Physical Activity and Breast Cancer: A Case-Control Study in Southern Brazil.

Physical inactivity is one of the greatest public health challenges in the 21st century. More than five million deaths a year are caused by lack of physical activity (PA) around the world. Despite its relevance to public health, about one-third of the world's adults do not meet current PA recommendations for health benefits. Thus, the aim of the present study was to investigate the association between lifetime PA and risk of breast cancer. A case-control study was conducted between November 2016 and June 2017. The cases were recruited from all cancer centers in the city of Pelotas in southern Brazil. Each case was age-matched (±5 years) with a neighborhood control enrolled based on nearby addresses of the cases. Overall, 230 cases and 231 controls were included. Lifetime leisure-time PA may decrease the odds of breast cancer (adjusted OR = 0.44; 95%CI 0.23-0.86) in the comparison between the most active with the least active quartile. PA was associated with a reduction in the odds of breast cancer. Future studies should aim at understanding the physiological pathways that could explain how an active lifestyle influences this disease, helping in the establishment of volume and intensities necessary to obtain the benefits.

The "Hypertension Approaches in the Elderly: a Lifestyle study" multicenter, randomized trial (HAEL Study): rationale and methodological protocol.

BACKGROUND: Hypertension is a clinical condition highly prevalent in the elderly, imposing great risks to cardiovascular diseases and loss of quality of life. Current guidelines emphasize the importance of nonpharmacological strategies as a first-line approach to lower blood pressure. Exercise is an efficient lifestyle tool that can benefit a myriad of health-related outcomes, including blood pressure control, in older adults. We herein report the protocol of the HAEL Study, which aims to evaluate the efficacy of a pragmatic combined exercise training compared with a health education program on ambulatory blood pressure and other health-related outcomes in older individuals. METHODS: Randomized, single-blinded, multicenter, two-arm, parallel, superiority trial. A total of 184 subjects (92/center), ≥60 years of age, with no recent history of cardiovascular events, will be randomized on a 1:1 ratio to 12-week interventions consisting either of a combined exercise (aerobic and strength) training, three times per week, or an active-control group receiving health education intervention, once a week. Ambulatory (primary outcome) and office blood pressures, cardiorespiratory fitness and endothelial function, together with quality of life, functional fitness and autonomic control will be measured in before and after intervention. DISCUSSION: Our conceptual hypothesis is that combined training intervention will reduce ambulatory blood pressure in comparison with health education group. Using a superiority framework, analysis plan prespecifies an intention-to-treat approach, per protocol criteria, subgroups analysis, and handling of missing data. The trial is recruiting since September 2017. Finally, this study was designed to adhere to data sharing practices. TRIAL REGISTRATION: NCT03264443 . Registered on 29 August, 2017.

Neuromuscular adaptations to sixteen weeks of whole-body high-intensity interval training compared to ergometer-based interval and continuous training.

The neuromuscular adaptations between ergometer-based high-intensity interval training (HIIT-T; n = 15), whole-body high-intensity interval training (HIIT-WB; n = 12) and moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT; n = 14) were compared in forty-one healthy men randomized to 16 weeks of training (3x per week). Two-way repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed countermovement (CMJ) and squat (SJ) jump height (HIIT-T: 8.5 ± 13.3%; 3.1 ± 9.7%, HIIT-WB: 6.4 ± 9.8%, 10.4 ± 16.1% and MICT: 2.2 ± 9.5%; 4.4 ± 12.1%, respectively), SJ peak power (HIIT-T: 1.7 ± 3.9%; HIIT-WB : 6.4 ± 7.9%; MICT: 0.5 ± 6.5%) and CMJ rate of force development (HIIT-T: 58.1 ± 50.5%; HIIT-WB: 36.9 ± 54.2%; MICT: 38.4 ± 64.3%) improved similarly in all training groups (all p < 0.05). CMJ peak power increased only after HIIT-T (4.3 ± 5.5%) and HIIT-WB (4.5 ± 5.2%), while no differences were observed in both the rectus femoris and vastus lateralis maximal electromyographic amplitude. Finally, marked improvements were also observed in the number of repetitions in the HIIT-WB protocol at the eighth week, with no further improvement at the sixteenth week. These data suggest that 16 weeks of HIIT-WB is capable to improve neuromuscular function to a similar extent as HIIT-T and MICT.

