RESUMO
Perosomus Elumbis (PE) is a rare congenital disorder characterized by absence of caudal spine (lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal vertebrae). Here, we present the first reported case of PE in a rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) and relate our findings to those described in other species.
Assuntos
Macaca mulatta , Doenças dos Macacos/congênito , Doenças da Coluna Vertebral/veterinária , Animais , Feminino , Doenças Fetais/etiologia , Doenças Fetais/veterinária , Feto/patologia , Doenças da Coluna Vertebral/congênito , NatimortoRESUMO
The high frequency of alternative splicing among the serine/arginine-rich (SR) family of proteins in plants has been linked to important roles in gene regulation during development and in response to environmental stress. In this article, we have searched and manually annotated all the SR proteins in the genomes of maize and sorghum. The experimental validation of gene structure by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis revealed, with few exceptions, that SR genes produced multiple isoforms of transcripts by alternative splicing. Despite sharing high structural similarity and conserved positions of the introns, the profile of alternative splicing diverged significantly between maize and sorghum for the vast majority of SR genes. These include many transcript isoforms discovered by RT-PCR and not represented in extant expressed sequence tag (EST) collection. However, we report the occurrence of various maize and sorghum SR mRNA isoforms that display evolutionary conservation of splicing events with their homologous SR genes in Arabidopsis and moss. Our data also indicate an important role of both 5' and 3' untranslated regions in the regulation of SR gene expression. These observations have potentially important implications for the processes of evolution and adaptation of plants to land.
Assuntos
Processamento Alternativo/genética , Sequência Conservada/genética , Perfilação da Expressão Gênica , Regulação da Expressão Gênica de Plantas , Proteínas Nucleares/genética , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Proteínas de Ligação a RNA/genética , Regiões 3' não Traduzidas/genética , Sequência de Aminoácidos , Arabidopsis/genética , Bryopsida/genética , Evolução Molecular , Éxons/genética , Variação Genética , Íntrons/genética , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Proteínas Nucleares/química , Proteínas de Plantas/química , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , RNA Mensageiro/genética , RNA Mensageiro/metabolismo , Proteínas de Ligação a RNA/química , Homologia de Sequência do Ácido Nucleico , Fatores de Processamento de Serina-Arginina , Sorghum/genética , Zea mays/genéticaRESUMO
The propensity to capture and mobilize gene fragments by the highly abundant Helitron family of transposable elements likely impacts the evolution of genes in Zea mays. These elements provide a substrate for natural selection by giving birth to chimeric transcripts by intertwining exons of disparate genes. They also capture flanking exons by read-through transcription. Here, we describe the expression of selected Helitrons in different maize inbred lines. We recently reported that these Helitrons produce multiple isoforms of transcripts in inbred B73 via alternative splicing. Despite sharing high degrees of sequence similarity, the splicing profile of Helitrons differed among various maize inbred lines. The comparison of Helitron sequences identified unique polymorphisms in inbred B73, which potentially give rise to the alternatively spliced sites utilized by transcript isoforms. Some alterations in splicing, however, do not have obvious explanations. These observations not only add another level to the creation of transcript diversity by Helitrons among inbred lines but also provide novel insights into the cis-acting elements governing splice-site selection during pre-mRNA processing.