The added effect of non-pharmaceutical interventions and lifestyle behaviors on vaccine effectiveness against severe COVID-19 in Chile: A matched case-double control study.

BACKGROUND: World Health Organization approved vaccines have demonstrated relatively high protection against moderate to severe COVID-19. Prospective vaccine effectiveness (VE) designs with first-hand data and population-based controls are nevertheless rare. Neighborhood compared to hospitalized controls, may differ in compliance to non-pharmacuetical interventions (NPI) compliance, which may influence VE results in real-world settings. We aimed to determine VE against COVID-19 intensive-care-unit (ICU) admission using hospital and community-matched controls in a prospective design. METHODS: We conducted a multicenter, observational study of matched cases and controls (1:3) in adults ≧18 years of age from May to July 2021. For each case, a hospital control and two community controls were matched by age, gender, and hospital admission date or neighborhood of residence. Conditional logistic regression models were built, including interaction terms between NPIs, lifestyle behaviors, and vaccination status; the model's ß coefficients represent the added effect these terms had on COVID-19 VE. RESULTS: Cases and controls differed in several factors including education level, obesity prevalence, and behaviors such as compliance with routine vaccinations, use of facemasks, and routine handwashing. VE was 98·2% for full primary vaccination and 85·6% for partial vaccination when compared to community controls, and somewhat lower, albeit not significantly, compared to hospital controls. A significant added effect to vaccination in reducing COVID-19 ICU admission was regular facemask use and VE was higher among individuals non-compliant with the national vaccine program, and/or tonroutine medical visits during the prior year. CONCLUSION: VE against COVID-19 ICU admission in this stringent prospective case-double control study reached 98% two weeks after full primary vaccination, confirming the high effectiveness provided by earlier studies. Face mask use and hand washing were independent protective factors, the former adding additional benefit to VE. VE was significantly higher in subjects with increased risk behaviors.

Terapia de voz en el contexto de la pandemia covid-19; recomendaciones para la práctica clínica.

INTRODUCTION: Since the beginning of the new pandemic, COVID-19 health services have had to face a new scenario. Voice therapy faces a double challenge, interventions using telepractice, and delivering rehabilitation services to a growing population of patients at risk of functional impairment related to the COVID-19 disease. Moreover, as COVID-19 is transmitted through droplets, it is critical to understand how to mitigate these risks during assessment and treatment. OBJECTIVE: To promote safety, and effective clinical practice to voice assessment and rehabilitation in the pandemic COVID-19 context for speech-language pathologists. METHODS: A group of 11 experts in voice and swallowing disorders from 5 different countries conducted a consensus recommendation following the American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery rules building a clinical guide for speech-language pathologists during this pandemic context. RESULTS: The clinical guide provides 79 recommendations for clinicians in the management of voice disorders during the pandemic and includes advice from assessment, direct treatment, telepractice, and teamwork. The consensus was reached 95% for all topics. CONCLUSION: This guideline should be taken only as recommendations; each clinician must attempt to mitigate the risk of infection and achieve the best therapeutic results taking into account the patient's particular reality.

Terapia Vocal No Contexto Da Pandemia Do Covid-19; Orientações Para A Prática Clínica.

INTRODUCTION: Since the beginning of the new pandemic, Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) health services have had to face a new scenario. Voice therapy faces a double challenge, interventions using telepractice, and delivering rehabilitation services to a growing population of patients at risk of functional impairment related to the COVID-19 disease. Moreover, as COVID-19 is transmitted through droplets, it is critical to understand how to mitigate these risks during assessment and treatment. OBJECTIVE: To promote safety, and effective clinical practice to voice assessment and rehabilitation in the pandemic COVID-19 context for speech-language pathologists. METHODS: A group of 11 experts in voice and swallowing disorders from five different countries conducted a consensus recommendation following the American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery rules building a clinical guide for speech-language pathologists during this pandemic context. RESULT: The clinical guide provides 79 recommendations for clinicians in the management of voice disorders during the pandemic and includes advice from assessment, direct treatment, telepractice, and teamwork. The consensus was reached 95% for all topics. CONCLUSION: This guideline should be taken only as recommendation; each clinician must attempt to mitigate the risk of infection and achieve the best therapeutic results taking into account the patient's particular reality.

Voice Therapy in the Context of the COVID-19 Pandemic: Guidelines for Clinical Practice.