Energy expenditure and EPOC between water-based high-intensity interval training and moderate-intensity continuous training sessions in healthy women.

The present study compared the energy expenditure (EE) during and after two water aerobics protocols, high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and moderate continuous training (CONT). A crossover randomized design was employed comprising 11 healthy young women. HIIT consisted of eight 20s bouts at 130% of the cadence associated with the maximal oxygen consumption (measured in the aquatic environment) with 10s passive rest. CONT corresponded to 30 min at a heart rate equivalent to 90-95% of the second ventilatory threshold. EE was measured during and 30 min before and after the protocols and excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC) was calculated. Total EE during session was higher in CONT (227.62 ± 31.69 kcal) compared to HIIT (39.91 ± 4.24 kcal), while EE per minute was greater in HIIT (9.98 ± 1.06 kcal) than in CONT (7.58 ± 1.07 kcal). Post-exercise EE (64.48 ± 3.50 vs. 63.65 ± 10.39 kcal) and EPOC (22.53 ± 4.98 vs.22.10 ± 8.00 kcal) were not different between HIIT and CONT, respectively. Additionally, oxygen uptake had already returned to baseline fifteen minutes post-exercise. These suggest that a water aerobics CONT session results in post-exercise EE and EPOC comparable to HIIT despite the latter supramaximal nature. Still, CONT results in higher total EE.

Acute effects of high-intensity interval training and moderate-intensity continuous training sessions on cardiorespiratory parameters in healthy young men.

PURPOSE: The aim of the present study was to compare the energy expenditure (EE) during and after two treadmill protocols, high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and moderate continuous training (CONT), in young adult men. METHODS: The sample was comprised by 26 physically active men aged between 18 and 35 years engaged in aerobic training programs. They were divided into two groups: HIIT (n = 14) which performed eight 20 s bouts at 130% of the velocity associated with the maximal oxygen consumption on a treadmill with 10 s of passive rest, or CONT (n = 12) which performed 30 min running on a treadmill at a submaximal velocity equivalent to 90-95% of the heart rate associated with the anaerobic threshold. Data related to oxygen consumption ([Formula: see text]) and EE were measured during the protocols and the excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC) was calculated for both sessions. RESULTS: No difference was found between groups for mean [Formula: see text] (HIIT: 2.84 ± 0.46 L min-1; CONT: 2.72 ± 0.43 L min-1) and EE per minute (HIIT: 14.36 ± 2.34 kcal min-1; CONT: 13.21 ± 2.08 kcal min-1) during protocols. Regarding total EE during session, CONT resulted in higher values compared to HIIT (390.45 ± 65.15; 55.20 ± 9.33 kcal, respectively). However, post-exercise EE and EPOC values were higher after HIIT (69.31 ± 10.88; 26.27 ± 2.28 kcal, respectively) compared to CONT (55.99 ± 10.20; 13.43 ± 10.45 kcal, respectively). CONCLUSION: These data suggest that supramaximal HIIT has a higher impact on EE and EPOC in the early phase of recovery when compared to CONT.

Rating of perceived exertion in maximal incremental tests during head-out water-based aerobic exercises.

The present study aimed to assess the relationship between rating of perceived exertion (RPE) and percentage of peak oxygen uptake ([Formula: see text]) during three head-out water-based aerobic exercises. In addition, the RPE at the second ventilatory threshold (VT2) was also compared among them. Twenty young women performed head-out water-based maximal tests for the exercises stationary running (SR), frontal kick (FK) and cross-country skiing (CCS). RPE was monitored during the tests and the values corresponding to VT2 and training zones corresponding to 50-59%, 60-69%, 70-79%, 80-89% and [Formula: see text] were determined. Regression analysis, descriptive statistics and ANOVA with repeated measures were used. Significant relationships were observed between the RPE and [Formula: see text] (r = 0.858-0.893; P < 0.001) for all head-out water-based aerobic exercises. Average RPE ranged from 12.1-12.7 in the training zone corresponding to 50-59%, from 13.7-14.8 to 60-69%, from 15.8-16.4 to 70-79%, from 17.3-18.1 to 80-89% and from 18.5-18.9 to [Formula: see text]. No significant differences were found among the three head-out water-based aerobic exercises at VT2 (P > 0.05; SR: 16.1 ± 0.9, FK: 16.7 ± 1.5, CCS: 15.9 ± 1.3). The results support the use of RPE to control the relative intensity of training during head-out water-based aerobic exercises and indicate values near to 16-17 when targeting VT2 intensity for young women.

