RESUMO
Aims Given the high levels of absenteeism due to musculoskeletal disorders of the upper limbs, there is a need for preventive strategies to protect workers exposed to high risk levels. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of a workplace-based muscle resistance training exercise program in the presence of pain and musculoskeletal dysfunction of the upper extremities in manufacturing workers exposed to repetitive movements and excessive effort in the workplace. Method Randomized controlled trial in manufacturing workers. A sample of 120 healthy workers was allocated at random to an experimental group, which received a resistance-based exercise program, and a control group, which performed stretching exercises. Results The muscle resistance training exercise had a protective effect on the intensity of pain perceived by workers in their upper limbs (RR: 0.62 95% CI 0.44-0.87) compared with the group of workers who performed stretching exercises. Conclusion A workplace-based muscle resistance training exercise program is an effective preventive strategy in factory workers exposed to risk; however, it is necessary for companies initially to adopt mechanisms to minimize exposure as a prevention strategy.
Assuntos
Dor Musculoesquelética/prevenção & controle , Traumatismos Ocupacionais/prevenção & controle , Treinamento Resistido/métodos , Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Serviços de Saúde do Trabalhador/métodos , Método Simples-Cego , Extremidade Superior/fisiopatologia , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Hyperandrogenemia, hyperinsulinemia, and obesity affect 60-70% of patients with Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS), who exhibit an altered endometrial insulin signaling. The aim of the study was to evaluate whether hyperandrogenism, hyperinsulinism, and obesity present in PCOS patients impair the endometrial adiponectin signaling pathway. The ex vivo study was conducted on 27 samples from lean (n=9), obese (n=9), and obese-PCOS (n=9) patients. The in vitro assays were performed in immortalized human endometrial stromal cells stimulated with testosterone, insulin, or testosterone plus insulin. Serum steroid-hormones, adiponectin, glucose, and insulin; body mass index, free androgen index, ISI-Composite, and HOMA were evaluated in the 3 groups. Ex vivo and in vitro gene expression and protein content of adiponectin, AdipoR1, AdipoR2, and APPL1 were determined. Adiponectin serum levels were decreased in obese-PCOS patients compared to lean (78%) and obese (54%) controls (p<0.05). AdipoR1 protein and gene expression were increased in obese group vs. obese-PCOS and lean groups (2-fold, p<0.05). In turn, AdipoR2 protein and mRNA content was similar between the 3 groups. APPL1 protein levels were reduced in endometria from both obese groups, compared to lean group (6-fold, p<0.05). Testosterone plus insulin stimulation of T-HESC and St-T1b leads to a reduction of adiponectin, AdipoR1, AdipoR2, and APPL1 protein content in both endometrial cell lines (p<0.05), whereas, in the presence of testosterone or insulin alone, protein levels were similar to basal. Therefore, endometrial adiponectin-signaling pathway is impaired in hyperandrogenemic and hyperinsulinemic obese-PCOS patients, corroborated in the in vitro model, which could affect endometrial function and potentially the implantation process.
