Facility-Level and Racial Disparities in Access to Inpatient Psychiatric Occupational Therapy Services in the Veterans Health Administration.

IMPORTANCE: Veterans receiving inpatient psychiatric services with limitations in activities of daily living (ADLs) benefit from occupational therapy, yet disparities in access are unknown. OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether ADL limitations, an indicator of occupational therapy need, was associated with inpatient psychiatric occupational therapy utilization in the Veterans Health Administration (VHA) and whether this relationship differs by facility characteristics. DESIGN: Secondary analysis of VHA data. Modified Poisson regression modeled occupational therapy utilization as a function of ADL limitations, facility characteristics, and covariates. Interactions estimated whether the relationship between ADL limitations and occupational therapy utilization differed across facility characteristics. SETTING: VHA inpatient psychiatric setting. PARTICIPANTS: Veterans receiving VHA inpatient psychiatric care from 2015 to 2020 (N = 133,844). OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Occupational therapy utilization. RESULTS: Veterans with ADL limitations were more likely to receive occupational therapy. Veterans receiving care in facilities with higher complexity and greater inpatient psychiatric care quality were more likely to receive occupational therapy. Additionally, Black veterans were less likely to receive occupational therapy relative to their White, non-Hispanic counterparts. Interactions indicated that the extent to which ADL limitations drove access to occupational therapy utilization was weaker within facilities with higher complexity and care quality. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Veterans with ADL limitations were more likely to access inpatient psychiatric occupational therapy, suggesting that such services are generally allocated to veterans in need. However, findings indicate disparities in access across patient-level (e.g., Black race) and facility-level (e.g., facility complexity) factors, informing efforts to eliminate barriers to accessing these valuable services. Plain-Language Summary: This is the first study, to our knowledge, to examine disparities in access to inpatient psychiatric occupational therapy in the Veterans Health Administration (VHA). The study findings show that access to inpatient psychiatric occupational therapy is partly driven by the needs of the patient. However, nonclinical factors, such as a patient's race and the characteristics of the facility at which they receive care (complexity, number of psychiatric beds available, and the quality of psychiatric care), are also important drivers of access. Identifying factors influencing access to these valuable services is the first step in developing strategies that reduce barriers to access for veterans in need.

Characteristics of nonsuicidal self-injury among veterans.

OBJECTIVE: The current study aimed to (a) assess basic nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) characteristics using a validated clinical interview among a sample of veterans not recruited for specific diagnostic or environmental criteria and (b) examine the relation between NSSI and medical severity of prior suicide attempts (SAs) among veterans. DESIGN: We conducted secondary data analyses among a combined sample of veterans (N = 165) from two parent studies conducted at a large VA Medical Center that implemented identical recruitment protocols. No psychiatric criteria were utilized for inclusion or exclusion purposes. RESULTS: Approximately 16% of participants reported NSSI history and almost 21% reported SA history. NSSI history was associated with probability of prior SA but not the medical severity of prior SA. CONCLUSIONS: NSSI is a prevalent concern among veterans and is associated with probability of SA. It remains unclear whether prior NSSI is associated with more medically serious SA in this population.

Persistent Symptoms and Objectively Measured Balance Performance Among OEF/OIF Veterans With Remote Mild Traumatic Brain Injury.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate linear relationships between dizziness, fatigue, and depression and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and objectively measured balance performance in Veterans with remote mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI). SETTING: Academic laboratory; Veterans Affairs Medical Center. PARTICIPANTS: Thirty Veterans (28 men) who served in Iraq/Afghanistan and whose most recent mTBI was sustained more than 6 months prior to enrollment. DESIGN: Cross-sectional, observational trial. MAIN MEASURES: The Computerized Dynamic Posturography-Sensory Organization Test (CDP-SOT) and the Community Balance and Mobility (CB&M) scale measured balance. Dizziness (Dizziness Handicap Inventory), fatigue (Modified Fatigue Impact Scale), depression-related symptoms (Beck Depression Inventory-II), and PTSD-related symptoms (PTSD Checklist 5) were also measured. RESULTS: Objectively measured balance, CDP-SOT composite, was impaired (mean score of 67.9). CDP-SOT scores correlated with dizziness (r = -0.53; P = .002), fatigue (r = -0.38; P = .03), depression (r = -0.55; P = .001), and PTSD symptoms (r = -0.53; P = .002). Dizziness, time since most recent mTBI, and PTSD symptoms and depression combined explained significant variability in CDP-SOT scores (R = 0.46; P = .003), as did fatigue depression and PTSD symptoms (R = 0.33; P = .01). CONCLUSIONS: Impaired balance was identified among the cohort. Findings suggest that dizziness, fatigue, depression and PTSD, and time since most recent mTBI may influence balance performance. Additional research is needed to identify the potentially interrelated natural histories of these co-occurring symptoms.

