Antisense expression of a desmocollin gene in MDCK cells alters desmosome plaque assembly but does not affect desmoglein expression.

The desmocollins are one of two types of putative adhesive proteins present in the desmosome type of cell junctions, the other type being the desmogleins; both are members of the cadherin superfamily. Each type of desmosomal cadherin occurs as a number of isoforms which have differing tissue distribution; within stratifying epithelia some isoforms occur only suprabasally. We have sought to analyse desmocollin function by reducing the amount of protein using antisense gene expression in the widely studied Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cell line. Although this is a simple epithelial cell line, we show by Northern blot analysis that it expresses multiple isoforms of the desmosomal cadherins. Desmocollins DSC2 and DSC3 and desmogleins DSG2 and DSG3 (the pemphigus vulgaris antigen PVA) were detected, but DSC1 and DSG1, which are present exclusively in the suprabasal layers of the epidermis, were absent. The major desmocollin isoform was the type 2 (DSC2). A DSC2 clone isolated from a MDCK cDNA library had the same cell adhesion recognition sequence (Phe-Ala-Thr) as human, bovine and mouse type 2 isoforms. This sequence appears diagnostic for the three desmocollin isoforms. This cDNA clone was used to isolate a genomic DSC2 clone; antisense expression of this clone in MDCK cells resulted in a drastic reduction of desmocollin protein as judged by Western blots; Dsc3 was not upregulated to compensate for the loss of Dsc2. This antisense expression significantly altered desmosome assembly. There was a loss of punctate staining evident when using a desmosome plaque protein (desmoplakin) antibody. Electron microscopy revealed that there was a reduction in the number of desmosomes and a notable increase in the asymmetry of plaques between adjacent cells. Immunolabelling showed that similar levels of desmogleins and E-cadherin were present. Immunoelectron microscopy also showed that many vesicular structures were labelled, at intervals along the lateral membranes between cells. The distinctive loose organization of the remaining desmosomes may originate in modifications to the targeting and incorporation of proteins into fully assembled plaques. Other junctions were unaffected and the cells maintained their integrity as a confluent monolayer.

Structural characterization of the Salmonella typhimurium LT2 umu operon.

The umuDC operon of Escherichia coli encodes functions required for mutagenesis induced by radiation and a wide variety of chemicals. The closely related organism Salmonella typhimurium is markedly less mutable than E. coli, but a umu homolog has recently been identified and cloned from the LT2 subline. In this study the nucleotide sequence and structure of the S. typhimurium LT2 umu operon have been determined and its gene products have been identified so that the molecular basis of umu activity might be understood more fully. S. typhimurium LT2 umu consists of a smaller 417-base-pair (bp) umuD gene ending 2 bp upstream of a larger 1,266-bp umuC gene. The only apparent structural difference between the two operons is the lack of gene overlap. An SOS box identical to that found in E. coli is present in the promoter region upstream of umuD. The calculated molecular masses of the umuD and umuC gene products were 15.3 and 47.8 kilodaltons, respectively, which agree with figures determined by transpositional disruption and maxicell analysis. The S. typhimurium and E. coli umuD sequences were 68% homologous and encoded products with 71% amino acid identity; the umuC sequences were 71% homologous and encoded products with 83% amino acid identity. Furthermore, the potential UmuD cleavage site and associated catalytic sites could be identified. Thus the very different mutagenic responses of S. typhimurium LT2 and E. coli cannot be accounted for by gross differences in operon structure or gene products. Rather, the ability of the cloned S. typhimurium umuD gene to give stronger complementation of E. coli umuD77 mutants in the absence of a functional umuC gene suggests that Salmonella UmuC protein normally constrains UmuD protein activity.

Regulation of desmocollin transcription in mouse preimplantation embryos.

