Zinc finger BED-type containing 3 promotes hepatic steatosis by interacting with polypyrimidine tract-binding protein 1.

AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: The relationship between metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) and type 2 diabetes mellitus, insulin resistance and the metabolic syndrome is well established. While zinc finger BED-type containing 3 (ZBED3) has been linked to type 2 diabetes mellitus and the metabolic syndrome, its role in MASLD remains unclear. In this study, we aimed to investigate the function of ZBED3 in the context of MASLD. METHODS: Expression levels of ZBED3 were assessed in individuals with MASLD, as well as in cellular and animal models of MASLD. In vitro and in vivo analyses were conducted using a cellular model of MASLD induced by NEFA and an animal model of MASLD induced by a high-fat diet (HFD), respectively, to investigate the role of ZBED3 in MASLD. ZBED3 expression was increased by lentiviral infection or tail-vein injection of adeno-associated virus. RNA-seq and bioinformatics analysis were employed to examine the pathways through which ZBED3 modulates lipid accumulation. Findings from these next-generation transcriptome sequencing studies indicated that ZBED3 controls SREBP1c (also known as SREBF1; a gene involved in fatty acid de novo synthesis); thus, co-immunoprecipitation and LC-MS/MS were utilised to investigate the molecular mechanisms by which ZBED3 regulates the sterol regulatory element binding protein 1c (SREBP1c). RESULTS: In this study, we found that ZBED3 was significantly upregulated in the liver of individuals with MASLD and in MASLD animal models. ZBED3 overexpression promoted NEFA-induced triglyceride accumulation in hepatocytes in vitro. Furthermore, the hepatocyte-specific overexpression of Zbed3 promoted hepatic steatosis. Conversely, the hepatocyte-specific knockout of Zbed3 resulted in resistance of HFD-induced hepatic steatosis. Mechanistically, ZBED3 interacts directly with polypyrimidine tract-binding protein 1 (PTBP1) and affects its binding to the SREBP1c mRNA precursor to regulate SREBP1c mRNA stability and alternative splicing. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION: This study indicates that ZBED3 promotes hepatic steatosis and serves as a critical regulator of the progression of MASLD. DATA AVAILABILITY: RNA-seq data have been deposited in the NCBI Gene Expression Omnibus ( www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/query/acc.cgi?acc=GSE231875 ). MS proteomics data have been deposited to the ProteomeXchange Consortium via the iProX partner repository ( https://proteomecentral.proteomexchange.org/cgi/GetDataset?ID=PXD041743 ).

Continuously Producing Highly Concentrated and Pure Acetic Acid Aqueous Solution via Direct Electroreduction of CO2.

It is crucial to achieve continuous production of highly concentrated and pure C2 chemicals through the electrochemical CO2 reduction reaction (eCO2RR) for artificial carbon cycling, yet it has remained unattainable until now. Despite one-pot tandem catalysis (dividing the eCO2RR to C2 into two catalytical reactions of CO2 to CO and CO to C2) offering the potential for significantly enhancing reaction efficiency, its mechanism remains unclear and its performance is unsatisfactory. Herein, we selected different CO2-to-CO catalysts and CO-to-acetate catalysts to construct several tandem catalytic systems for the eCO2RR to acetic acid. Among them, a tandem catalytic system comprising a covalent organic framework (PcNi-DMTP) and a metal-organic framework (MAF-2) as CO2-to-CO and CO-to-acetate catalysts, respectively, exhibited a faradaic efficiency of 51.2% with a current density of 410 mA cm-2 and an ultrahigh acetate yield rate of 2.72 mmol m-2 s-1 under neutral conditions. After electrolysis for 200 h, 1 cm-2 working electrode can continuously produce 20 mM acetic acid aqueous solution with a relative purity of 95+%. Comprehensive studies revealed that the performance of tandem catalysts is influenced not only by the CO supply-demand relationship and electron competition between the two catalytic processes in the one-pot tandem system but also by the performance of the CO-to-C2 catalyst under diluted CO conditions.

Efficient Capture and Electroreduction of Dilute CO2 into Highly Pure and Concentrated Formic Acid Aqueous Solution.

