[Touches to the portrait of I.M. Kovarsky]. / Shtrikhi k portretu I.M. Kovarskogo.

Ilya Matveyevich Kovarsky (1856-1933) - the founder and permanent head of the First Moscow Dentistry School, organizer and honorary member of the Moscow Dentistry Society, editor and publisher of one of the first Russian dental journals «Odontological Revue¼ - was deprived of his personal pension and suffrage in 1930 as a former owner of a private capitalist enterprise; his name was actually erased from the national dentistry. The portrait of Ilya Matveyevich Kovarsky - a remarkable doctor, teacher and worthy man - is reconstructed by the documents preserved in the Kovarsky family archive (on the basis of which this article was written) and the memories of his eldest daughter (published for the first time).

[From the history of domestic dentistry: Moscow Dental School of the Privat-docent of Moscow University, MD Gilyariy Ivanovich Vilga]. / Iz istorii otechestvennoi stomatologii: Moskovskaya zubovrachebnaya shkola privat-dotsenta Moskovskogo universiteta doktora meditsiny Gilyariya Ivanovicha Vil'ga.

Based on archival data, the authors describe the Moscow School of Dentistry with dental courses for doctors, dentists, and dentists of the Moscow University, Privat-docent Dr. Gilyari Ivanovich Vilga, examine the background to its formation, provide unique archival data on the location of the school, as well as its internal organization and equipment. The authors review in detail the program of courses, as well as their duration, cost, and form of student accountability. During its existence (1909-1918), more than two thousand dentists were educated at G.I. Vilg's school, among them Alexander Ivanovich Evdokimov, a future corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences, director of the State Institute of Dentistry (GIZ) and the State Institute of Dentistry and Odontology (GIZO). The authors of the article also focus on analyzing the differences in the approaches to the organization of several dental schools, viz: The First Moscow I.M. Kovarsky School of Dentistry and the Second G.I. Vilga School of Dentistry. In his efforts, I.M. Kovarskij's aspirations to establish the best dental school in Russia were crowned with success: a specially constructed and equipped building meeting the state-of-the-art requirements (the building even boasted an X-ray machine), and the best professors and instructors of the University of Moscow of that time were hired. In contrast, G.I. Vilga rented premises for his school, the equipment was in short supply, and he himself was the only eminent professor. Nevertheless, his fierce desire to unite the entire dental community and organize the best dental care for the entire population of Russia allowed his brainchild to enter the top five schools of the time.

[Yevdokimov's Five-Year Plan. On the 140th anniversary of his birth]. / Pyatiletki Evdokimova. K 140-letiyu so dnya rozhdeniya.

The name of Alexander Ivanovich Evdokimov is widely known to dentists all over the world. An outstanding leader, teacher, scientist and doctor, a wonderful man and a wonderful family man - this is how the first and only Hero of Socialist Labor in dentistry remains in the memory of grateful descendants. In 2012, by the decision of the Minister of Health and Social Development of the Russian Federation T.A. Golikova, his name was given to the Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry, and the textbooks published under his pen are still relevant today, in the year when we celebrate the 140th anniversary of the coryphaeus' birth.

[On the formation of Soviet haematology as an independent scientific clinical discipline and medical profession].

On the basis of a critical analysis of sources and the use of comparative historical research method, the authors reveal the fundamental role of Academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences I.A. Kassirsky in the formation of haematology as an independent clinical discipline in the USSR and put forward the thesis of the decisive importance in this process of the unified haematological school of A.N. Kryukov - I.A. Kassirsky.

[Moscow scientific schools on the field of internal medicine in the second half of the XIX - early XX centuries: comparative characteristics].

Peculiarities and comparative characteristics of three main Moscow schools on the field of internal medicine of the second half of the XIX - early XX centuries are discussed: schools of Grigory Zakharyin, Alexey Ostroumov and Vassily Shervinsky - Leonid Golubinin; the legitimacy to acknowledge scientific clinical schools of Mikhail Cherinov and Nikolay Golubov is disputed. The arguments are provided that of the Moscow therapeutic schools, it was the Shervinsky-Golubinin school, and not the Zakharyin or Ostroumov school, that played the most significant role in the formation of the internal medicine in the USSR, in passing the accumulated knowledge and ideas to therapeutic elites in the USSR.

["The Shakespeare of medicine": works and days of John Hunter (1728-1793)].

John Hunter is rightly ranks with such most famous researchers and physicians as Galen, William Harvey and Andreas Vesalius. His role as the founder of the "experimental surgery" of the New Age and the creator of the famous Hunterian Medical Museum in London is significant for the history of medicine. His contribution into development of dentistry is incontestable. His work "The Natural history of human teeth: an explanation of their structure, use, formation, growth and diseases" (1771) was translated into many languages, but it was never published in Russian. The accuracy of description of the anatomy of teeth, jaws and mouth cavity, the view? contemporary for us, of development of the jaws and their relationship with the masseters, the introduction of such terms as "canines", "incisors" and "anterior molars" into scientific circulation and everyday practice of dentists, the illustrations excellent by their quality and accuracy - all this is John Hunter. His works predetermined path of development of many medical directions, giving food for thought to his followers and disciples. The article reveals the facts of his biography, demonstrates significance of contribution of John Hunter into medicine in his works on anatomy, surgery, natural history of dentistry and stomatology.