Growing literature but limited evidence: A systematic review regarding prebiotic and probiotic interventions for those with traumatic brain injury and/or posttraumatic stress disorder.

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is highly prevalent among a wide range of populations, including civilians, military personnel, and Veterans. TBI sequelae may be further exacerbated by symptoms associated with frequently occurring comorbid psychiatric conditions, including posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). This is particularly true among the population of military personnel from recent conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan, with a history of mild TBI (mTBI) and PTSD. The need for efficacious treatments for TBI and comorbid PTSD is significant, and evidence-based interventions for these frequently co-occurring conditions are limited. Based on findings suggesting that inflammation may be an underlying mechanism of both conditions, anti-inflammatory/immunoregulatory agents, including probiotics, may represent a novel strategy to treat TBI and/or PTSD-related symptoms. The focus of this systematic review was to identify and evaluate existing research regarding prebiotic and probiotic interventions for the populations of individuals with a history of TBI and/or PTSD. Only 4 studies were identified (3 severe TBI, 1 PTSD, 0 co-occurring TBI and PTSD). Although findings suggested some promise, work in this area is nascent and results to date do not support some claims within the extensive coverage of probiotics in the popular press.

Association of Inpatient Occupational Therapy Utilization With Reduced Risk for Psychiatric Readmission Among Veterans.

OBJECTIVE: The authors sought to investigate whether utilization of inpatient occupational therapy (OT) was associated with reduced risk for 30-day psychiatric readmission in the Veterans Health Administration (VHA). METHODS: The authors conducted a secondary analysis of VHA medical record data for veterans who received inpatient psychiatric care from 2015 to 2020 (N=176,889). Mixed-effects logistic regression was used to model psychiatric readmission within 30 days of discharge (yes or no) as a function of inpatient psychiatric OT utilization (none, one, two, three, or four or more encounters) and other care utilization (e.g., previous psychiatric hospitalization), as well as clinical (e.g., primary diagnosis), sociodemographic (e.g., race-ethnicity), and facility (e.g., complexity) characteristics. Sensitivity analyses were conducted to evaluate the robustness of findings (e.g., stratification by discharge disposition). RESULTS: Relatively few veterans received inpatient psychiatric OT (26.2%), and 8.4% were readmitted within 30 days. Compared with veterans who did not receive inpatient psychiatric OT, those with one (OR=0.76), two (OR=0.64), three (OR=0.67), or four or more encounters (OR=0.64) were significantly (p<0.001) less likely to be readmitted within 30 days. These findings were consistent across all sensitivity analyses. CONCLUSIONS: Veterans who received inpatient OT services were less likely to experience psychiatric readmission. A clear dose-response relationship between inpatient psychiatric OT and readmission risk was not identified. These findings suggest that OT services may facilitate high-value inpatient psychiatric care in the VHA by preventing readmissions that stymie recovery and incur high costs. Future research may establish the causality of this relationship, informing policy regarding increased access to inpatient psychiatric OT.

Association of homelessness and diet on the gut microbiome: a United States-Veteran Microbiome Project (US-VMP) study.