INTRODUCTION: Since the beginning of the new pandemic, COVID-19 health services have had to face a new scenario. Voice therapy faces a double challenge, interventions using telepractice, and delivering rehabilitation services to a growing population of patients at risk of functional impairment related to the COVID-19 disease. Moreover, as COVID-19 is transmitted through droplets, it is critical to understand how to mitigate these risks during assessment and treatment. OBJECTIVE: To promote safety, and effective clinical practice to voice assessment and rehabilitation in the pandemic COVID-19 context for speech-language pathologists. METHODS: A group of 11 experts in voice and swallowing disorders from five different countries conducted a consensus recommendation following the American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery rules building a clinical guide for speech-language pathologists during this pandemic context. RESULTS: The clinical guide provides 65 recommendations for clinicians in the management of voice disorders during the pandemic and includes advice from assessment, direct treatment, telepractice, and teamwork. The consensus was reached 95% for all topics. CONCLUSION: This guideline should be taken only as recommendation; each clinician must attempt to mitigate the risk of infection and achieve the best therapeutic results taking into account the patient's particular reality.

Dotación fonoaudiológica para la atención de pacientes adultos en hospitales de alta complejidad en Chile / Speech and language therapists for attending adult patients in high-complexity hospitals in Chile

A nivel internacional se propone un mínimo de un profesional fonoaudiólogo por cada diez camas críticas o más, dependiendo de la complejidad de cada institución. En Chile no existen lineamientos similares, no obstante, el Ministerio de Salud ha generado recomendaciones para el cálculo de la brecha profesional según número y complejidad de las camas hospitalarias. El objetivo de este estudio es estimar el número de fonoaudiólogos y horas de contratación teóricas requeridas para la atención de pacientes adultos hospitalizados en instituciones públicas de alta complejidad en Chile. Para ello se realizó un estudio descriptivo, observacional, transversal. Se incluyeron todos los hospitales públicos de alta complejidad del país, excluyendo aquellos pediátricos y psiquiátricos. Como instrumentos se utilizaron el documento "Modelo de Gestión Red de Rehabilitación" del Ministerio de Salud, la base de datos actualizada del total de camas de la red hospitalaria y el software Microsoft Excel. El estudio fue aprobado por Comité Ético Científico del Hospital San Juan de Dios. En total 59 de 188 hospitales existentes en Chile fueron incluidos. De acuerdo con el análisis realizado basado en el número de camas en Chile, se requieren aproximadamente 269 fonoaudiólogos contratados 44 horas semanales para la atención de pacientes adultos en hospitales de alta complejidad. De ellos 104 se ubican en la Región Metropolitana; alrededor de 31 en la Región del BíoBío y cerca de 24 en la Región de Valparaíso. Se sugiere la revisión de las orientaciones ministeriales y la realización de un segundo estudio sobre la brecha profesional existente en Chile con los datos obtenidos.

International institutions have suggested one Speech and Language Therapist per ten critical beds, and possibly even more forhigh-complexity institutions. However, there are no similar recommendations in Chile, although the Ministry of Health has developed recommendations to calculate the number of professionals required according to the number and type of clinical bed. The aim of this study is to describe the number of Speech and Language Therapists along with the number of theorical working hours per week required for the attention of hospitalised adult patients in high-complexity hospitals in Chile, for which a descriptive, observational and transversal study was performed. High-complexity hospitals were included, excluding psychiatric and paediatric institutions. Microsoft Excel, the "Modelo de Gestión Red de Rehabilitación" guideline from the Ministry of Health, and the updated database of the clinical network beds were also used. This study was previously approved by a Research Ethics Committee from Hospital San Juan de Dios, and a total of 59 out of 188 hospitals were included. According to the analysis based on features of the clinical beds, 269 Speech and Language Therapists are required for 44 hours per week to attend adult patients in high-complexity hospitals across the country. Of the 269 professionals, 104 are needed in the Metropolitan region, approximately 31 in the Bío-Bío region and circa 24 in the Valparaíso region. According to these results, it is suggested the Ministry review its guidelines and undertake a further project in order to identify the current professional gap in Chile.