Assuntos
Adiponectina/fisiologia , Endométrio/metabolismo , Hiperinsulinismo/metabolismo , Obesidade/metabolismo , Síndrome do Ovário Policístico/metabolismo , Transdução de Sinais/fisiologia , Proteínas Adaptadoras de Transdução de Sinal/análise , Adiponectina/análise , Adulto , Células Cultivadas , Feminino , Humanos , Receptores de Adiponectina/análiseRESUMO
Introducción: La diarrea aguda es una entidad frecuente en pediatría, constituyendo una de las principales causas de mortalidad en países en desarrollo y en niños menores de cinco años. Si bien la alimentación representa uno de los pilares fundamentales en el tratamiento de la misma, no existe consenso entre los profesionales en cuanto a la indicación de leche deslactosada durante el curso del cuadro. Objetivos: Realizar una revisión sistemática para estudiar el impacto del consumo de leche deslactosada vs leche regular en la duración de la diarrea aguda infecciosa en niños. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó una revisión sistemática incluyendo artículos publicados desde el año 2008 al 2023, utilizando para la búsqueda las bases de datos PubMed, Lillacs, Cochrane Library y literatura gris. Se incluyeron estudios experimentales, observacionales, revisiones, guías de atención y metaanálisis, realizados en pacientes pediátricos sin patologías de base, cursando cuadro de diarrea aguda infecciosa, que compararan el uso de leche deslactosada frente a leche regular. Resultados: Se seleccionaron doce artículos. En 9 de ellos se constató una disminución en la duración de la diarrea en los pacientes que recibieron leche deslactosada con una diferencia de medias de 18 horas (en un rango entre 4 y 32.6 horas). No se reportaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en la mortalidad entre el uso de una u otra fórmula láctea. En relación al uso de una u otra fórmula no se objetivaron variaciones en el peso estadísticamente significativas. La necesidad de hospitalización fue similar entre ambos grupos. Solo un artículo analizó la frecuencia o volumen de deposiciones sin encontrar diferencias significativas (AU)
Introduction:Acute diarrhea is frequent in pediatrics, and constitutes one of the main causes of mortality in developing countries and in children under five years of age. Although feeding is one of the fundamental pillars in the treatment of diarrhea, there is no consensus among professionals regarding the indication of lactose-free milk during the course of the symptoms. Objectives: To conduct a systematic review to study the impact of lactose-free milk vs. regular milk consumption on the duration of acute infectious diarrhea in children. Materials and methods: A systematic review was conducted including articles published between 2008 and 2023, using PubMed, Lillacs, Cochrane Library databases, and gray literature for the search. Experimental and observational studies, reviews, care guidelines and meta-analysis were included, conducted in pediatric patients without underlying diseases, with acute infectious diarrhea, comparing the use of lactose-free milk versus regular milk. Results: Twelve articles were selected. Nine of them showed a decrease in the duration of diarrhea in patients who received lactose-free milk with a mean difference of 18 hours (ranging from 4 to 32.6 hours). No statistically significant differences in mortality were reported between the use of one or the other milk formula. Regarding the use of one or the other formula, there were no statistically significant variations in weight. The need for hospital admission was similar between the two groups. Only one article analyzed stool frequency or volume with no significant differences (AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Lactente , Pré-Escolar , Doença Aguda , Resultado do Tratamento , Leite/química , Diarreia Infantil/terapia , Lactose/administração & dosagem , Lactose/efeitos adversosRESUMO
Lung cancer is one of the leading causes of death in the world. Current treatments act directly on the signal transduction pathways in cancer cells, mainly. One of the main pathways is associated with the Epidermal Growth Factor (EGFR), whose mutations leads to uncontrolled cell proliferation and a higher rate of cell invasion. Activating mutations in the EGFR gene, which includes deletions in exon 19 and the L858R mutation in exon 21, were detected in most patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Studies of EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR-TKIs) such as Gefitinib, Erlotinib and Afatinib, compared with platinum-based treatments, showed that EGFR-TKIs produce increased disease-free survival, although only in patients whose cancers harbor activating mutations in the EGFR gene. Clinical trials also demonstrated that EGFR-TKIs are effective as first-line therapies in stage IV pulmonary adenocarcinoma. Here, the main aspects of the activation of the EGFR pathway in NSCLC will be reviewed, highlighting the importance for health professionals of correctly identifying activating mutations in the EGFR gene and acting quickly at the molecular level based on aforementioned treatments. (AU)
Assuntos
