodological characteristics. For applied games, the most robust evidence is for adolescent depressive symptoms (medium clinical effect sizes). Insufficient research attention has been given to the efficacy of VR interventions in children and young people. CONCLUSIONS: The evidence to date is at a very early stage. Despite the enthusiasm for applied games and VR, existing interventions are limited in number and evidence of efficacy, and there is a clear need for further co-design, development, and evaluation of applied games and VR before they are routinely offered as treatments for children and young people with mental health problems.

The association between communication impairments and acquired alexithymia in chronic stroke patients.

INTRODUCTION: Language dysfunction has recently been suggested to be one route to alexithymia, an impairment in recognizing and communicating one's own emotions. Neuropsychological evidence is needed to investigate the possibility that acquired language problems could underlie acquired alexithymia. METHOD: This project examined data from a large group of chronic stroke patients (N = 118) to test whether self-reported or behavioral measures of language and communication problems were associated with alexithymia. We also examined the impact of hemisphere of damage on alexithymia. RESULTS: We found no differences in alexithymia levels for patients with observed language impairments on brief tests of picture naming, comprehension, and reading vs unimpaired patients. However, self-reported communication difficulties were found to be associated with higher scores of alexithymia, even after controlling for depression and anxiety. Patients with left- versus right-hemisphere damage did not differ in their alexithymia scores. CONCLUSIONS: We found partial support for the language hypothesis of alexithymia. We discuss potential reasons for the discrepant findings between the self-report and objective language measures and suggest that self-report measures may be more sensitive to milder, more pragmatic language impairments, as opposed to the severe structural language impairments measured by the cognitive screening tests.

Body-image disturbance in adult dialysis patients.

PURPOSE: An increasing number of individuals in the UK develop end-stage renal failure and receive dialysis to prolong their lives. Dialysis-users report elevated levels of psychological morbidity which are associated with poorer quality of life, adjustment to illness and increased mortality. Circumscribed evidence has also identified body-image (BI) changes occurring in dialysis-users which are already known to be associated with psychological morbidity in other chronically ill populations. This study aimed to identify the prevalence of body-image disturbance (BID) in a dialysis population, correlation with psychological distress, and to identify any variables associated with increased BID and psychological morbidity. Particular attention was given to cognitive models of emotion which postulate a key role for self-consciousness and appearance-related beliefs. METHOD: Between May and August 2007, 97 adult haemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis patients from a UK regional specialist centre responded to a questionnaire survey. Outcome measures comprised the Body Image Disturbance Questionnaire, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, Self-consciousness Scale and the Appearance Schemas Inventory-Revised. RESULTS: Prevalence of anxiety and depression was 24.7% and 18.6%, respectively, with levels of BID significantly above community norms for both male and female respondents. Significant associations were found between psychological morbidity and BID and with specific aspects of appearance-schematisation and self-focus. CONCLUSIONS: Patients should be educated regarding the likely physical consequences of dialysis-types to aid decision-making and prepare them for impacts once dialysis is commenced. Clinicians may wish to monitor dialysis-users for distress and BI difficulties at follow-up appointments. Interventions that target appearance-related beliefs and BID may be of benefit to this population.