Vertical ground reaction force responses to different head-out aquatic exercises performed in water and on dry land.

The purpose was to analyse the vertical ground reaction forces (Fz) of head-out aquatic exercises [stationary running (SR), frontal kick (FK), cross-country skiing (CCS), jumping jacks (JJ), adductor hop (ADH) and abductor hop (ABH)] at two cadences in both aquatic and dry land environments. Twelve young women completed two sessions in each environment, each consisting of three exercises performed at two cadences (first and second ventilatory thresholds - C1 and C2, respectively). Two-way and three-way repeated measures analysis of variance were used to the statistical analysis. The results showed that the peak Fz and impulse were significantly lower in the aquatic environment, resulting in values from 28.2% to 58.5% and 60.4% to 72.8% from those obtained on dry land, respectively. In the aquatic environment, the peak Fz was lower and the impulse was higher at the C1 than at the C2. Furthermore, it was observed that SR and FK (0.9-1.1 BW) elicited a significantly higher peak Fz values compared to the ADH and JJ exercises (0.5-0.8 BW). It can be concluded that the aquatic environment reduces the Fz during head-out aquatic exercises. It should be noted that its magnitude is also dependent on the intensity and the identity of the exercise performed.

Water-based exercise and quality of life in women: the role of depressive symptoms.

Several studieshave evaluated the relation of exercise to quality of life (QoL). To our knowledge, no study has evaluated the relation of water-based exercise to depressive symptoms and QoL, or the association between improvement in QoL and depressive symptoms in healthy women. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the association of water-based exercise with changes in QoL. Forty-seven women performed water-based combined exercise for 12 weeks. All participants improved in the physical and psychological domains of QoL. Decreases in depressive symptoms and improvements in maximal strength and aerobic capacity were found for all participants. A regression model revealed that depressive symptoms were associated with improvements in physical and psychological domains of QoL. The results showed that moderate intensity, water-based exercise improved physical and psychological domains of QoL, depressive symptoms, aerobic capacity, and muscular strength of women. Furthermore, the improvement in physical and psychological domains of QoL appeared to be mediated by the antidepressant effects of exercise, but not by changes in aerobic capacity or muscular strength.

Land- and water-based aerobic exercise program on health-related outcomes in breast cancer survivors (WaterMama): study protocol for a randomized clinical trial.

BACKGROUND: Breast cancer is a prevalent form of cancer among women worldwide, often accompanied by physical and psychological side effects due to the disease and the treatment's aggressiveness. Regular physical exercise has emerged as a non-pharmacological approach to improve the quality of life of breast cancer survivors. We herein report the protocol of the WaterMama Study, which aims to evaluate the effects of land- or water-based aerobic exercise programs, compared to a health education program, on cancer-related fatigue and other health-related outcomes in breast cancer survivors. METHODS: The WaterMama trial is a randomized, single-blinded, three-arm, parallel, superiority trial. We aim to recruit 48 women ≥ 18 years of age who have completed primary treatment for stage I-III breast cancer. Participants are randomly allocated in a 1:1:1 ratio to 12-week interventions of aerobic exercise training programs either in the aquatic or land environment (two weekly 45-min sessions) plus health education (a weekly 45-min session), or an active-control group receiving health education alone (a weekly 45-min session). The primary outcome is cancer-related fatigue, and the secondary outcomes include cardiorespiratory fitness, muscular performance, muscle morphology, functional capacity, mental health, cognitive function, pain, and quality of life. Outcomes assessments are conducted before and after the 12-week intervention period. The analysis plan will employ an intention-to-treat approach and per protocol criteria. DISCUSSION: Our conceptual hypothesis is that both aerobic exercise programs will positively impact primary and secondary outcomes compared to the health education group alone. Additionally, due to its multi-component nature, we expect the aquatic exercise program promote more significant effects than the land exercise program on cancer-related fatigue, muscular outcomes, and pain. TRIAL REGISTRATION: The study was prospectively registered at ClinicalTrials.gov NCT05520515. Registered on August 26, 2022. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT05520515.

Neuromuscular responses during aquatic resistance exercise with different devices and depths.