Receptores ErbB/uso terapêutico , Adenocarcinoma de Pulmão/terapia , Cloridrato de Erlotinib/uso terapêutico , Gefitinibe/uso terapêutico , Adenocarcinoma de Pulmão/tratamento farmacológico , Afatinib/uso terapêutico , Neoplasias Pulmonares/terapiaRESUMO
In the early stages, prostate cancer is androgen dependent; therefore, medical castration has shown significant results during the initial stages of this pathology. Despite this early effect, advanced prostate cancer is resilient to such treatment. Recent evidence shows that derivatives of Cannabis sativa and its analogs may exert a protective effect against different types of oncologic pathologies. The purpose of the present study was to detect the presence of cannabinoid receptors (CB1 and CB2) on cancer cells with a prostatic origin and to evaluate the effect of the in vitro use of synthetic analogs. In order to do this, we used a commercial cell line and primary cultures derived from prostate cancer and benign prostatic hyperplasia. The presence of the CB1 and CB2 receptors was determined by immunohistochemistry where we showed a higher expression of these receptors in later stages of the disease (samples with a high Gleason score). Later, treatments were conducted using anandamide, 2-arachidonoyl glycerol and a synthetic analog of anandamide, methanandamide. Using the MTT assay, we proved that the treatments produced a cell growth inhibitory effect on all the different prostate cancer cultures. This effect was demonstrated to be dose-dependent. The use of a specific CB1 receptor blocker (SR141716) confirmed that this effect was produced primarily from the activation of the CB1 receptor. In order to understand the MTT assay results, we determined cell cycle distribution by flow cytometry, which showed no variation at the different cell cycle stages in all the cultures after treatment. Treatment with endocannabinoids resulted in an increase in the percentage of apoptotic cells as determined by Annexin V assays and caused an increase in the levels of activated caspase-3 and a reduction in the levels of Bcl-2 confirming that the reduction in cell viability noted in the MTT assay was caused by the activation of the apoptotic pathway. Finally, we observed that endocannabinoid treatment activated the Erk pathway and at the same time, produced a decrease in the activation levels of the Akt pathway. Based on these results, we suggest that endocannabinoids may be a beneficial option for the treatment of prostate cancer that has become nonresponsive to common therapies.
Assuntos
Adenocarcinoma/patologia , Endocanabinoides/farmacologia , Proteínas de Neoplasias/efeitos dos fármacos , Neoplasias da Próstata/patologia , Receptor CB1 de Canabinoide/efeitos dos fármacos , Receptor CB2 de Canabinoide/efeitos dos fármacos , Apoptose/efeitos dos fármacos , Ácidos Araquidônicos/farmacologia , Ciclo Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Ensaios de Seleção de Medicamentos Antitumorais , Glicerídeos/farmacologia , Humanos , Sistema de Sinalização das MAP Quinases/efeitos dos fármacos , Masculino , Proteínas de Neoplasias/análise , Proteínas de Neoplasias/antagonistas & inibidores , Piperidinas/farmacologia , Alcamidas Poli-Insaturadas/farmacologia , Hiperplasia Prostática/patologia , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-akt/antagonistas & inibidores , Pirazóis/farmacologia , Receptor CB1 de Canabinoide/análise , Receptor CB2 de Canabinoide/análise , Rimonabanto , Transdução de Sinais/efeitos dos fármacos , Células Tumorais CultivadasRESUMO
Los estudiantes de odontología son agentes involucrados en la educación de los cuidados bucodentales. No se han publicado estudios nacionales que describan sus hábitos de higiene oral. Objetivo: Describir la proporción de estudiantes de odontología de la Universidad de Chile con hábitos de higiene oral saludables según sexo, nivel socioeconómico y años de estudios. Material y método: Estudio transversal descriptivo. Se seleccionaron, por muestreo aleatario simple con afijación proporcional 150 estudiantes entre 1er- 4to año. Se aplicó un cuestionario sobre hábitos de higiene oral, que incluía uso y frecuencia de cepillado, seda dental y enjuagatorio bucal, tiempo transcurrido desde la última visita al dentista y variables sociodemográficas. Se construyó un índice Hábitos de Higiene Oral que incluía cepillado por lo menos dos veces al día, uso de seda dental diariamente y visita al dentista por lo menos una vez por año. Resultados: Un 98 por ciento se cepillaba los dientes por lo menos dos veces al día, 37 por ciento usaba seda dental diariamente y 74 por ciento había acudido al dentista por lo menos una vez en el último año. Sólo un 30 por ciento presentó un resultado positivo para el índice Hábitos de Higiene Oral. No se detectaron diferencias significativas según sexo, nivel socioeconómico y años de estudios. Conclusiones: Los estudiantes de odontología de la Universidad de Chile presentan alta frecuencia de cepillado dental y consultan frecuentemente al dentista, sin embargo, el uso de seda dental es bajo. Estudios futuros deberían analizar otras variables involucradas en un mejor cuidado de la salud bucal en este grupo.