Military veterans account for 8% of homeless individuals living in the United States. To highlight associations between history of homelessness and the gut microbiome, we compared the gut microbiome of veterans who reported having a previous experience of homelessness to those from individuals who reported never having experienced a period of homelessness. Moreover, we examined the impact of the cumulative exposure of prior and current homelessness to understand possible associations between these experiences and the gut microbiome. Microbiome samples underwent genomic sequencing and were analyzed based on alpha diversity, beta diversity, and taxonomic differences. Additionally, demographic information, dietary data, and mental health history were collected. A lifetime history of homelessness was found to be associated with alcohol use disorder, substance use disorder, and healthy eating index compared to those without such a history. In terms of differences in gut microbiota, beta diversity was significantly different between veterans who had experienced homelessness and veterans who had never been homeless (P = 0.047, weighted UniFrac), while alpha diversity was similar. The microbial community differences were, in part, driven by a lower relative abundance of Akkermansia in veterans who had experienced homelessness (mean; range [in percentages], 1.07; 0-33.9) compared to veterans who had never been homeless (2.02; 0-36.8) (P = 0.014, ancom-bc2). Additional research is required to facilitate understanding regarding the complex associations between homelessness, the gut microbiome, and mental and physical health conditions, with a focus on increasing understanding regarding the longitudinal impact of housing instability throughout the lifespan.IMPORTANCEAlthough there are known stressors related to homelessness as well as chronic health conditions experienced by those without stable housing, there has been limited work evaluating the associations between microbial community composition and homelessness. We analyzed, for the first time, bacterial gut microbiome associations among those with experiences of homelessness on alpha diversity, beta diversity, and taxonomic differences. Additionally, we characterized the influences of diet, demographic characteristics, military service history, and mental health conditions on the microbiome of veterans with and without any lifetime history of homelessness. Future longitudinal research to evaluate the complex relationships between homelessness, the gut microbiome, and mental health outcomes is recommended. Ultimately, differences in the gut microbiome of individuals experiencing and not experiencing homelessness could assist in identification of treatment targets to improve health outcomes.

COVID-19 and Lifetime Experiences of Trauma, Moral Injury, and Institutional Betrayal Among Healthcare Providers.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study is to increase understanding regarding healthcare provider experiences with psychological trauma, moral injury, and institutional betrayal, both over the lifetime and during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS: The study employed a cross-sectional design to understand traumatic experiences, moral injury, and institutional betrayal among medical and mental health providers. Participants were asked to identify an index trauma, and experiences were coded qualitatively using categories for traumatic events, moral injury, and institutional betrayal. RESULTS: Results revealed that experiences of trauma, moral injury, and institutional betrayal were common in relation to the pandemic, as were prepandemic histories of traumatic exposures. Findings indicate that trauma exposure was a work hazard for healthcare providers during the pandemic, which could result in negative long-term mental health outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: Future research is needed to explore potential long-term negative outcomes among healthcare providers.

Health-related outcomes among veterans identified as being at increased risk during a crisis line contact.

Research has focused on developing ways to prevent death by suicide, such as 24-hr crisis lines. The purpose of the study was to examine health-related outcomes among individuals using Veterans Crisis Line services who were evaluated to be at increased risk. Among those with identifying information, records were linked with electronic medical record and death data. 36,133 contacts were coded, and 9,010 Veteran contacts were linked to external data. For 3,331 contacts (37.0%), responders initiated a facility transport plan (FTP; self-transport). For 5,325 contacts (59.1%) responders contacted police department (PD) or emergency medical services (EMS) to facilitate transport. Among those with FTPs, 2,876 Veterans (86.3% of arranged FTPs, and 32.0% of all Veteran callers) were noted as arriving at a health care facility, versus 3,324 Veterans (62.9% of PD/EMS contacts and 36.9% of all Veteran callers) involving PD/EMS dispatch. Over 90% of Veterans in the cohort had a Veterans Health Administration (VHA) health encounter in the year prior to their first contact. Of the 769 previously unengaged Veterans, 765 lived for at least 3 months following their first contact, and 639 (83.5%) had a VHA encounter. Among identified Veterans, the age- and sex-adjusted rates for death by suicide, unintentional drug overdoses, and all causes were 370.8, 456.8, and 3,018.4 per 100,000, respectively. Among members of this high-risk cohort, self-transport resulted in arrival at health care facilities more frequently than PD/EMS transport. Although many engaged in some treatment posttransport, death rates remained high. Ongoing efforts are needed to identify novel ways to prevent suicide among this group of Veterans. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

Food desert residence has limited impact on veteran fecal microbiome composition: a U.S. Veteran Microbiome Project study.

IMPORTANCE: Social and economic inequities can have a profound impact on human health. The inequities could result in alterations to the gut microbiome, an important factor that may have profound abilities to alter health outcomes. Moreover, the strong correlations between social and economic inequities have been long understood. However, to date, limited research regarding the microbiome and mental health within the context of socioeconomic inequities exists. One particular inequity that may influence both mental health and the gut microbiome is living in a food desert. Persons living in food deserts may lack access to sufficient and/or nutritious food and often experience other inequities, such as increased exposure to air pollution and poor access to healthcare. Together, these factors may confer a unique risk for microbial perturbation. Indeed, external factors beyond a food desert might compound over time to have a lasting effect on an individual's gut microbiome. Therefore, adoption of a life-course approach is expected to increase the ecological validity of research related to social inequities, the gut microbiome, and physical and mental health.

Validation of a Computerized Adaptive Test Suicide Scale (CAT-SS) among United States Military Veterans.

To validate the Computerized Adaptive Test Suicide Scale (CAT-SS), Veterans completed measures at baseline (n = 305), and 6- (n = 249), and 12-months (n = 185), including the CAT-SS (median items 11, duration of administration 107 seconds) and the Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale (C-SSRS). Logistic regression was used to relate CAT-SS scores (baseline) to C-SSRS assessed outcomes (active ideation with plan and intent; attempt; interrupted, aborted or self-interrupted attempt, or preparatory acts or behaviors; all outcomes combined). A mixed-effects logistic regression model was used to evaluate the relationship between the lagged CAT-SS scores and outcomes (6- and 12-months). The baseline CAT-SS demonstrated predictive accuracy for all outcomes at 6-months, and similar results were found for baseline and all outcomes at and through 12-months. Longitudinal analysis revealed for every 10-point change in the CAT-SS there was a 50-77% increase in the likelihood of suicide-related outcomes. The CAT-SS demonstrated added value when compared to current suicide risk prediction practices.

Association between perceived distress and salivary cortisol in veterans with mTBI.

Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) is one of the most common injuries experienced by Veterans and can frequently result in a variety of post-concussive symptoms. Post-concussive headaches (PCH), one of the most common symptoms, can persist for years after the injury occurred. The long-lasting impacts of PCH can be extremely distressing for Veterans, thus necessitating the need to find reliable biomarkers that directly relate to subjective feelings of distress. Yoga-based interventions have been shown to improve both subjective and objective markers of stress. Techniques used in yoga, such as the focus on releasing muscular tension, are also recommended as strategies for treating PCH. Thus, yoga-based interventions provide a unique context for the comparison of subjective and objective measures of distress in Veterans with PCH. In this secondary, exploratory analysis, we examined the relationship between perceived distress and cortisol in sixteen Veterans with mTBI and long-term PCH within the context of a yoga intervention feasibility study. The Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), a validated tool for measuring subjective distress, was administered to participants immediately before and after 75-min yoga classes, which occurred twice weekly over eight weeks. Participants also provided salivary cortisol (pre- and post-yoga) at in-person sessions (eight) to compare to changes in VAS scores. We found that VAS scores were significantly reduced within five of the eight assessed yoga classes, but there were no significant changes in cortisol levels. No significant correlations were found between VAS scores and salivary cortisol levels. When looking at how cortisol levels changed over time (i.e., over the series of eight yoga sessions), there was a significant downward trajectory in post-yoga cortisol, but not after taking pre-class cortisol into account (i.e., within yoga session cortisol change over time). Taken together, we found that subjective distress, but not cortisol was reduced by yoga classes. These data suggest that salivary cortisol did not match changes in perceived distress, thus emphasizing the ongoing challenges of relating subjective and objective measures.

Strength and awareness in action: Feasibility of a yoga-based intervention for post-acute mild TBI headaches among veterans.

BACKGROUND: Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) is a signature injury sustained by Veterans during recent conflicts. For some, mTBI/concussion is associated with disabling symptoms, including post-concussive headaches (PCH). However, there are limited evidence-based treatments for persistent PCH. OBJECTIVE: Investigators assessed the feasibility of design elements of a yoga-based interventional trial for PCH among Veterans, as well as the acceptability of the intervention. METHODS: This randomized controlled acceptability and feasibility trial was implemented using a waitlist-control design. Design elements of interest included: an exercise run-in class; recruitment and retention strategies; and, ecological momentary assessment (EMA) modalities to track headaches and yoga practice. Veteran satisfaction regarding the intervention was also evaluated. A descriptive analysis was conducted on candidate outcomes including PCH, post-concussive symptoms, pain, and daily functioning. RESULTS: Twenty-seven participants (out of 70 consented and eligible after Study Visit 1) completed each evaluation timepoint and regularly attended yoga sessions, with 89% of these Veterans reporting moderate to high levels of satisfaction with the intervention at study completion. Qualitatively, participants endorsed improvements in headaches, chronic pain, and mood. Feasibility results were mixed. Initial feasibility criterion regarding yoga attendance was not met; however, modifications, such as expansion to an additional clinic site and reduction of in-person yoga sessions with increased encouragement to use study-created online yoga videos improved feasibility of the study design. Participants most frequently used mobile and web-based EMA modalities to track yoga practice. CONCLUSIONS: Although challenges with feasibility of the study design elements were noted, results suggested acceptability of the yoga-based intervention for Veterans with persistent PCH. Additional exploration regarding the frequency and modality of yoga delivery (e.g., in-person, telehealth) is warranted. IMPACT: Veterans found the yoga-based intervention acceptable, however exploration of novel modalities of intervention delivery will likely be necessary to enhance the feasibility of intervention implementation during future trials.

Development and Validation of Computerized Adaptive Assessment Tools for the Measurement of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Among US Military Veterans.

Importance: Veterans from recent and past conflicts have high rates of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Adaptive testing strategies can increase accuracy of diagnostic screening and symptom severity measurement while decreasing patient and clinician burden. Objective: To develop and validate a computerized adaptive diagnostic (CAD) screener and computerized adaptive test (CAT) for PTSD symptom severity. Design, Setting, and Participants: A diagnostic study of measure development and validation was conducted at a Veterans Health Administration facility. A total of 713 US military veterans were included. The study was conducted from April 25, 2017, to November 10, 2019. Main Outcomes and Measures: The participants completed a PTSD-symptom questionnaire from the item bank and provided responses on the PTSD Checklist for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) (PCL-5). A subsample of 304 participants were interviewed using the Clinician-Administered Scale for PTSD for DSM-5. Results: Of the 713 participants, 585 were men; mean (SD) age was 52.8 (15.0) years. The CAD-PTSD reproduced the Clinician-Administered Scale for PTSD for DSM-5 PTSD diagnosis with high sensitivity and specificity as evidenced by an area under the curve of 0.91 (95% CI, 0.87-0.95). The CAT-PTSD demonstrated convergent validity with the PCL-5 (r = 0.88) and also tracked PTSD diagnosis (area under the curve = 0.85; 95% CI, 0.79-0.89). The CAT-PTSD reproduced the final 203-item bank score with a correlation of r = 0.95 with a mean of only 10 adaptively administered items, a 95% reduction in patient burden. Conclusions and Relevance: Using a maximum of only 6 items, the CAD-PTSD developed in this study was shown to have excellent diagnostic screening accuracy. Similarly, using a mean of 10 items, the CAT-PTSD provided valid severity ratings with excellent convergent validity with an extant scale containing twice the number of items. The 10-item CAT-PTSD also outperformed the 20-item PCL-5 in terms of diagnostic accuracy. The results suggest that scalable, valid, and rapid PTSD diagnostic screening and severity measurement are possible.