[Gilyarij Ivanovich Vilga in the lead of the Moscow Odontology Society and the Russian Dental Union: a man of idea].

In Russia, one of signs of organizational formation of national stomatology as independent scientific and clinical medical discipline in the end of the XIX - early XX century, became emergence of profile societies. The most important role in this process played Gilyar Ivanovich Vilga, one of founders of the Moscow Odontology Society in 1899 and its chairman since 1900. He was one of initiators of organization of the Russian Dentistry Union and and unchallenged chairman since 1906. The article describes his public activity targeted to consolidation of all specialists in dentistry in Russia, to improvement of positioning of dental corporation, to perfection and prosperity of national dentiatry.

[Formation of Soviet dentistry: 1918-1921]. / Stanovlenie sovetskoi stomatologii: 1918­1921 gody.

The main task of the Dentistry subsection of the People's Commissariat for Health, established in August 1918, was the creation of qualified, free, scheduled dental care in the country, accessible to the general population. Dentistry reform had to be carried out under the conditions of post-revolutionary devastation, famine and the Civil War, in the absence of sufficient funding, appropriate material base, with a significant shortage of dentists and their negative attitude towards the changes taking place. The problem of lack of equipment, materials and medicines was solved by nationalization of private dental offices, and the dentists who were left without equipment were forced to perform labor, and not all of them were able to survive those difficult years. Nevertheless, in the RSFSR a network of state outpatient dental clinics was created, which after the country's transition to the New Economic Policy began to rapidly erode - a sustainable system of free public dentistry was to be created at another time and under different economic conditions.

[Notes on historical connection between the first Moscow dental school of Dr. I.M. Kovarsky and Moscow State Medical and Dental University named after A.I. Evdokimov]. / Ob istoricheskoi svyazi mezhdu Pervoi moskovskoi zubovrachebnoi shkoloi doktora I.M. Kovarskogo i Moskovskim gosudarstvennym mediko-stomatologicheskim universitetom im. A.I. Evdokimova.

Numerous attempts have been made in the periodical publications on the history of «Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry named after A.I. Evdokimov¼ to trace its roots back to the First Moscow Dentistry School. founded by I.M. Kovarsky in 1892, as the State Institute of Dentistry (which, as a result of various reorganizations had been renamed as MSMSU) was established in the school building. This reasoning does not seem entirely convincing, however, after analyzing some facts from the history of the First Moscow School of Dentistry and biography of its founder I.M. Kovarsky, the authors conclude that there is a historical connection between these educational institutions.

[The temptation of Russian Pharma. Report I: The design of program of additional medicinal support of particular categories of citizen].

In 1918, the Dentistry subsection of the People's Commissariat of Health Care was organized with purpose of establishing national public free qualified state dental care. The organized institution was headed by P. G. Dauge, the dentist by education and the associate of Lenin by revolutionary activity. He developed dentistry reform plan as far back as the Revolution. The plan provided for organizing state dental clinics on the basis of requisitioned private dental offices and their former owners left without implements were to be engaged into public service. This process was regulated by the resolutions developed by the Dentistry subsection and adopted by the People's Commissariat of Health ("On the state organization of dental care in the Republic", "On labor service of medical personnel" ) as well as by numerous instructions and circulars. The main problems when organizing state dentistry became missing or inadequate financing, deficiency of equipment, required instruments, materials and medications as well as reluctance of dentists to be deprived of their offices and to change to state service. The organization of national state dental care was impeded by military mobilization of dentists and dental technicians that resulted in more than one third of specialists found themselves in the Red Army. The state outpatient clinics network, organized in conditions of war communism, decreased drastically after transition to the new economic policy in 1921.

[Fabulus of the concert for the 100th anniversary of Yevdokimov Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry].

On the basis of critical analysis of sources the author reveals the role of doctors in opera productions, ballet and art in general. Looking through opera librettos and director's productions the author makes conclusions about characteristic human health problems, treatment methods used and the social status of doctors. About 10 percent of the four hundred opera and ballet productions performed today include doctor characters. These characters differ significantly from each other, depending on the time of creation of the work or the era reflected in the plot.

[Ilya Matveevich Kovarsky as a representative of the odontologic elite of Russia in the late XIX - early XX century].

The name of Ilya Matveyevich Kovarsky, the founder and permanent head of the First Moscow Dental School, the founder of the Moscow Odontologic Society, the editor and publisher of one of the first national dental journals "The Odontologic Review", the founder and permanent member of the Board of the Russian Dental Union, hundred years ago was known to every dentist in Russia. The article for the first time presents, on the basis of materials from State and family archives, scientific biography of one of the pioneers of Russian dentistry I. M. Kovarsky.