Dental students are agents involved in the education of oral care. There are no published studies that describe their oral hygiene habits in Chile. Objective: To describe the proportion of dental students at the University of Chile with healthy oral hygiene habits by sex, socioeconomic status and years of study. Material and methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study on 150 students from 1st-4th year of dentistry studies were selected by simple sampling with proportional allocation. A questionnaire on oral hygiene habits that included questions about the use and frequency of brushing and flossing, mouthwashes use, time since the last dental visit and sociodemographic variables were used. An index about oral hygiene was constructed including brushing at least twice a day, flossing at least once a day and visiting your dentist at least once a year. Results: About 98 percent of students brushing teeth at least twice daily, 37 percent used dental floss daily and 74 percent had visited the dentist at least once in the past year. Only 30 percent of students had a positive outcome for the oral hygiene index. No significant differences by gender, socioeconomic status and years of study were observed. Conclusions: Dental students at the University of Chile show high frequency of tooth brushing and frequently visit to the dentist, however, flossing is low. Future studies should also analyze other variables involved in better oral health care in this group.
Assuntos
Adulto Jovem , Comportamentos Relacionados com a Saúde , Higiene Bucal , Estudantes de Odontologia , Distribuição de Qui-Quadrado , Chile , Estudos Transversais , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Inquéritos e QuestionáriosRESUMO
The precise and accurate measurement of total cholesterol is necessary to correctly identify hypercholesterolemia. The aim of this study was to assess the measurement of serum cholesterol in clinical laboratories using as acceptability criteria the recommendations of the "National Cholesterol Education Program" (that consider acceptable a deviation < 5% from the real value and ideal a deviation < or = 3%). In each of three assessments, three pools of lyophilized sera with different levels of cholesterol were used method. Twenty nine to 42.3% of laboratories had results within the ideal interval and 49.5 to 60% within the acceptable range of deviation. In the last assessment, only 17% of laboratories had their three values within the ideal range. Only 39.4% of laboratories use 200 mg/dl as the cut off point to diagnose hypercholesterolemia. It is concluded that the standardization of cholesterol measurement and the use of a common cut off point to diagnose hypercholesterolemia must be emphasized.
Assuntos
Colesterol/sangue , Laboratórios/normas , Chile , Humanos , Valores de ReferênciaRESUMO
Background: Factor V Leiden and G20210A mutation of prothrombin gene are two important genetic polymorphisms associated with an increased risk for thrombosis. Aim: To establish the prevalence of factor V Leiden and prothrombin G20210A mutation in the Chilean population and their association to venous and arterial thromboembolism. Material and methods: A case-control study was conducted where 149 patients with thrombosis (87 with arterial and 62 with venous thrombosis) confirmed by CAT-scan, electrocardiogram and cardiac enzymes or Doppler depending on the case, and 160 healthy blood donors were genetically analyzed for the presence of both polymorphisms. Results: Factor V Leiden mutation was found in 5.4% of patients and in 1.3% of healthy controls (p=0.04). Heterozygosity for G20210A prothrombin mutation was found in 5.4% of patients and in 2.5% of the control group (p=NS). When arterial and venous thrombosis were considered as separate entities, 4.6% of patients with arterial thrombosis and 6.5% with venous thrombosis presented factor V Leiden (p=NS). Likewise, 8.1% of patients with venous thrombosis and 3.5% of patients with arterial thrombosis had G20210A prothrombin mutation (p=NS). Conclusions: In non selected consecutive Chilean patients with arterial and venous thrombosis the frequency of factor V Leiden and prothrombin G20210A is less than we could expect from their prevalence in the general population.
Assuntos
Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Fator V/genética , Polimorfismo Genético , Protrombina/genética , Trombose/genética , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Chile/epidemiologia , Predisposição Genética para Doença , Genótipo , Mutação , Razão de Chances , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , