Latin American consensus on uncomplicated recurrent urinary tract infection-2018.

An estimated 20-30% of adult women who experience an initial urinary tract infection (UTI) will have recurrent infection. In these patients, prophylaxis may be considered to improve their quality of life and control overuse of antibiotics. Despite this need, there is currently no Latin American consensus on the treatment and prophylaxis of recurrent UTIs. This consensus, signed by a panel of regional and international experts on UTI management, aims to address this need and is the first step toward a Latin American consensus on a number of urogynecological conditions. The panel agrees that antibiotics should be considered the primary treatment option for symptomatic UTI, taking into account local pathogen resistance patterns. Regarding prophylaxis, immunoactive therapy with the bacterial lysate OM-89 received a grade A recommendation and local estrogen in postmenopausal women grade B recommendation. Lower-grade recommendations include behavior modification and D-mannose; probiotics (Lactobacilli), cranberries, and hyaluronic acid (and derivatives) received limited recommendations; their use should be discussed with the patient. Though considered effective and receiving grade A recommendation, antimicrobial prophylaxis should be considered only following prophylaxis with effective non-antimicrobial measures that were not successful and chosen based on the frequency of sexual intercourse and local pathogen resistance patterns.

An introduction to the epidemiology and burden of urinary tract infections.

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are the most common outpatient infections, with a lifetime incidence of 50-60% in adult women. This is a narrative review aimed at acting as an introduction to the epidemiology and burden of UTIs. This review is based on relevant literature according to the experience and expertise of the authors. The prevalence of UTI increases with age, and in women aged over 65 is approximately double the rate seen in the female population overall. Etiology in this age group varies by health status with factors such as catheterization affecting the likelihood of infection and the pathogens most likely to be responsible. In younger women, increased sexual activity is a major risk factor for UTIs and recurrence within 6 months is common. In the female population overall, more serious infections such as pyelonephritis are less frequent but are associated with a significant burden of care due to the risk of hospitalization. Healthcare-associated UTIs (HAUTIs) are the most common form of healthcare-acquired infection. Large global surveys indicate that the nature of pathogens varies between the community and hospital setting. In addition, the pathogens responsible for HAUTIs vary according to region making adequate local data key to infection control. UTIs create a significant societal and personal burden, with a substantial number of medical visits in the United States every year being related to UTIs. European data indicate that recurrent infections are related to increased absenteeism and physician visits. In addition, quality of life measures are significantly impacted in women suffering from recurrent UTIs. Data suggest that nonantimicrobial prophylactic strategies offer an opportunity to reduce both the rate of UTIs and the personal burden experience by patients.

[Screening of hepatitis B in high risk Chilean and immigrant pregnant women: Management of mother to child transmission]. / Cribado de virus de hepatitis B en mujeres embarazadas: inmigrantes, y chilenas con conductas de riesgo. Manejo del binomio madre-hijo: Plan piloto.

BACKGROUND: Chile is a low-endemic HBV country, but countries with the highest migratory flow to Chile have an intermediate-high endemicity. In order to avoid vertical transmission of HBV, immunoprophylaxis (IP) in the newborn (NB) is a key factor. AIM: To identify HBsAg prevalence in pregnant immigrants and Chilean pregnant women with risk behaviors (RB) and to asses IP use in the NB. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Prospective HBsAg screening cohort of immigrant and Chilean pregnant women with RB, between July 1, 2017 and June 30, 2018 in CABL. IP of all NB of reactive HBsAg mothers was assessed. RESULTS: 1,415 HBsAg samples, 1,265 immigrants and 150 Chileans with RB. 37 reactive HBsAg. Two false positive. HBsAg prevalence in immigrant pregnant women was 2.7% and 0.66% in Chileans with RB (p < 0.05). 91.1% came from Haiti, with a prevalence of 3.5% in our region. All NB (36) received IP with a median of administration of 3:02 h. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence in immigrant pregnant women was higher than that reported in the general population and in Chilean women with RB. We proposed the need for universal screening in pregnancy, especially in pregnant women from countries with intermediate-high endemicity.

