Photonic Band Gap and Bactericide Performance of Amorphous Sol-Gel Titania: An Alternative to Crystalline TiO2.

In addition to its traditional application in white pigments, nanocrystalline titania (TiO2) has optoelectronic and photocatalytic properties (strongly dependent on crystallinity, particle size, and surface structure) that grant this naturally occurring oxide new technological applications. Sol-gel is one of the most widely used methods to synthesize TiO2 films and NPs, but the products obtained (mostly oxy-hydrated amorphous phases) require severe heat-treatments to promote crystallization, in which control over size and shape is difficult to achieve. In this work, we obtained new photocatalytic materials based on amorphous titania and measured their electronic band gap. Two case studies are reported that show the enormous potential of amorphous titania as bactericide or photocatalyst. In the first, amorphous sol-gel TiO2 thin films doped with N (TiO2−xNx, x = 0.75) were designed to exhibit a photonic band gap in the visible region. The identification of Ti-O-N and N-Ti-O bindings was achieved by XPS. The photonic band gaps were found to be 3.18 eV for a-TiO2 and 2.99 eV for N-doped a-TiO2. In the second study, amorphous titania and amine-functionalized amorphous titania nanoparticles were synthetized using a novel base-catalysed sol-gel methodology. All the synthesized amorphous TiO2 nanoparticles exhibit bactericide performance (E. coli, ASTME 2149-13).

Chlorhexidine does not improve but preserves bond strength to eroded dentin.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effect of aqueous solutions of chlorhexidine digluconate (CHX) in different concentrations on bond strength to eroded dentin up to 6 months, using normal dentin as a control. METHODS: Exposed flat dentin of extracted third molars was only ground with 600-grit SiC paper/1 minute (normal dentin - N), or subsequently eroded by a regular-cola soft-drink (eroded dentin - E). N and E were acid-etched, washed, dried and rehydrated with 1.5 µL, respectively, of distillated water (control - NC / EC); of 0.004% CHX (N0.004% / E0.004%); or of 2% CHX (N2% / E2%). Adper Single Bond 2 was applied in all specimens and resin composite buildups were constructed with Filtek Z350. Specimens were sectioned in beams, which were tested (µTBS) immediately or after 6 months of aging. RESULTS: Microtensile bond strength to eroded dentin was always significantly lower than that to normal dentin. Application of tested CHX solutions did not exert a significant effect immediately; however, after aging, the 2% CHX prevented abrupt bond strength loss both to eroded and normal dentin.

Efficacy and safety of induction chemotherapy in oral cavity cancer: An eight-year experience at a Portuguese reference center.

BACKGROUND: Induction chemotherapy has been described as an option in locally advanced oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma when the surgical morbidity is expected to be high. This work aimed to evaluate the outcome and safety of induction chemotherapy in this setting. METHODS: We performed a retrospective and observational study including patients with oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma, treated with induction chemotherapy between January 2010 and December 2018. Outcomes included induction chemotherapy toxicity, treatment response, disease-free survival and overall survival. RESULTS: A total of 108 oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma patients were included. Ninety-six (88.9%) had stage IV disease, while 12 (11.1%) had stage III. Eighty-four patients (80.8%) achieved at least a partial response to induction chemotherapy at clinical evaluation, and 75 (72.1%) at radiological evaluation. Seventy-eight patients have been proposed for subsequent definitive treatments, with no differences obtained in prognosis, when comparing surgical to non-surgical approaches. In patients treated with definitive treatments, improved five-year disease-free survival was obtained if at least a clinical (56.3%; p=0.001) or radiological (52.9%; p=0.001) partial response was achieved after induction chemotherapy. Similarly, superior five-year overall survival was verified for those achieving at least clinical (51.1%; p<0.0001) or radiological (52.6%; p=0.001) partial response. Also, accomplishing a pathologic complete response (n=22.6%) significantly improved disease-free survival (p=0.039) and overall survival (p=0.005). Grade 3 and 4 toxicities were observed in 52 patients (41.8%). CONCLUSION: Responses to induction chemotherapy predicted prognosis in our population, however important toxicities were observed. Further studies are necessary to identify induction chemotherapy response predictors and subgroups who may benefit from this approach.

A Method for Determination of the Transmission Efficiency of a Silica Optical Fiber Cable Using a Solar Power Tower.

After being adequately captured and concentrated, solar radiation can be conducted by optical fiber bundles/cables and directly used for illumination (lighting) or heating of confined spaces, or indirectly used by converting it in other forms of energy (e.g., for producing electricity). This article reports preliminary tests conducted on a 7-m-long optical fiber bundle/cable with an effective aperture circular area of 14 mm in diameter, specially designed and manufactured by a leading company to transmit up to 1000 Wth of unfiltered concentrated sunlight. The cable was tested in the typical receiver position at the top of a solar concentration central tower. The main purpose was the experimental determination of the transmission efficiency of the cable in function of the incidence angle using selected groups of heliostats belonging to the heliostat field. The testing methodology proved to be capable of evaluating the performance of the cable. The cable withstood the tests without revealing any type of damage. The results obtained showed that the transmissivity of the cable is higher than 50% when the incidence angle of the solar radiation is lower than 14.7°, increasing sharply to circa 95% when the incidence angle is lower than 4.5°.

In vitro nematocidal activity of Punica granatum L. against gastrointestinal helminths in goats.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the in vitro ovicidal activity, phytochemistry, and toxicity of a saline extract obtained from peel of Punica granatum L fruits. The ovicidal activity was evaluated by the hatching inhibition of eggs recovered from fecal samples of naturally infected goats; the phytochemical analysis was carried out using the fruit peel; and the toxicity was tested on Artemia salina, using saline extract. The results showed that the ovicidal effect of the tested extract was 99% (25 mg mL-1), 99% (12.5 mg mL-1), 98% (6.25 mg mL-1), and 95% (3.12 mg mL-1), higher than that of the control drug, thiabendazole (83%). The phytochemical analysis showed presence of phenols, anthraquinones, and condensed and hydrolysable tannins in the fruit extract. The toxicity test of the extract of P. granatum showed an LC50 of 6.19 mg mL-1, which indicates a safe use for a concentration of 3.12 mg mL-1, since it was the tested concentration that was below the reliable LC50. The saline extract from peels of P. granatum has ovicidal activity, important secondary metabolites, and absence of toxicity at the lowest concentration tested. However, in vivo tests in experimental models are recommended before performing experiments in ruminants.

Brain abscess of odontogenic origin.

Brain abscess is a rare and threatening infection, which is in a suppuration area, caused either by trauma, neurosurgical complication, or by a secondary infection of dental origin complication. The infectious process spread from the start focus can occur in 2 ways: hematogenous or by contiguity. The treatment should ideally be based on the etiological factor excision, combined with drainage and antibiotics as adjuvant; this philosophy is not observed in the reports described in the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s. This study's goal was to report a case of brain abscess consequent of an odontogenic outbreak, where an adequate treatment was set up, but it was already in advanced stages and had as a result the lethal outcome. Complications from the odontogenic infections have a low incidence, but should never be disregarded, because they can lead to death, as described in this manuscript.

Obliterating potential of active products for dentin hypersensitivity treatment under an erosive challenge.

OBJECTIVES: To compare the effect of 5 desensitizing agents on the hydraulic conductance (Lp) of dentin and to analyze its surface under a Laser Scanning Confocal Microscope (LSCM) before and after an erosive challenge. METHODS: Lp was analyzed in the following sequence: in the presence of smear layer (pMin), after a 15-second acid etching (pMax), after treatment with a desensitizing agent (pTreat) and after a 1-minute erosive challenge (6% citric acid - pEro). Fifty 1.0 ± 0.2 mm-thick dentin disks were prepared from sound human third molars and were randomly distributed into 5 groups (n = 10): FG-Fluoride gel (control), SA-Sensiactive, PR-Sensitive Pro-Relief, NP-Desensibilize Nano-P and EV-Enamel Pro Varnish. Data were analyzed by two-way ANOVA and Tukey tests (α<0.05). Additional specimens were analyzed under a Laser Scanning Confocal Microscope (LSCM) and by Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS). RESULTS: All materials reduced the Lp in some extent, except for FG and EV. After the erosive challenge, SA was the only material effectively able to keep the same Lp of the post-treatment phase, while the other products showed lower resistance upon an erosive challenge. Under the LSCM, the SA and NP materials were more effective to obliterate the opened dentin tubules and demonstrated higher resistance upon an erosive challenge. The EDS analysis evidenced levels of Ca, O, P, Si, Na and S. CONCLUSIONS: Product containing potassium oxalate was the most effective in reducing Lp of dentin samples before and after an erosive challenge. Under a LSCM, products containing potassium oxalate or hydroxyapatite crystals seemed to be occluding the dentin tubules after an erosive challenge.

Improving hydraulic permeability, mechanical properties, and chemical functionality of cellulose acetate-based membranes by co-polymerization with tetraethyl orthosilicate and 3-(aminopropyl)triethoxysilane.

Composite cellulose acetate (CA) membranes are widely used but their multiphase nature results in additive losses, poor mechanical strength, low chemical resistance and thermal stability, limiting their separation/purification yields. To overcome this, we fabricated monophasic hybrid membranes using a modified phase inversion technique, where tetraethylorthosilicate and 3-(aminopropyl)triethoxysilane were added to the CA casting solution. The resulting co-polymerization between CA, silanols and amine-functionalized silica groups, through sol-gel chemistry, was proved by ATR-FTIR (1118 cm-1, ν(SiOC)). The presence of propyl-amine groups increases the hydraulic permeability (3×), the rupture elongation (×1.5), and decreases the Young modulus (×1/2), due to the disruption of the CA-silica 3D network. For high propyl-amine contents this behaviour is reversed due to intensive cross-linking between CA-silica chains (decrease in 903 cm-1, ν(CH3COOC-)). The addition of silica- and amine-based structures to the CA framework increases the system degrees of freedom, opening the door to the design of new CA membranes.

Restless Legs Syndrome, and symptoms of Restless Syndrome in patients with Graves' disease: a cross-sectional survey.

OBJECTIVES: Restless legs syndrome (RLS) is a frequent comorbid condition associated with distinct unrelated diseases. While the incidence of RLS has not been definitively confirmed, RLS-like symptoms have been reported in a section of Asian population who also had hyperthyroidism. The prevalence of RLS is generally low in Asian populations. Under these circumstances, we hypothesized that in a population where RLS is common, such as in Brazil, RLS could manifest as a comorbid ailment alongside Graves' disease, a common hyperthyroid condition. METHODS: In a cross-sectional survey, 108 patients who presented with Graves' disease were analyzed for restless legs or associated symptoms. RESULTS: Twelve patients (11.1%) displayed symptoms of RLS prior to the incidence of Graves' disease. These patients experienced worsening of the symptoms during their hyperthyroid state. Six patients (5.6%) developed RLS, consequent upon the incidence of Graves' disease as per the consensus of the panel of the experts. Fifteen patients (13.9%) also presented with RLS-like symptoms without any discernible circadian feature of the syndrome. CONCLUSION: Our findings confirm that Graves' disease might trigger restless legs-like symptoms, while the condition of hyperthyroidism could also be complicated by definite RLS.

Influence of glutaraldehyde priming on bond strength of an experimental adhesive system applied to wet and dry dentine.

OBJECTIVES: This study tested the following null hypotheses: (1) there is no difference in resin-dentine bond strength when an experimental glutaraldehyde primer solution is added prior to bonding procedures and (2) there is no difference in resin-dentine bond strength when experimental glutaraldehyde/adhesive system is applied under dry or wet demineralized dentine conditions. METHODS: Extracted human maxillary third molars were selected. Flat, mid-coronal dentine was exposed for bonding and four groups were formed. Two groups were designated for the dry and two for the wet dentine technique: DRY: (1) Group GD: acid etching+glutaraldehyde primer (primer A)+HEMA/ethanol primer (primer B)-under dried dentine+unfilled resin; (2) Group D: the same as GD, except for primer A application; WET: (3) Group GW: the same as GD, but primer B was applied under wet dentine condition; (4) Group W: the same as GW, except for primer A application. The bonding resin was light-cured and a resin core was built up on the adhesive layer. Teeth were then prepared for microtensile bond testing to evaluate bond strength. The data obtained were submitted to ANOVA and Tukey's test (alpha=0.05). RESULTS: Glutaraldehyde primer application significantly improved resin-dentine bond strength. No significant difference was observed when the same experimental adhesive system was applied under either dry or wet dentine conditions. These results allow the first null hypothesis to be rejected and the second to be accepted. CONCLUSION: Glutaraldehyde may affect demineralized dentine properties leading to improved resin bonding to wet and dry substrates.

Composite vs. ionomer vs. mixed restoration of wedge-shaped dental cervical lesions: Marginal quality relative to eccentric occlusal loading.

Dental cervical restorations may be impacted by resultants of occlusal loads that may have already contributed to the development of the lesion and should rely on materials' favorable properties to bear the stresses. The marginal quality of cervical restorations made with materials of different moduli of elasticity in essence, isolated, or in combination, was evaluated relative to eccentric occlusal loading. Cervical wedge-shaped cavities, prepared in extracted premolars, were restored with a composite resin (CR), a restorative ionomer (GIC), or the composite in combination with a lining ionomer (Mixed restoration: M). Half of the teeth in each group were subjected to eccentric occlusal loading (eol; 150 N / 106 cycles / 2.5 Hz; CReol / GICeol / Meol, n = 10), and the others were stored in 37 °C distilled water (Control: c; CRc / GICc / Mc, n = 10). A fluorescein-modified adhesive favored delimitation of formed gaps, which were evaluated by confocal laser scanning microscopy regarding their presence, location related to the cavity walls, and width and depth (µm), at a 5% significance level. From a comprehensive perspective, neither the loading nor the materials were significantly associated with the qualitative response variables or exerted any influence over the quantitative variables. More specifically, the use of the different materials was significantly associated with the frequency of gaps exclusively when loading was applied (Chi-square test, p = 0.029, CR > M > GIC). Though the marginal quality of cervical restorations may not be influenced by eccentric occlusal loading or the use of different materials, even in association in general, the unfavorable aspects of the use of the composite may be relevant, particularly in face of the existence of eccentric occlusal loads.

Anthelmintic effect of Cassia fistula and Combretum leprosum protein fractions against goat gastrointestinal nematodes.

In this study, we evaluated the ovicidal and larvicidal activity of protein preparations obtained from Cassia fistula L. and Combretum leprosum Mart. leaves on the gastrointestinal parasites of goats. Protein preparations were obtained after the extraction of C. fistula L. and C. leprosum Mart. leaves, followed by protein fractionation (with ammonium sulfate saturation percentages of 30%, 30%-60%, and 60%-90%) and dialysis, which resulted in protein fractions (called F1, F2, and F3, respectively). The fractions were evaluated by egg hatching (the eggs were recovered in stool samples from naturally infected goats) and larval development tests. The results reveled that the inhibition of hatching of eggs caused by the protein fractions of C. fistula (38%) were similar to that of the control drug, thiabendazole. In addition, the fractions of C. fistula caused significant inhibition (61-69%) of larval development also. However, C. leprosum did not reveal significant inhibition of egg hatching and larval development. We conclude that C. fistula L. showed better ovicidal and larvicidal activity against endoparasites.

Wavelet time-frequency analysis and least squares support vector machines for the identification of voice disorders.

This work describes a novel algorithm to identify laryngeal pathologies, by the digital analysis of the voice. It is based on Daubechies' discrete wavelet transform (DWT-db), linear prediction coefficients (LPC), and least squares support vector machines (LS-SVM). Wavelets with different support-sizes and three LS-SVM kernels are compared. Particularly, the proposed approach, implemented with modest computer requirements, leads to an adequate larynx pathology classifier to identify nodules in vocal folds. It presents over 90% of classification accuracy and has a low order of computational complexity in relation to the speech signal's length.

Secondary to excessive melatonin synthesis, the consumption of tryptophan from outside the blood-brain barrier and melatonin over-signaling in the pars tuberalis may be central to the pathophysiology of winter depression.

Seasonal affective disorder is defined as recurrent episodes of major depression, mania, or hypomania with seasonal onset and remission. In this class of mood disturbances, a unipolar major depressive disorder known as winter depression is common in populations living in northern latitudes far from the equator. Winter depression repeatedly occurs in the autumn or winter and remits in the spring or summer, and its etiopathogenesis is currently unknown. However, one can surmise that excessive melatonin production during the reduced duration of daily sunlight in the autumn and winter plays a role in its pathophysiology. Melatonin is synthesized from tryptophan within the pineal gland, which is located outside the blood-brain barrier, and overproduction of melatonin may lead to augmented consumption of tryptophan, from which serotonin is synthesized. As tryptophan is captured from the blood and excessively utilized by the pineal gland, tryptophan blood levels may decline; as such, it is more difficult for tryptophan to pass through the blood-brain barrier and reach the serotonergic neurons as the ratio of tryptophan to the other amino acids that compete for the same transporter to enter the brain is diminished. As such, less tryptophan is available for serotonin synthesis. Moreover, melatonin is known to modulate thyrotropin expression in the thyrotrophic cells of the pars tuberalis of the pituitary gland, and overproduction of melatonin in the autumn or winter months may cause excessive signaling in the pars tuberalis, diminishing its release of thyrotropin and resulting in central hypothyroidism. Both conditions reduced serotonin production and central hypothyroidism may cause depression. Furthermore, the excessive synthesis of melatonin during the autumn and winter may negatively affect the expression of neuromedin U in the pars tuberalis, causing an increased appetite, which is common in winter depression patients. The hypersomnia common in winter depressive patients can be ascribed to excessive circulating melatonin, a hormone that increases the propensity for sleep. Furthermore, central hypothyroidism may also increase sleepiness, as it is known that hypothyroid patients usually experience excessive somnolence. In this theoretical article, we also propose studies to evaluate winter depression patients with regard to the necessity, or not, of offering them an increased amount of tryptophan in their diets during the autumn and winter. We also suggest that the administration of triiodothyronine to winter depressive patients may mitigate their central hypothyroidism.

Residual signal auto-correlation to evaluate speech in Parkinson's disease patients.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the maximum residual signal auto-correlation also known as pitch amplitude (PA) values in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) patients. METHOD: The signals of 21 Parkinson's patients were compared with 15 healthy individuals, divided according age and gender. RESULTS: Statistical difference was seen between groups for PA, 0.39 for controls and 0.25 for PD. Normal value threshold was set as 0.3; (p<0.001). In the Parkinson's group 80.77%, and in the control group only 12.28%, had a PA<0.3 demonstrating an association between these variables. The dispersion diagram for age and PA for PD individuals showed p=0.01 and r=0.54. There was no significant difference in relation to gender and PA between groups. CONCLUSION: The significant differences in pitchs amplitude between PD patients and healthy individuals demonstrate the methods specificity. The results showed the need of prospective controlled studies to improve the use and indications of residual signal auto-correlation to evaluate speech in PD patients.

Effect of commercially available and experimental potassium oxalate-based dentin desensitizing agents in dentin permeability: influence of time and filtration system.

This study evaluated the influence of time after application of oxalate solutions in reducing dentin hydraulic conductance. Fifty dentin discs were obtained from extracted human third molars and assigned to 5 groups (n=10), according to the desensitizing agent used: Group I: OxaGel; Group II: experimental agent DD-1: Group III: experimental agent DD-2. In Groups IV and V, a placebo gel and deionized water were used as control, respectively. The agents were applied for 3 min, washed out and the hydraulic conductance was measured immediately and at 5-, 15- and 30-min intervals, and after acid etching. Data were analyzed statistically by two-way ANOVA and Duncan's test at 5% significance level. Groups I, II and III did not differ significantly from each other in any of the time intervals (p>0.05). Likewise, Groups IV and V were statistically similar to each other (p>0.05). The active agents reduced significantly dentin permeability in comparison to control groups (p<0.05). Dentin permeability measured in vitro decreased significantly with time regardless of the agent applied (either active or control agents). The results of Group V, in which no dentin desensitizing agent was employed, indicates that the assessment of dentin permeability by this method must be interpreted with caution.

Use of information and communication technology (ICT) by medical students / O uso de tecnologias de informação e comunicação por estudantes de medicina

Abstract: Introduction: The central topic of the present study is the evaluation of Information and Communication Technology use by medical students, since this relationship has become inseparable from medical training and practice. Objective: To characterize the profile of Information and Communication Technology use among medical students, identifying which are the most frequently used, the possible stimuli and the main impediments to its use. Method: An observational and cross-sectional study was carried out by applying an electronic form on the Google Forms® platform, to students attending from the 1st to the 12th semester of undergraduate medical school. Results: Of the 216 participants, there was a predominance of females (60.6%), aged between 20-24 years (65.3%) and with a family income of less than 3 minimum wages (36.1%). The main device used by the participants was the smartphone (68.1%) and the most frequently used Information and Communication Technologies were text messaging apps (99.5%) and internet browsers (96.8%), while Medication Apps (48.1%) and Specialized Calculators (31%) were significantly less often used. The main benefit mentioned was the possibility of distance communication, while the main impediment was the issue of security. Conclusion: It was concluded that the use of technologies by medical students is quite frequent and varied, but purposeful training, by teachers and students, is necessary for better use of the available technologies.

Resumo: Introdução: O tema central deste estudo é a avaliação do uso de tecnologias de informação e comunicação (TIC) pelos discentes do curso de Medicina, uma vez que, nos dias atuais, tal relação tornou-se indissociável da formação e da prática médica. Objetivo: Este estudo teve como objetivo caracterizar o perfil de utilização de TIC entre os acadêmicos, de modo a identificar quais são as mais adotadas, os possíveis estímulos e as principais barreiras ao seu uso. Método: Foi realizado um estudo observacional e transversal por meio da aplicação de um formulário eletrônico, do qual participaram discentes do primeiro ao 12º período da graduação. Resultado: Entre os 216 participantes, notou-se uma predominância do sexo feminino (60,6%), na faixa etária entre 20 e 24 anos (65,3%) e com renda familiar inferior a três salários mínimos (36,1%). O principal dispositivo utilizado pelos participantes foi o smartphone (68,1%). Quanto às TIC, os estudantes apontaram preferência por aplicativos de mensagens de texto (99,5%) e navegadores de internet (96,8%), enquanto aplicativos de medicamentos (48,1%) e calculadoras especializadas (31%) foram significativamente menos utilizados. De acordo com participantes do estudo, a possibilidade de comunicação a distância é o principal benefício das TIC. Com relação aos possíveis problemas, predominou o quesito segurança. Conclusão: O uso das tecnologias pelos acadêmicos é bastante frequente e variado, porém há a necessidade de treinamento deliberado de docentes e discentes para maior aproveitamento das tecnologias disponíveis.

Preventive effect of toothpastes with MMP inhibitors on human dentine erosion and abrasion in vitro.

UNLABELLED: The use of gels and mouthrinses with MMP inhibitors (chlorhexidine, and green tea extract) was shown to prevent erosive wear. The aim of this study was to analyze the protective effect of toothpastes containing MMP inhibitors on dentine loss induced by erosion in vitro. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Five groups each containing 12 specimens of human root dentine were prepared. The specimens were subjected to 1 min erosion by immersion in a cola drink, 4 times a day, for 5 d. Each day, after the first and last erosive challenges, the specimens were brushed for 15 s with a slurry of dentifrice and water (1:3) containing placebo, 1,100 ppm fluoride, 0.61% green tea extract, 0.12% chlorhexidine or 0.004% chlorhexidine (commercial toothpaste). Between the acid challenges, the specimens were stored in artificial saliva with remineralizing potential until the next treatment. Dentine loss was determined using profilometry. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA after log transform (p<0.05). RESULTS: The mean wear values (µm) were as follows: placebo 1.83±0.53; 0.61% green tea extract 1.00±0.21; fluoride 1.27±0.43; 0.12% chlorhexidine 1.19±0.30; and 0.004% chlorhexidine 1.22±0.46. There was a significant difference in wear between placebo and all the treatment toothpastes, which did not differ from each other. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that toothpastes containing MMP inhibitors are as effective as those based on NaF in preventing dentine erosion and abrasion.

Influence of pH environment on polymer based dental material properties.

OBJECTIVE: This study aims to analyze the influence of different pH environments causing degradation to the properties of polymer based materials. DATA AND SOURCES: Studies were identified by searching published material in medical and dental literature using general and specialist databases, hand searching key dental journals and searching abstracts from conference proceedings. STUDY SELECTION: Evaluation of published laboratory studies regarding the effects of different pH mediums on resin-based material properties. CONCLUSION: For laboratory studies, slightly low pH mediums are the ones of choice to best mimic some in vivo conditions, but the effect seems to be slow acting. If the purpose is to accelerate dental composite hydrolysis and produce quick micro-structural damage to evaluate in vitro mechanical performances, suitable alternatives would be the use of high alkaline or very low acidic mediums.

Influence of pH of different adhesive systems on the polymerization of a chemically cured composite resin.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of pH of different adhesive systems on the polymerization of a chemically cured composite resin (Adaptic--AD), by means of tensile bond strength testing. The adhesive systems tested were: ARM, Prime & Bond 2.1 (PB), Scotchbond Multi Purpose (SMP) and Single Bond (SB). Bond strength at the resin/adhesive system/resin interface was assessed. Five groups (n=5) were formed, according to following configuration: G1: AD/ARM/AD; G2: AD/PB/AD; G3: AD/SMP/AD; G4: AD/SB/AD; G5: AD/AD (no adhesive). A two-mold stainless steel matrix with a cone-shaped opening (1-mm-thick; 4 mm in diameter) was used to obtain resin discs. AD resin was inserted into the first mold, left-self curing and an adhesive layer was applied onto resin surface and light-cured. The second mold was assembled over the first and was filled with the resin. After 10 min, this setting was loaded in tension in a universal testing machine running at a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min. Data were submitted to one-way ANOVA and Tukey's test (p<0.05). Bond strength means (kgf) were: G1: 15.23 +/- 4.1; G2: 0.00 +/- 0.0; G3: 16.96 +/- 2.4; G4: 10.08 +/- 2.7; G5: 15.44 +/- 0.9. There were statistically significant differences (p<0.05) between G2-G1; G2-G3; G2-G4; G4-G1; G4-G3. The systems with the lowest pHs (PB and SB) yielded the lowest bond strength. The findings of this in vitro study demostrates that the pH of adhesive systems influences the polymerization and bond strength of chemically cured resin materials. The low pH simplified adhesive systems showed distinct degrees of incompatibility with the chemically cured resin, when compared to the conventional adhesive systems.