High-purity CO2 rather than dilute CO2 (15 vol %, CO2/N2/O2 = 15:80:5, v/v/v) similar to the flue gas is currently used as the feedstock for the electroreduction of CO2, and the liquid products are usually mixed up with the cathode electrolyte, resulting in high product separation costs. In this work, we showed that a microporous conductive Bi-based metal-organic framework (Bi-HHTP, HHTP = 2,3,6,7,10,11-hexahydroxytriphenylene) can not only efficiently capture CO2 from the dilute CO2 under high humidity but also catalyze the electroreduction of the adsorbed CO2 into formic acid with a high current density of 80 mA cm-2 and a Faradaic efficiency of 90% at a very low cell voltage of 2.6 V. Importantly, the performance in a dilute CO2 atmosphere was close to that under a high-purity CO2 atmosphere. This is the first catalyst that can maintain exceptional eCO2RR performance in the presence of both O2 and N2. Moreover, by using dilute CO2 as the feedstock, a 1 cm-2 working electrode coating with Bi-HHTP can continuously produce a 200 mM formic acid aqueous solution with a relative purity of 100% for at least 30 h in a membrane electrode assembly (MEA) electrolyzer. The product does not contain electrolytes, and such a highly concentrated and pure formic acid aqueous solution can be directly used as an electrolyte for formic acid fuel cells. Comprehensive studies revealed that such a high performance might be ascribed to the CO2 capture ability of the micropores on Bi-HHTP and the lower Gibbs free energy of formation of the key intermediate *OCHO on the open Bi sites.

Rifaximin treatment shapes a unique metagenome-metabolism network in patients with decompensated cirrhosis.

BACKGROUND: Patients with decompensated cirrhosis face poor prognosis and increased mortality risk. Rifaximin, a non-absorbable antibiotic, has been shown to have beneficial effects in preventing complications and improving survival in these patients. However, the underlying mechanisms of rifaximin's effects remain unclear. METHODS: We obtained fecal samples from decompensated cirrhotic patients undergoing rifaximin treatment and controls, both at baseline and after 6 months of treatment. Shotgun metagenome sequencing profiled the gut microbiome, and untargeted metabolomics analyzed fecal metabolites. Linear discriminant and partial least squares discrimination analyses were used to identify differing species and metabolites between rifaximin-treated patients and controls. RESULTS: Forty-two patients were enrolled and divided into two groups (26 patients in the rifaximin group and 16 patients in the control group). The gut microbiome's beta diversity changed in the rifaximin group but remained unaffected in the control group. We observed 44 species with reduced abundance in the rifaximin group, including Streptococcus_salivarius, Streptococcus_vestibularis, Haemophilus_parainfluenzae, etc. compared to only four in the control group. Additionally, six species were enriched in the rifaximin group, including Eubacterium_sp._CAG:248, Prevotella_sp._CAG:604, etc., and 14 in the control group. Furthermore, rifaximin modulated different microbial functions compared to the control. Seventeen microbiome-related metabolites were altered due to rifaximin, while six were altered in the control group. CONCLUSION: Our study revealed distinct microbiome-metabolite networks regulated by rifaximin intervention in patients with decompensated cirrhosis. These findings suggest that targeting these specific metabolites or related bacteria might be a potential therapeutic strategy for decompensated cirrhosis.

Effects of gender-affirming hormone therapy on body fat: a retrospective case‒control study in Chinese transwomen.

BACKGROUND: There is insufficient research on how gender-affirming hormone therapy (GAHT) affects body fat modifications in transwomen from China. It is unclear whether hormone therapy affects the prevalence of obesity and blood lipid levels within this population. The current research aimed to assess how GAHT and treatment duration had an impact on the change in and redistribution of body fat in Chinese transwomen. METHODS: This study included 40 transwomen who had not received GAHT and 59 who had. Body fat, blood lipid, and blood glucose levels were measured. GAHT is mainly a pharmacologic (estrogen and anti-androgen) treatment. The study also stratified participants based on the duration of GAHT to assess its impact on body fat distribution. The duration of GAHT was within one year, one to two years, two to three years, or more than three years. RESULTS: After receiving GAHT, total body fat increased by 19.65%, and the percentage of body fat increased by 17.63%. The arm, corrected leg, and leg regions showed significant increases in fat content (+ 24.02%, + 50.69%, and + 41.47%, respectively) and percentage (+ 25.19%, + 34.90%, and + 30.39%, respectively). The total visceral fat content decreased (-37.49%). Based on the diagnostic standards for a body mass index ≥ 28 or total body fat percentage ≥ 25% or 30%, the chance of developing obesity did not change significantly. Blood glucose levels significantly increased (+ 12.31%). Total cholesterol levels (-10.45%) decreased significantly. Fat changes in those who received GAHT for one to two years were significantly different from those who did not receive GAHT. CONCLUSION: After receiving GAHT, total body fat and regional fat increased in Chinese transwomen, and the body fat distribution changed from masculine to feminine, especially during the first two years. However, neither the increase in total body fat percentage nor the decrease in visceral fat content didn't bring about significant changes in the incidence of obesity, nor did triglycerides or low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol.

Highly Efficient Electrosynthesis of Urea from CO2 and Nitrate by a Metal-Organic Framework with Dual Active Sites.

Electrosynthesis of urea from CO2 and NO3- is a sustainable alternative to energy-intensive industrial processes. The challenge hindering the progress is the development of advanced electrocatalysts that yield urea with both high Faradaic efficiency (FE) and current density. In this work, we designed a new two-dimensional MOF, namely PcNi-Fe-O, constructed by nickel-phthalocyanine (NiPc) ligands and square-planar FeO4 nodes. PcNi-Fe-O exhibits remarkable performance to yield urea at a high current density of 10.1 mA cm-2 with a high FE(urea) of 54.1% in a neutral aqueous solution, surpassing those of most reported electrocatalysts. No obvious performance degradation was observed over 20 hours of continuous operation at the current density of 10.1 mA cm-2. By expanding the electrode area to 25 cm2 and operating for 8 hours, we obtained 0.164 g of high-purity urea, underscoring its potential for industrial applications. Mechanism study unveiled the enhanced performance might be ascribed to the synergistic interaction between NiPc and FeO4 sites. Specifically, NH3 produced at the FeO4 site can efficiently migrate and couple with the *NHCOOH intermediate adsorbed on the urea-producing site (NiPc). This synergistic effect results in a lower energy barrier for C-N bond formation than those of the reported catalysts with single active sites.

Integration of Plasmonic Ag(I) Clusters and Fe(II) Porphyrinates into Metal-Organic Frameworks for Efficient Photocatalytic CO2 Reduction Coupling with Photosynthesis of Pure H2O2.

Efficient photocatalytic CO2 reduction coupled with the photosynthesis of pure H2O2 is a challenging and significant task. Herein, using classical CO2 photoreduction site iron porphyrinate as the linker, Ag(I) clusters were spatially separated and evenly distributed within a new metal-organic framework (MOF), namely Ag27TPyP-Fe. With water as electron donors, Ag27TPyP-Fe exhibited remarkable performances in artificial photosynthetic overall reaction with CO yield of 36.5 µmol g-1 h-1 and ca. 100% selectivity, as well as H2O2 evolution rate of 35.9 µmol g-1 h-1. Since H2O2 in the liquid phase can be more readily separated from the gaseous products of CO2 photoreduction, high-purity H2O2 with a concentration up to 0.1 mM was obtained. Confirmed by theoretical calculations and the established energy level diagram, the reductive iron(II) porphyrinates and oxidative Ag(I) clusters within an integrated framework functioned synergistically to achieve artificial photosynthesis. Furthermore, photoluminescence spectroscopy and photoelectrochemical measurements revealed that the robust connection of Ag(I) clusters and iron porphyrinate ligands facilitated efficient charge separation and rapid electron transfer, thereby enhancing the photocatalytic activity.

High-Pressure Molecular Sieving of High-Humidity C2H4/C2H6 Mixture by a Hydrophobic Flexible Metal-Organic Framework.