Little research has been reported regarding the effects of using different devices and immersion depths during the performance of resistance exercises in a water environment. The purpose of this study was to compare muscular activation of upper extremity and core muscles during shoulder extensions performed at maximum velocity with different devices and at different depths. Volunteers (N = 24) young fit male university students performed 3 repetitions of shoulder extensions at maximum velocity using 4 different devices and at 2 different depths. The maximum amplitude of the electromyographic root mean square of the latissimus dorsi (LD), rectus abdominis, and erector lumbar spinae was recorded. Electromyographic signals were normalized to the maximum voluntary isometric contraction. No significant (p > 0.05) differences were found in the neuromuscular responses between the different devices used during the performance of shoulder extension at xiphoid process depth. Regarding the comparisons of muscle activity between the 2 depths analyzed in this study, only the LD showed a significantly (p ≤ 0.05) higher activity at the xiphoid process depth compared with that at the clavicle depth. Therefore, if maximum muscle activation of the extremities is required, the xiphoid depth is a better choice than clavicle depth, and the kind of device is not relevant. Regarding core muscles, neither the kind of device nor the immersion depth modifies muscle activation.

Impact of Resistance Training Volume on Physical and Perceptual Outcomes of Breast Cancer Survivors Submitted to a Combined Training Program: A Randomized, Single-Blinded Study.

BACKGROUND: To determine the effect of resistance training volume on physical and perceptual outcomes of breast cancer survivors submitted to a combined training program. DESIGN: Randomized single-blinded study. METHODS: Nineteen breast cancer survivor women were randomized to a single-set (SS) or a multiple-set (MS) group. Both groups completed an 8-week combined training intervention in which the SS and MS groups performed 1 and 3 sets per resistance exercise, respectively. The following outcomes were assessed preintervention and postintervention: maximal knee extension dynamic strength (1-repetition maximum), quadriceps muscle thickness, peak oxygen uptake, time to exhaustion, cancer-related fatigue, and quality of life. RESULTS: Both interventions increased knee extension 1-repetition maximum (SS: 29.8% [37.5%]; MS: 19.3% [11.8%]), quadriceps muscle thickness (9.4% [4.1%]; 8.9% [5.9%]), and quality of life (4.3% [6.3%]; 7.9% [9.0%]), with no difference between the groups. However, only MS improved cancer-related fatigue (-2.1% [1.7%]) and time to exhaustion (21.3% [14.9%]), whereas peak oxygen uptake remained unchanged in both groups. CONCLUSIONS: Cancer-related fatigue and time to exhaustion, improved only in the MS group after the intervention. On the other hand, similar knee extension 1-repetition maximum, quadriceps muscle thickness, and quality of life improvements were observed in breast cancer survivors irrespective of the resistance training volume performed.

Physiological comparisons between aquatic resistance training protocols with and without equipment.

The purpose of the present study was to compare the physiological responses of oxygen uptake (VO(2)) and energy expenditure (EE) in two different aquatic resistance training protocols performed with three sets of 20 seconds (3 × 20) and six sets of 10 seconds (6 × 10) and with and without Speedo Resistance Equipment. Ten young healthy women volunteers, familiar with exercises in an aquatic environment, participated in this study. The four separate protocols were randomly selected and performed at a 48-hour interval by the same instructor. The total time of the 3 × 20 protocol was 34 minutes and that of the 6 × 10 protocol was 43 minutes, and all exercises were performed at maximal speed and amplitude. Although the protocols had different total times, they included one minute of stimulus per muscle group and the same time intervals. EE(gross) and EE(net) values were higher in the 6 × 10 protocol than in the 3 × 20 one. The variables VO(2) and EE(min) did not present significant difference between the protocols. VO(2), EE(gross), EE(net) and EE(min) values were higher when the equipment was used (W situation) than when it was not (WO situation). In the postexercise analysis, the W situation also showed higher VO(2) and EE(gross) values than the WO situation. Therefore, this study suggests the use of Speedo Resistance Equipment to increase VO(2) and EE, and it also suggests lengthier aquatic resistance training to obtain greater EE values per session.

Short-Term Effects of Land-Based Versus Water-Based Resistance Training Protocols on Post-Exercise Hypotension in Normotensive Men: A Crossover Study.