Cribado de virus de hepatitis B en mujeres embarazadas: inmigrantes, y chilenas con conductas de riesgo. Manejo del binomio madre-hijo: Plan piloto / Screening of hepatitis B in high risk Chilean and immigrant pregnant women: management of mother to child transmission

Resumen Introducción: Chile es un país de baja endemia de virus de hepatitis B (VHB), pero los países de mayor flujo migratorio hacia Chile tienen una endemia intermediaalta. La inmunoprofilaxis (IP) en el recién nacido (RN) es fundamental para evitar la transmisión vertical de VHB. Objetivos: Determinar la prevalencia de HBsAg en mujeres embarazadas: inmigrantes, y chilenas con conductas de riesgo (CR), y evaluar el cumplimiento de la indicación de IP a los RN de madre con HBsAg reactivo. Material y Métodos: Cohorte prospectiva de cribado de HBsAg a mujeres embarazadas inmigrantes, y chilenas con CR, entre julio 2017 y junio 2018 en CABL. Los RN de madre con HBsAg reactivo se les administró IP adecuada (antes de 12 h de vida). Resultados: Se realizó un total de 1.415 HBsAg: 1.265 a inmigrantes y 150 a chilenas con CR. Se obtuvieron 37 pacientes con HBsAg reactivos. Dos falsos positivos. La prevalencia HBsAg en inmigrantes fue 2,7% y 0,66% en chilenas con CR (p < 0,05). El 91,1% provenía de Haití, con una prevalencia de 3,5% en nuestra área. Todos los RN (36) recibieron IP. La mediana de administración de IP fue 3:02 h. Conclusiones: La prevalencia de VHB en mujeres gestantes inmigrantes fue superior a lo reportado en la población general y en mujeres chilenas con CR. Planteamos la necesidad de implementar el cribado universal en el embarazo, y en especial, en mujeres embarazadas provenientes de países con endemia intermedia-alta.

Background: Chile is a low-endemic HBV country, but countries with the highest migratory flow to Chile have an intermediate-high endemicity. In order to avoid vertical transmission of HBV, immunoprophylaxis (IP) in the newborn (NB) is a key factor. Aim: To identify HBsAg prevalence in pregnant immigrants and Chilean pregnant women with risk behaviors (RB) and to asses IP use in the NB. Material and Methods: Prospective HBsAg screening cohort of immigrant and Chilean pregnant women with RB, between July 1, 2017 and June 30, 2018 in CABL. IP of all NB of reactive HBsAg mothers was assessed. Results: 1,415 HBsAg samples, 1,265 immigrants and 150 Chileans with RB. 37 reactive HBsAg. Two false positive. HBsAg prevalence in immigrant pregnant women was 2.7% and 0.66% in Chileans with RB (p < 0.05). 91.1% came from Haiti, with a prevalence of 3.5% in our region. All NB (36) received IP with a median of administration of 3:02 h. Conclusions: The prevalence in immigrant pregnant women was higher than that reported in the general population and in Chilean women with RB. We proposed the need for universal screening in pregnancy, especially in pregnant women from countries with intermediate-high endemicity.

Comparison of retropubic and transobturator tension-free vaginal implants for the treatment of stress urinary incontinence.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the perioperative complications, failure rate, operating time, and length of hospital stay associated with 2 minimally invasive suburethral slings in the management of stress urinary incontinence in women. METHODS: Women diagnosed with stress urinary incontinence were treated with tension-free vaginal tape (TVT) or transobturator tape (TOT). The participants were followed for the next 2 years, with scheduled evaluations 6 weeks, then 3, 6, 12, and 24 months after surgery. RESULTS: Of the 104 participants, 55 were treated with TVT and 49 were treated with TOT. The condition was classified as "cured" in 81.8% of cases in the TVT group and 83.7% in the TOT group, and improvement occurred in 10.9% and 10.2% of cases, respectively. The mean operating time was shorter for patients treated with TOT than for those treated with TVT. There were no significant differences between the groups in terms of perioperative complications (abnormal voiding dysfunction, urinary infections, and de novo overactive bladder). The temporary and permanent urinary obstruction rates in the TVT group were approximately twice those in the TOT group. CONCLUSION: Comparable complications and outcomes were observed with TVT and TOT. Tension-free vaginal implants are effective for the treatment of female stress urinary incontinence.

Corioamnionitis histológica en el recién nacido menor de 1.000 gramos. Incidencia y resultados perinatales / Histological chorioamnionitis in less than 1000 grams newbons. Incidence and perinatal results