Categorización de la atención fonoaudiológica: una propuesta para adultos en contexto hospitalario / Categorizing speech-language pathology attention: a proposal for adults inpatient

Existe la necesidad de desarrollar herramientas que demuestren el impacto de la intervención fonoaudiológica en el ámbito hospitalario, lo que exige implementar modelos asistenciales y de gestión, que favorezcan la demanda clínica y la eficiencia de los procesos y de los equipos. Diversas profesiones del área sanitaria han empleado modelos de categorización de la atención que, junto con satisfacer las demandas de los pacientes, traducen las actividades de su disciplina en términos de gestión. Actualmente, en el ámbito fonoaudiológico no se cuenta con herramientas de este tipo que permitan determinar la cantidad de atenciones necesarias para una persona en contexto hospitalario. Debido a lo anterior, en el artículo se presenta la creación, desarrollo y aplicación de una matriz cuali-cuantitativa. El objetivo de la matriz es valorar y estandarizar la carga de trabajo fonoaudiológico requerido para cada paciente adulto hospitalizado, considerando su contexto clínico global. Esta matriz de categorización considera cinco variables clínicas evaluadas durante la rehabilitación del paciente y cuatro calificadores en relación con el orden de severidad. Se establecen y proponen diferentes categorías de atención que entregan una carga terapéutica recomendada (desde 1 a 2 atenciones semanales en casos leves hasta 2 atenciones diarias en casos complejos). Finalmente, se discute su uso y los beneficios de su implementación como una herramienta que permite optimizar procesos de gestión, determinar brechas y justificar la inclusión de nuevos fonoaudiólogos en el contexto hospitalario.

There is a need to develop tools that demonstrate the impact of speech therapy intervention in the hospital setting, which requires the implementation of care and management models that favor clinical demand and efficiency of processes and equipment. Various professions in the health area have used categorization models that, along with satisfying the demands of patients, translate the activities of their discipline into management terms. Currently, in the speech therapy field, there are no tools of this kind available that allow determining the amount of care necessary for a person in a hospital context. Due to the above circumstances, this article presents the creation, development and application of a qualitative-quantitative matrix. The objective of the matrix is to assess and standardize the speech therapy workload required for each hospitalized adult patient, considering their global clinical context. This categorization matrix considers five clinical variables evaluated during the patient's rehabilitation and four qualifiers in relation to the order of severity. Different categories of care that deliver a recommended therapeutic load (from 1 to 2 weekly visits in mild cases to 2 daily visits in complex cases) are established and proposed. Finally, their use and the benefits of their implementation are discussed as a tool that allows optimizing management processes, determining gaps and justifying the inclusion of new speech therapists in the hospital context.

Terapia miofuncional en quemaduras orofaciales de segundo y tercer grado / Myofunctional therapy for 2nd and 3rd degree orofacial burns

Las quemaduras constituyen lesiones traumáticas que comprometen la piel. Aquellas que involucran la región facial son las más complejas, dada la relevancia estética y funcional de esta zona, afectando la expresión de emociones, así como procesos fundamentales como la visión, habla, alimentación, entre otros. Pese a la escasa evidencia, se ha demostrado que la terapia fonoaudiológica miofuncional disminuye las secuelas en pacientes con quemaduras orofaciales. En este contexto, la presente investigación tiene como objetivo describir y evidenciar los efectos de la terapia fonoaudiológica miofuncional en quemaduras orofaciales de 2° y 3er grado. Para ello, se incluyeron 10 sujetos con quemaduras orofaciales de 2° y 3er grado ingresados al Centro de Referencia Nacional de Quemados en Santiago de Chile, quienes recibieron evaluación y terapia miofuncional por un fonoaudiólogo durante su hospitalización. El 80% de los sujetos presentaban quemaduras de 2° grado y 20% de 3° grado, el 30% requirió injerto facial. En la evaluación inicial se observó disminución de la apertura bucal vertical y horizontal, además de disminución en los movimientos de la mímica facial en la totalidad de los casos. Luego de la intervención se evidenciaron mejorías en todos los parámetros, incluido además el nivel de autopercepción de retracción pre y post terapia fonoaudiológica; todos con diferencias estadísticamente significativas (p<0,05). Los resultados nos permiten concluir que la terapia fonoaudiológica miofuncional favorece parámetros como apertura bucal y movilidad facial en pacientes con quemaduras orofaciales. La inclusión de fonoaudiólogos capacitados en el abordaje de estas personas, sería beneficioso para aminorar secuelas y beneficiar su calidad de vida.