The molecular mechanisms regulating the biogenesis of the first desmosomes to form during mouse embryogenesis have been studied. A sensitive modification of a reverse transcriptase-cDNA amplification procedure has been used to detect transcripts of the desmosomal adhesive cadherin, desmocollin. Sequencing of cDNA amplification products confirmed that two splice variants, a and b, of the DSC2 gene are transcribed coordinately. Transcripts were identified in unfertilized eggs and cumulus cells and in cleavage stages up to the early 8-cell stage, were never detected in compact 8-cell embryos, but were evident again either from the 16-cell morula or very early blastocyst (approx 32-cells) stages onwards. These two phases of transcript detection indicate DSC2 is encoded by maternal and embryonic genomes. Previously, we have shown that desmocollin protein synthesis is undetectable in eggs and cleavage stages but initiates at the early blastocyst stage when desmocollin localises at, and appears to regulate assembly of, nascent desmosomes that form in the trophectoderm but not in the inner cell mass (Fleming, T. P., Garrod, D. R. and Elsmore, A. J. (1991), Development 112, 527-539). Maternal DSC2 mRNA is therefore not translated and presumably is inherited by blastomeres before complete degradation. Our results suggest, however, that initiation of embryonic DSC2 transcription regulates desmocollin protein expression and thereby desmosome formation. Moreover, data from blastocyst single cell analyses suggest that embryonic DSC2 transcription is specific to the trophectoderm lineage. Inhibition of E-cadherin-mediated cell-cell adhesion did not influence the timing of DSC2 embryonic transcription and protein expression. However, isolation and culture of inner cell masses induced an increase in the amount of DSC2 mRNA and protein detected. Taken together, these results suggest that the presence of a contact-free cell surface activates DSC2 transcription in the mouse early embryo.

Desmosomal glycoproteins II and III. Cadherin-like junctional molecules generated by alternative splicing.

We have cloned the human genes coding for desmosomal glycoproteins DGII and DGIII, found in desmosomal cell junctions, and sequencing shows that they are related to the cadherin family of cell adhesion molecules. Thus a new super family of cadherin-like molecules exists which also includes the other major desmosomal glycoprotein, DGI (Wheeler, G. N., Parker, A. E., Thomas, C. L., Ataliotis, P., Poynter, D., Arnemann, J., Rutman, A. J., Pidsley, S. C., Watt, F. M., Rees, D. A., Buxton, R. S., and Magee, A. I. (1991) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., in press). DGIII differs from DGII by the addition of a 46-base pair exon containing an in-frame stop codon resulting in mature protein molecular weights of 84,633 for DGII and 78,447 for DGIII. The unique carboxyl-terminal region of DGII contains a potential serine phosphorylation site explaining why only DGII is phosphorylated on serine. The cadherin cell adhesion recognition sequence (His-Ala-Val) is replaced by Phe-Ala-Thr, suggesting that DGII/III may be adhesive molecules using a different mechanism.

Mouse desmocollin (Dsc3) and desmoglein (Dsg1) genes are closely linked in the proximal region of chromosome 18.

Mouse cDNA clones coding for a desmocollin and a desmoglein, desmosomal cadherins that are putative adhesion molecules of the desmosome type of cell-cell junction characteristically found in epithelial tissues, have been isolated and sequenced. From sequence comparisons with the known human and bovine desmosomal cadherins, these clones represent a mouse Dsc3 and Dsg1. By interspecific backcross analysis, these genes were found to be closely linked in the proximal region of mouse chromosome 18, a region having conserved synteny with human chromosome 18. From these results, and recently reported linkage of DSG1 and DSG2 on human chromosome 18 at 18q12.1 in a deletion panel of somatic cell hybrids, all the desmosomal cadherins genes so far examined are clustered on chromosome 18 in human and mouse, which may have implications for gene expression. We further show that the human DSC3 gene, previously reported to be located on chromosome 9, also maps to human chromosome 18.

Desmosomal glycoprotein DGI, a component of intercellular desmosome junctions, is related to the cadherin family of cell adhesion molecules.

Among the variety of specialized intercellular junctions, those of the adherens type have the most obvious association with cytoskeletal elements. This may be with the actin microfilament system as in the zonula adherens or with intermediate filaments as in the macula adherens, or desmosome. In the former case, it is clear that transmembrane glycoproteins of the cadherin family are important adhesive components of the molecular assembly. We now show for desmosomes that a major glycoprotein component (desmosomal glycoprotein DGI) has extensive homology with the cadherins, defining an extended family, but also has unique features in its cytoplasmic domain that are likely to be relevant to the association with intermediate rather than actin filaments. A novel 282-residue extension contains repeats of approximately 29 amino acid residues predicted to have an antiparallel beta-sheet structure, followed by a glycine-rich sequence. As in the cadherins, the extracellular domain contains possible Ca2(+)-binding sequences and a potential protease processing site. The cell adhesion recognition region (His-Ala-Val) of the cadherins is modified to Arg-Ala-Leu.