Considering that water immersion may acutely reduce blood pressure (BP) and that exercise may elicit positive post-exercise hypotension (PEH) responses, we aimed to analyze the presence of PEH in normotensive individuals and compare its magnitude between two resistance training sessions performed in aquatic or land environments. Ten physically active men (23.2 ± 3.1 years) performed the two training protocols in a randomized, counterbalanced fashion. BP measurements were performed for 30 min (at 5 min intervals) both prior to (resting) and after each of the protocols. No differences were observed between protocols at baseline (p > 0.05). Only the water-based resistance training protocol resulted in a systolic BP reduction from 10 to 20 min post-exercise (all p < 0.05) compared to baseline. Compared to the land-based session, systolic BP was lower in the water-based protocol from 10 to 25 min post-exercise (all p < 0.05). On the other hand, diastolic BP showed a similar PEH effect between water and land-based protocols for the entire 30 min post-session period (all p < 0.001). Our results suggest that water-based resistance training holds the potential as a nonpharmacological strategy to lower BP levels following exercise.

Cardiorespiratory, neuromuscular and kinematic responses to stationary running performed in water and on dry land.

The purpose of this study was to analyze the cardiorespiratory, neuromuscular and kinematic responses obtained during the stationary running in aquatic and dry land environments. Twelve women took part in the experimental protocol. Stationary running was performed for 4 min at three submaximal cadences and for 15 s at maximal velocity, with the collection of kinematic (peak hip angular velocity (AV)), cardiorespiratory (oxygen uptake (VO(2))) and neuromuscular variables (electromyographic (EMG) signal from the rectus femoris (RF), vastus lateralis (VL), semitendinosus (ST) and short head of the biceps femoris (BF) muscles) in land-based and water-based test protocols. Factorial ANOVA was used, with an alpha level of 0.05. AV was significantly higher when the exercise was performed on land, and became significantly higher as the execution cadence increased. Similarly, VO(2) was significantly higher in the land-based exercise and rose as cadence increased. With the increase in the submaximal execution cadences, there was no corresponding increase in the EMG signal from the VL, BF, RF and ST muscles in either environment, though such a significantly increase was seen between the submaximal cadences and the maximal velocity. Dry land presented significantly greater EMG signal responses for all muscles at the submaximal cadences, except for the ST muscle. However, at the maximal velocity, all the analyzed muscle groups showed similar responses in both environments. In summary, for both environments, cardiorespiratory responses can be maximized by increasing the submaximal cadences, while neuromuscular responses are only optimized by using maximal velocity.

Correlation between rating of perceived exertion and physiological variables during the execution of stationary running in water at different cadences.

The purpose of the present study was to correlate the rating of perceived exertion (RPE) with cardiorespiratory and neuromuscular variables during the execution of stationary running in water at different cadences. The sample consisted of 12 apparently healthy women (age: 22.33 ± 0.57 years). During the assessment session, the subjects performed the stationary running exercise in water at 3 different cadences: 60, 80, and 100 bpm. The heart rate (HR), oxygen uptake (V(O2)), ventilation (Ve), and electromyographic (EMG) signal of the vastus lateralis (VL), biceps femoris (BF), rectus femoris (RF), and semitendinosus (ST) muscles were measured during the exercise, and the overall body RPE was measured immediately following the end. Pearson's linear correlation and multiple linear regression were used, with p < 0.05. The analyses demonstrate a high and significant relationship between RPE and HR (r = 0.65; p < 0.001), RPE and %HR maximal (r = 0.65; p < 0.001), RPE and V(O2) (r = 0.60; p = 0.001), RPE and %V(O2) maximal (r = 0.71; p < 0.001), and RPE and Ve (r = 0.77; p < 0.001). However, there was no relationship between the RPE and the EMGs of the VL, BF, RF, and ST muscles. With regard to the regression, the model was significant (p < 0.001) with an r2 = 0.79, whereas the variables that explained better the RPE were %V(O2) maximal and Ve. Hence, these results suggest an association between the perception of exertion and cardiorespiratory variables, which was not the case with the neuromuscular variables evaluated in this study. Therefore, the Borg scale of RPE can be used when prescribing stationary running exercise in water for young women.

Neuromuscular economy, strength, and endurance in healthy elderly men.

Declines in muscular strength resulting from reduced neural activity may influence the reduction in aerobic capacity in older men. However, there has been little investigation into the relationship between muscular strength and economy of movement during aerobic exercise in elderly subjects. Thus, the purpose of this study was to investigate the possible relationship between strength, aerobic performance, and neuromuscular economy in older men. Twenty-eight aged men (65 ± 4 years old) were evaluated in dynamic (1 repetition maximum test), isometric strength (maximal voluntary contraction), and rate of force development. Peak oxygen uptake, maximal workload, and ventilatory threshold were determined during a ramp protocol on a cycle ergometer. Throughout the same protocol, the neuromuscular economy (electromyographic signal) of the vastus lateralis was measured. Significant correlations were found between muscular strength, cardiorespiratory fitness, and neuromuscular economy (r = 0.43-0.64, p < 0.05). Our results suggest that cardiorespiratory capacity and economy of movement are associated with muscular strength during aging.

Magnitude of vertical ground reaction force during water-based exercises in women with obesity.

Individuals with obesity are recommended to practice physical activity with reduced weight bearing, such as water-based exercises. However, the magnitude of the vertical ground reaction force (Fz) during these exercises is unknown in this population. This study aimed to verify the magnitude of peak Fz (Fzpeak) in women with obesity during different exercises performed in water and on land and at different intensities. Ten adult women with obesity class 1 (body mass index: 31.6 ± 0.57 kg·m-2) completed two randomised sessions, one performed on land and other in water, composed by three exercises (stationary running, frontal kick, butt kick) performed at cadences of 80 b·min-1, 100 b·min-1 and maximal. Fzpeak value was determined in each situation. Data were analysed using repeated-measures three-way ANOVA (α = 0.05). Significant lower Fzpeak values were observed in water (p < 0.001), with no significant differences between the exercises. A significant difference in the Fzpeak was verified between maximal cadence and 80 b·min-1 (p = 0.01). Water-based exercises performed by women with obesity revealed a Fzpeak reduction from land to water corresponding to 41-67%. Also, the three water-based exercises resulted in similar Fzpeak values, while an increase was observed 80 b·min-1 to the maximal cadence.

Water-based exercises in postmenopausal women: Vertical ground reaction force and oxygen uptake responses.

The purpose of the present study was to analyse vertical ground reaction force (Fz) and oxygen uptake (VO2) responses in six different water-based exercises performed at different cadences by postmenopausal women. Twelve postmenopausal women (57.3 ± 2.6 years, 158.1 ± 6.9 cm, 69.1 ± 10.9 kg) voluntarily took part in the study. Participants completed six sessions corresponding to maximal tests for each water-based exercise. Then, two sessions were performed for the experimental protocols, which comprised the performance of three exercises at three cadences (80, 100 and 120 b min-1), with Fz and VO2 measurements. Peak (Fzpeak) and impulse of Fz were determined. In addition, VO2 percentages relative to maximal VO2 (VO2max) values obtained in each maximal test were expressed as %VO2max. Data were analysed using two-way ANOVA with repeated measures (α = 0.05). As results, significant differences were found in Fzpeak and impulse between the water-based exercises, with similar VO2 and %VO2max values between them for each cadence. In addition, with the increasing cadence, Fzpeak (0.20-0.80 BW), VO2 (5.3-9.4 ml kg-1 min-1) and %VO2max (32.1-57.6%) values increased, while impulse (0.20-0.07 N.s/BW) values were reduced. Therefore, for a same physiological intensity, postmenopausal women experience different Fz loads during different water-based exercises.

Electromyographic signal and force comparisons during maximal voluntary isometric contraction in water and on dry land.

This study was designed to compare surface electromyographic (sEMG) signal and force production during maximal voluntary isometric contractions (MVCs) in water and on dry land. The reproducibility of sEMG and isometric force measurements between water and dry land environments was also assessed. Nine women performed MVC for elbow flexion and extension, hip flexion, and extension against identical fixed resistance in both environments. The sEMG signal from biceps brachii, triceps brachii, rectus femoris, and biceps femoris was recorded with waterproof adhesives placed over each electrode. The sEMG and force production showed no significant difference between water and dry land, except for HEX (p = 0.035). In addition, intraclass correlation coefficient values were significant and ranged from moderate to high (0.66-0.96) for sEMG and force production between environments. These results showed that the environment did not influence the sEMG and force in MVC.