Burns are traumatic injuries that compromise skin. Facial burns are the most complex burns, because of this area's aesthetic and functional relevance. This kind of injuries affect emotion expression and relevant processes such as vision, speech, and feeding, among others. Despite scarce evidence, it has been shown that myofunctional speech-language therapy decreases sequelae among patients with orofacial burns. This study, therefore, set out to describe the myofunctional speech-language therapy intervention in 2nd and 3rd degree facial burns. 10 patients with 2nd and 3rd degree facial burns admitted to National Burn Center in Santiago, Chile, were recruited for this study. 80% of subjects had 2nd degree burns and 20% 3rd degree burns. 30% of subjects required a facial skin graft. At initial assessment, there was a decrease in the vertical and horizontal mouth opening, as well as a decrease in facial movements in all cases. All the subjects received a myofunctional speech-language therapy intervention during the hospitalization period. On the completion of myofunctional intervention, patients improved inall parameters, with statistically significant differences (p<0,05), in addition to self-perception level of retraction pre and post therapy. The results of this study show that myofunctional speech-language therapy improves the performance in parameters such as mouth opening and facial movements among patients with orofacial burns. The inclusion of trained Speech-language therapists is helpful for interventions focused on persons with burns, inasmuch as decreases sequelae and improves quality of life.

Intervención fonoaudiológica en quemados: relato de un caso en el Hospital de Urgencia Asistencia Pública, Chile / Speech Language Pathologist intervention in burns: a case report of Hospital de Urgencia Asistencia Pública, Chile / Intervenção fonoaudiológica em queimados: relato de caso no Hospital de Urgencia Asistencia Pública, Chile

Introducción: En la área de fonoaudiología, una quemadura puede producir secuelas en deglución, comunicación (habla y voz) y motricidad orofacial. La inclusión del fonoaudiólogo en el trabajo con quemados ha sido paulatina y con escasa evidencia científica. El objetivo fue describir la intervención fonoaudiológica en un paciente adulto gran quemado internado en la UCI del Hospital de Urgencia Asistencia Pública (HUAP) en Santiago de Chile. Presentación del caso: Paciente masculino de 44 años, con intento de autolisis, 53% de superficie corporal quemada por fuego, con quemadura orofacial e injuria inhalatoria. Resultados: La evaluación fonoaudiológica evidenció trastorno deglutorio, vocal y de la motricidad orofacial. Posteriormente se inició terapia en estas tres áreas. Luego de dos meses, al momento del alta, paciente recuperó en su totalidad función deglutoria y vocal, con mínimas secuelas en motricidad orofacial. Conclusión: La intervención fonoaudiológica precoz favorece la recuperación de la persona quemada y ayuda a disminuir las secuelas posteriores. Es fundamental la inclusión de este profesional en el equipo de rehabilitación del paciente quemado, tanto a nivel nacional como internacional

Introdução: Na área da fonoaudiologia, uma queimadura, uma queimadura pode produzir sequelas na deglutição, comunicação (fala e voz) e motricidade orofacial. A inclusão do fonoaudiólogo no trabalho com queimados tem sido paulatina e com escassa evidência científica. O objetivo foi descrever a intervenção fonoaudiológica em um paciente adulto grande queimado internado na unidade de terapia intensiva do Hospital de Urgencia Asistencia Pública (HUAP), em Santiago do Chile. Relato do caso: paciente, do sexo masculinho, com 44 anos de idade, com tentativa de autoextermínio, 53% da superfície corporal queimada por fogo, com queimadura orofacial e lesão inalatória. Resultados: Avaliação fonoaudiológica evidenciou alteração na deglutição, vocal e da motricidade orofacial. Foi iniciada terapia nestas três áreas. Após dois meses, na alta hospitalar, o paciente recuperou em totalidade sua função deglutativa e vocal, com mínimas sequelas em motricidade orofacial. Conclusão: A intervenção fonoaudiológica precoce favorece a recuperação da pessoa queimada e ajudana diminuição as sequelas posteriores. Torna-se fundamental a inclusão deste profissional na equipe de reabilitação ao paciente queimado, tanto em nível nacional como internacional.

Introduction: Burns can produce Speech-Language Pathology disorders which can include difficulty in swallowing, communication (speech and voice) and orofacial motricity. The inclusion of speech therapist in burn people intervention has been gradual and with limited scientific evidence. The aim was to describe the speech-language intervention in a adult burn interned in the ICU of Hospital de Urgencia Asistencia Pública (HUAP) in Santiago, Chile. Case report: 444-year old male patient, due to attempt suicide, 53% of body surface burned by fire, with orofacial burn and inhalation injury. Results: A speech-language assessment revealed swallowing, voice and orofacial motricity disorders. Subsequently, therapy was started in these three areas. After two months, at discharge, the patient recovered his entirety deglutory and vocal function, with minimal sequelae in orofacial motricity. Conclusion: Early speech therapy favors the recovery of the burned person and helps to reduce subsequent sequelae. It is fundamental the inclusion of this professional in the burn patient rehabilitation team, both nationally and internationally.