Objetivo: evaluar la incidencia de corioamnionitis clínica e histológica en los neonatos menores de 1.000 gramos y su correlación con los resultados perinatales.Material y método: se realiza un estudio descriptivo prospectivo entre mayo de 2004 y abril de 2005. Se incluyen recién nacidos con un peso al nacer entre 500 y 1.000 g con estudio histopatológico de la placenta.Resultados: en el período analizado nacieron 52 menores de 1.000 g, se realiza estudio de la placenta en 44 (84,6%). El peso al nacer promedio fue de 822,3 g (DE 127 g); la edad gestacional promedio 26 semanas (DE 2 semanas). Presentaron trabajo de parto pretérmino 28 madres (63,6%) y rotura prematura de membranas 18 (40,9%). Se observó corioamnionitis histológica en 27 casos (61,4%); 12 pacientes (27,2%) presentaban corioamnionitis clínica. En 13 de los 27 casos de corioamnionitis histológica no se consignó ruptura de membranas ovulares. 75% de los casos con clínica de coriamnionitis presentaron, en el estudio histopatológico, corioamnionitis con respuesta fetal. En cinco casos se constató corioamnionitis histológica con respuesta fetal en ausencia de diagnóstico clínico. Se produjo muerte neonatal temprana en 15 (34,0%) y durante la internación en 23 (52,2%). Dos pacientes presentaron sepsis neonatal temprana (4,5%), y 11 sepsis clínica temprana (25,0%) que se asoció a corioamnionitis histológica (*p=0,02). Cinco pacientes presentaron enterocolitis necrotizante (11,3%). Se observó hemorragia intraventricular en 12 (27,2%), siete grados 3-4 (16,2%). En nueve pacientes se comprobó displasia broncopulmonar, que se asoció a corioamnionitis histológica con compromiso fetal (*p=0,01).Conclusiones: la corioamnionitis histológica tiene elevada incidencia en la población estudiada y en 44% de los casos se pudo comprobar que precede a la rotura de membranas. ...

Objective: to determine the incidence of clinical and histological chorioamnionitis on extremely-low-birth-weight infants and its correlation with perinatal outcome. Material and methods: a descriptive and prospective study was carried out between May 2004 and April 2005. All infants weighing between 500 to 1.000 g with histopathological study of the placenta were included. Results: a total of 52 infants fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Histological study of the placenta was done in 44 patients (84,6%). The average birth weight was 822,3 g (SD 127 g) and the mean gestational age was 26 weeks (SD 2 weeks). Preterm labor was recorded in 28 mothers (63,6%), 18 (40,9%) had preterm membrane rupture. Histological diagnosis of chorioamnionitis was done in 27 cases (61,4%), 12 (27,2%) a clinical diagnosis of chorioamnionitis had been previously done. In 13 of the 27 cases of histological chorioamnionitis no premature rupture of membranes was recorded. 75% (9) of the patients with clinical diagnosis had in the histological study chorioamnionitis with fetal response in the placenta. In 5 cases histological chorioamnionitis with fetal response was found in absence of clinical diagnosis. Early neonatal mortality was observed in 15 (34%) cases and mortality during hospitalization in 23 (52,2%). Neonatal sepsis was seen in 2 patients (4,5%); in 11 cases (25%) early clinical sepsis, all of them associated with histological chorioamnionitis (* p=0,02). In 5 cases necrotizing enterocolitis was observed (11.3%); intraventricular hemorrhage in 12 (27,2%), 7 with grades 3 to 4 (16.2%). And finally 9 had bronchopulmonary dyplasia, associated to histological chorioamnionitis with fetal response (*p=0,01).

Tension-free Vaginal Tape (TVT). Operación de cabestrillo suburetral para incontinencia de orina de esfuerzo en la mujer / Tension free vaginal tape (TVT). Suburethral sling procedure in the treatment of stress urinary incontinence in woman

Se describe una nueva técnica quirúrgica de cabestrillo suburetral para corregir la incontinencia de orina de esfuerzo femenina, con invasión mínima, y se evalúa la eficacia y las complicaciones del procedimiento. Se seleccionaron 20 pacientes con el diagnóstico clínico y urodinámico de incontinencia de orina con componente de esfuerzo debido a hipermotilidad uretral o a disfunción uretral intrínseca. En 19 casos se utilizó anestesia local con sedación previa y en uno anestesia epidural. Se analizan las características de la población estudiada y se evalúan la eficacia y las complicaciones en el intra y posoperatorio. El 20 por ciento de las pacientes presentaba incontinencia de orina recidivante. El promedio del tiempo operatorio fue de 36 minutos y la estadía hospitalaria de dos días. Tres de los pacientes presentaron complicaciones. Se observó mejoría clínica en 95 por ciento de las pacientes con "stress test" negativo. El 69 por ciento de los casos presentó urodinamia posoperatoria normal, 25 por ciento inestabilidad del detrusor y 6 por ciento de recidiva. En la serie analizada se obtuvo 94 por ciento de curación-mejoría y 6 por ciento de falla