Molecular sieving is an ideal separation mechanism, but controlling pore size, restricting framework flexibility, and avoiding strong adsorption are all very challenging. Here, we report a flexible adsorbent showing molecular sieving at ambient temperature and high pressure, even under high humidity. While typical guest-induced transformations are observed, a high transition pressure of 16.6 atm is observed for C2H4 at 298 K because of very weak C2H4 adsorption (~16 kJ mol-1). Also, C2H6 is completely excluded below the pore-opening pressure of 7.7 atm, giving single-component selectivity of ca. 300. Quantitative high-pressure column breakthrough experiments using 1 : 1 C2H4/C2H6 mixtures at 10 atm as input confirm molecular sieving with C2H4 adsorption of 0.73 mmol g-1 or 32 cm3(STP) cm-3 and negligible C2H6 adsorption of 0.001(2) mmol g-1, and the adsorbent can be completely regenerated by inert gas purging. Furthermore, it is highly hydrophobic with negligible water adsorption, and the C2H4/C2H6 separation performance is unaffected at high humidity.

Highly Efficient Electroreduction of CO2 to Ethanol via Asymmetric C-C Coupling by a Metal-Organic Framework with Heterodimetal Dual Sites.

The electroreduction of CO2 into value-added liquid fuels holds great promise for addressing global environmental and energy challenges. However, achieving highly selective yielding of multi-carbon oxygenates through the electrochemical CO2 reduction reaction (eCO2RR) is a formidable task, primarily due to the sluggish asymmetric C-C coupling reaction. In this study, a novel metal-organic framework (CuSn-HAB) with unprecedented heterometallic Sn···Cu dual sites (namely, a pair of SnN2O2 and CuN4 sites bridged by µ-N atoms) was designed to overcome this limitation. CuSn-HAB demonstrated an impressive Faradic efficiency (FE) of 56(2)% for eCO2RR to alcohols, achieving a current density of 68 mA cm-2 at a low potential of -0.57 V (vs RHE). Notably, no significant degradation was observed over a continuous 35 h operation at the specified current density. Mechanistic investigations revealed that, in comparison to the copper site, the SnN2O2 site exhibits a higher affinity for oxygen atoms. This enhanced affinity plays a pivotal role in facilitating the generation of the key intermediate *OCH2. Consequently, compared to homometallic Cu···Cu dual sites (generally yielding ethylene product), the heterometallic dual sites were proved to be more thermodynamically favorable for the asymmetric C-C coupling between *CO and *OCH2, leading to the formation of the key intermediate *CO-*OCH2, which is favorable for yielding ethanol product.

"Ship-in-a-Bottle" Integration of Ditin(IV) Sites into a Metal-Organic Framework for Boosting Electroreduction of CO2 in Acidic Electrolyte.

The electrochemical CO2 reduction reaction (eCO2RR) under acidic conditions has become a promising way to achieve high CO2 utilization because of the inhibition of undesirable carbonate formation that typically occurs under neutral and alkaline conditions. Herein, unprecedented and highly active ditin(IV) sites were integrated into the nanopores of a metal-organic framework, namely NU-1000-Sn, by a "ship-in-a-bottle" strategy. NU-1000-Sn delivers nearly 100% formic acid Faradaic efficiency at an industry current density of 260 mA cm-2 with a high single-pass CO2 utilization of 95% in an acidic solution (pH = 1.67). No obvious degradation was observed over 15 hours of continuous operation at the current density of 260 mA cm-2, representing the remarkable eCO2RR performance in acidic electrolyte to date. The mechanism study shows that both oxygen atoms of the key intermediate *HCOO can coordinate to the two adjacent Sn atoms in a ditin(IV) site simultaneously. Such bridging coordination is conducive to the hydrogenation of CO2, thus leading to high performance.

Synergistic Effect in a Metal-Organic Framework Boosting the Electrochemical CO2 Overall Splitting.

It is a very important but still challenging task to develop bifunctional electrocatalysts for highly efficient CO2 overall splitting. Herein, we report a stable metal-organic framework (denoted as PcNi-Co-O), composed of (2,3,9,10,16,17,23,24-octahydroxyphthalocyaninato)nickel(II) (PcNi-(O-)8) ligands and the planar CoO4 nodes, for CO2 overall splitting. When working as both cathode and anode catalysts (i.e., PcNi-Co-O||PcNi-Co-O), PcNi-Co-O achieved a commercial-scale current density of 123 mA cm-2 (much higher than the reported values (0.2-12 mA cm-2)) with a Faradic efficiency (CO) of 98% at a low cell voltage of 4.4 V. Mechanism studies suggested the synergistic effects between two active sites, namely, (i) electron transfer from CoO4 to PcNi sites under electric fields, resulting in the raised oxidizability/reducibility of CoO4/PcNi sites, respectively; (ii) the energy-level matching of cathode and anode catalysts can reduce the energy barrier of electron transfer between them and improve the performance of CO2 overall splitting.

Dicopper(I) Sites Confined in a Single Metal-Organic Layer Boosting the Electroreduction of CO2 to CH4 in a Neutral Electrolyte.

It is challenging and important to achieve high performance for an electrochemical CO2 reduction reaction (eCO2RR) to yield CH4 under neutral conditions. So far, most of the reported active sites for eCO2RR to yield CH4 are single metal sites; the performances are far below the commercial requirements. Herein, we reported a nanosheet metal-organic layer in single-layer, namely, [Cu2(obpy)2] (Cuobpy-SL, Hobpy = 1H-[2,2']bipyridinyl-6-one), possessing dicopper(I) sites for eCO2RR to yield CH4 in a neutral aqueous solution. Detailed examination of Cuobpy-SL revealed high performance for CH4 production with a faradic efficiency of 82(1)% and a current density of ∼90 mA cm-2 at -1.4 V vs. reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE). No obvious degradation was observed over 100 h of continuous operation, representing a remarkable performance to date. Mechanism studies showed that compared with the conventional single-copper sites and completely exposed dicopper(I) sites, the dicopper(I) sites in the confined space formed by the molecular stacking have a strong affinity to key C1 intermediates such as *CO, *CHO, and *CH2O to facilitate the CH4 production, yet inhibiting C-C coupling.

Fecal Signatures of Streptococcus anginosus and Streptococcus constellatus for Noninvasive Screening and Early Warning of Gastric Cancer.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Most patients with gastric cancer (GCa) are diagnosed at an advanced stage. We aimed to investigate novel fecal signatures for clinical application in early diagnosis of GCa. METHODS: This was an observational study that included 1043 patients from 10 hospitals in China. In the discovery cohort, 16S ribosomal RNA gene analysis was performed in paired samples (tissues and feces) from patients with GCa and chronic gastritis (ChG) to determine differential abundant microbes. Their relative abundances were detected using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction to test them as bacterial candidates in the training cohort. Their diagnostic efficacy was validated in the validation cohort. RESULTS: Significant enrichments of Streptococcus anginosus (Sa) and Streptococcus constellatus (Sc) in GCa tumor tissues (P < .05) and feces (P < .0001) were observed in patients with intraepithelial neoplasia, early and advanced GCa. Either the signature parallel test Sa∪Sc or single signature Sa/Sc demonstrated superior sensitivity (Sa: 75.6% vs 72.1%, P < .05; Sc: 84.4% vs 64.0%, P < .001; and Sa∪Sc: 91.1% vs 81.4%, P < .01) in detecting early GCa compared with advanced GCa (specificity: Sa: 84.0% vs 83.9%, Sc: 70.4% vs 82.3%, and Sa∪Sc: 64.0% vs 73.4%). Fecal signature Sa∪Sc outperformed Sa∪CEA/Sc∪CEA in the discrimination of advanced GCa (sensitivity: 81.4% vs 74.2% and 81.4% vs 72.3%, P < .01; specificity: 73.4% vs 81.0 % and 73.4% vs 81.0%). The performance of Sa∪Sc in the diagnosis of both early and advanced GCa was verified in the validation cohort. CONCLUSION: Fecal Sa and Sc are noninvasive, accurate, and sensitive signatures for early warning in GCa. (ClinicalTrials.gov, Number: NCT04638959).

Isolated Tin(IV) Active Sites for Highly Efficient Electroreduction of CO2 to CH4 in Neutral Aqueous Solution.

The development of efficient electrocatalysts with non-copper metal sites for electrochemical CO2 reduction reactions (eCO2 RR) to hydrocarbons and oxygenates is highly desirable, but still a great challenge. Herein, a stable metal-organic framework (DMA)4 [Sn2 (THO)2 ] (Sn-THO, THO6- = triphenylene-2,3,6,7,10,11-hexakis(olate), DMA = dimethylammonium) with isolated and distorted octahedral SnO6 2- active sites is reported as an electrocatalyst for eCO2 RR, showing an exceptional performance for eCO2 RR to the CH4 product rather than the common products formate and CO for reported Sn-based catalysts. The partial current density of CH4 reaches a high value of 34.5 mA cm-2 , surpassing most reported copper-based and all non-Cu metal-based catalysts. Our experimental and theoretical results revealed that the isolated SnO6 2- active site favors the formation of key *OCOH species to produce CH4 and can greatly inhibit the formation of *OCHO and *COOH species to produce *HCOOH and *CO, respectively.

Simultaneous Capture of CO2 Boosting Its Electroreduction in the Micropores of a Metal-organic Framework.

Integration of CO2 capture capability from simulated flue gas and electrochemical CO2 reduction reaction (eCO2 RR) active sites into a catalyst is a promising cost-effective strategy for carbon neutrality, but is of great difficulty. Herein, combining the mixed gas breakthrough experiments and eCO2 RR tests, we showed that an Ag12 cluster-based metal-organic framework (1-NH2 , aka Ag12 bpy-NH2 ), simultaneously possessing CO2 capture sites as "CO2 relays" and eCO2 RR active sites, can not only utilize its micropores to efficiently capture CO2 from simulated flue gas (CO2 : N2 =15 : 85, at 298 K), but also catalyze eCO2 RR of the adsorbed CO2 into CO with an ultra-high CO2 conversion of 60 %. More importantly, its eCO2 RR performance (a Faradaic efficiency (CO) of 96 % with a commercial current density of 120 mA cm-2 at a very low cell voltage of -2.3 V for 300 hours and the full-cell energy conversion efficiency of 56 %) under simulated flue gas atmosphere is close to that under 100 % CO2 atmosphere, and higher than those of all reported catalysts at higher potentials under 100 % CO2 atmosphere. This work bridges the gap between CO2 enrichment/capture and eCO2 RR.

Self-Accelerating Effect in a Covalent-Organic Framework with Imidazole Groups Boosts Electroreduction of CO2 to CO.

Solvent effect plays an important role in catalytic reaction, but there is little research and attention on it in electrochemical CO2 reduction reaction (eCO2 RR). Herein, we report a stable covalent-organic framework (denoted as PcNi-im) with imidazole groups as a new electrocatalyst for eCO2 RR to CO. Interestingly, compared with neutral conditions, PcNi-im not only showed high Faraday efficiency of CO product (≈100 %) under acidic conditions (pH ≈ 1), but also the partial current density was increased from 258 to 320 mA cm-2 . No obvious degradation was observed over 10 hours of continuous operation at the current density of 250 mA cm-2 . The mechanism study shows that the imidazole group on the framework can be protonated to form an imidazole cation in acidic media, hence reducing the surface work function and charge density of the active metal center. As a result, CO poisoning effect is weakened and the key intermediate *COOH is also stabilized, thus accelerating the catalytic reaction rate.

A Porous π-π Stacking Framework with Dicopper(I) Sites and Adjacent Proton Relays for Electroreduction of CO2 to C2+ Products.

Crystalline porous materials sustained by supramolecular interactions (e.g., π-π stacking interactions) are a type of molecular crystals showing considerable stability, but their applications are rarely reported due to the high difficulty of their construction. Herein, a stable π-π stacking framework formed by a trinuclear copper(I) compound [Cu3(HBtz)3(Btz)Cl2] (CuBtz, HBtz = benzotriazole) with pyrazolate-bridged dicopper(I) sites is reported and employed for electrochemical CO2 reduction, showing an impressive performance of 73.7 ± 2.8% Faradaic efficiency for C2+ products [i.e., ethylene (44%), ethanol (21%), acetate (4.7%), and propanol (4%)] with a current density of 7.9 mA cm-2 at the potential of -1.3 V versus RHE in an H-type cell and a Faradic efficiency (61.6%) of C2+ products with a current density of ≈1 A cm-2 and a reaction rate of 5639 µmol m-2 s-1 at the potential of -1.6 V versus RHE in a flow cell device, representing an impressive performance reported to date. In-situ infrared spectroscopy, density functional theory calculations, and control experiments revealed that the uncoordinated nitrogen atoms of benzotriazolates in the immediate vicinity can act as proton relays and cooperate with the dicopper(I) site to promote the hydrogenation process of the *CO intermediate and the C-C coupling, resulting in the highly selective electroreduction of CO2 to C2+ products.

Coupling Ruthenium Bipyridyl and Cobalt Imidazolate Units in a Metal-Organic Framework for an Efficient Photosynthetic Overall Reaction in Diluted CO2.

Artificial photocatalytic CO2 reduction, using water as the reductant, is challenging mainly because it is difficult for multiple functional units to cooperate efficiently. Here, we show that the classic photosensitive and H2O-oxidizing ruthenium bipyridyl units and CO2-reducing cobalt imidazolate units can be incorporated into a metal-organic framework using a classic organic ligand, imidazo[4,5-f][1,10]phenanthroline. Under visible light without additional sacrificial agents and photosensitizers, the overall conversion of CO2 and H2O to CO and O2 was achieved by the multifunctional photocatalyst in the CH3CN/H2O mixed solvent with a high CO production rate of 11.2 µmol g-1 h-1 and CO selectivity of ca. 100%. Thanks to its ultramicroporous structure with moderately strong CO2 adsorption ability, the photocatalyst also exhibited high performances with CO/CH4 production rates of 5.15/0.62 and 4.26/0.20 µmol g-1 h-1 in the gas phase with pure and even diluted CO2, respectively. Photoluminescence emission spectroscopy and photoelectrochemical tests confirmed that the photosensitive and catalytic units cooperated well to give suitable photocatalytic redox potentials and fast electron-hole separation.

Artificial intelligence in clinical applications for lung cancer: diagnosis, treatment and prognosis.

Artificial intelligence (AI) is a branch of computer science that includes research in robotics, language recognition, image recognition, natural language processing, and expert systems. AI is poised to change medical practice, and oncology is not an exception to this trend. As the matter of fact, lung cancer has the highest morbidity and mortality worldwide. The leading cause is the complexity of associating early pulmonary nodules with neoplastic changes and numerous factors leading to strenuous treatment choice and poor prognosis. AI can effectively enhance the diagnostic efficiency of lung cancer while providing optimal treatment and evaluating prognosis, thereby reducing mortality. This review seeks to provide an overview of AI relevant to all the fields of lung cancer. We define the core concepts of AI and cover the basics of the functioning of natural language processing, image recognition, human-computer interaction and machine learning. We also discuss the most recent breakthroughs in AI technologies and their clinical application regarding diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis in lung cancer. Finally, we highlight the future challenges of AI in lung cancer and its impact on medical practice.

Single-Product Faradaic Efficiency for Electrocatalytic of CO2 to CO at Current Density Larger than 1.2†A cm-2 in Neutral Aqueous Solution by a Single-Atom Nanozyme.

Electroreduction of CO2 to CO is a promising approach for the cycling use of CO2 , while it still suffers from impractical current density and durability. Here we report a single-atom nanozyme (Ni-N5 -C) that achieves industrial-scale performance for CO2 -to-CO conversion with a Faradaic efficiency (FE) exceeded 97 % over -0.8--2.4 V vs. RHE. The current density at -2.4 V vs. RHE reached a maximum of 1.23 A cm-2 (turnover frequency of 69.7 s-1 ) with an FE of 99.6 %. No obvious degradation was observed over 100 hours of continuous operation. Compared with the planar Ni-N4 site, the square-pyramidal Ni-N5 site has an increase and a decrease in the d z 2 ${{{\rm d}}_{{z}^{2}}}$ and dxz/yz orbital energy levels, respectively, as revealed by density functional theory calculations. Thus, the Ni-N5 catalytic site is more superior to activate CO2 molecule and reduce the energy barriers as well as promote the CO desorption, thus boosting the kinetic activation process and catalytic activity.