[Methodical abdominal palpation: the history of the development of the method].

Despite the development of instrumental and laboratory methods, objective examination of a patient is an important diagnostic doctors tool, especially at the first contact with the patient and in outpatient practice. The physician Frantz Glnard (18481920) [France] and russian professors Vasily P. Obraztsov (18511920) and Theodor Georg (Fyodor) Hausmann (18681944) developed methodical abdominal palpation, which entered clinical practice a little more than a hundred years ago. Their brief biographies and scientific achievements are review, and the contribution of each of them to the creation of the abdomens palpation is discussed in the article. For the first time, some aspects of F.O. Hausmanns biography from archival sources are present and clarify.

[The last tsarist minister N. K. Kulchickiy (1856-1925): in between science and politics].

The article analyzes the scientific and political aspects of the biography of Nikolai Konstantinovich Kulchitsky (1856-1925). He was not only the last tsarist minister of education, but also the sole medico at this high position. The scientific achievements of professor histologist from Kharkov have proved to be in great demand in the XXI century not only in neuroendocrinology, but in oncology and pulmonology too. The authors analyzed the stages and conditions of the administrative career of the conservative Kulchitsky heading large educational districts during five years and two ministerial months in the beginning of 1917. He managed to do not a little for development of school hygiene and sanitation in the Kazan and Petrogad educational districts, including in conditions of the world war. The meaningful for the particular epoch the combination of medical and social aspects of activities of gifted researcher medico deserves a special attention and comprehensive study.

[The History of International Associations of Museums of Medicine].

The article considers history of activity of international associations of museums of Europe and North America from the moment of organization of the first International Association of Medical Museums existed from 1907 to 1955 and to the European association of Museums of History of Medical Sciences (since 1983) and the Association of Medical Museums (since 1985) both existing at the present time. The analysis is presented concerning their role in unification of scientific community, development of research methods, determination and reconsideration of professional concepts and also alterations of functions of medical collections and museums with the course of time and new trends in medical education, clinical and fundamental medicine and museum business. The existence and development of museum associations is compared with concept of three "museum revolutions": professionalization of museum sector (at the turn of XIX-XX centuries), orientation on education of broad masses of population (second half of XX century), establishment of principles of social inclusion and multi-culturality (beginning of XXI century). The method of study is analysis of such sources untranslated to Russian previously as archives of "Vestnik" and reports and also scientific publications of members of associations involved into their activities. The results of study determined possible directions of work related to coordination of activities of medical museums, development of scientific research and scientific education methods and exposition work. The conclusions are made about an important role of international associations in systematization of knowledge, organization of scientific activities and medical community, development of guidelines for regional museums and also organization of unified information space for workers of medical museums.

[L. E. Golubinin, the Professor of the Moscow University and His Role in History of National Clinic of Beginning of XX Century].

The article presents the scientific biography of L. E. Golubinin, the prominent therapist, prepared on the basis of publications' review and rich archive materials, including documents of the Central Historical Archive of Moscow (f.418) and personal archive of V. D. Shervinsky from the Department of History of Medicine of The Federal State Budget Scientific Institution "N. A. Semashko National Research Institute of Public Health". For the first time the role L. E. Golubinin played in organization of the scientific school of Shervinsky-Golubinin asd a largest therapeutic school in the Moscow University is revealed. Also a high moral level of the personality of L. E. Golubinin is presented.

[The new Vienna Medical School and its role in genesis of the Moscow and St. Petersburg dermatological schools].

In 1840s, the group of physicians worked at the medical faculty of the Vienna university. In their activities, they were guided by successes and achievements of natural sciences. Hereinafter this group was accepted as the new (second) Vienna medical school. Carl von Rokitansky was its acknowledged head and the therapists Joseph Skoda and Iogann Oppolzer were its distinguished representatives. Ferdinand von Hebra, disciple of Skoda and another representative of the school founded the Vienna school of dermatologists. This school was characterized by morphological approach to classification of appearance of skin rash and "external" approach to treatment of skin diseases. The Russian therapists S.P. Botkin and G.A. Zakharin, during their travels abroad in the process of professorship training witnessed and actively participated in changes of classic natural science. The visits to clinics and laboratories of Vienna consisted important and continuous part of their educational missions. The dermatological schools of St. Petersburg and Moscow came into being at their therapeutic clinics. A.G. Polotebnov and A.I. Pospelov, their disciples and the founders of national dermatology, in their deeds in organization of clinical and research activities were guided by experience and achievements of the Vienna dermatological school as leading dermatological center of Europe in 1850-1890.

[The Moscow Stomatological Institute as a third Moscow medical institute].

The article presents a short history of three third medical institutes existed in Moscow in different time.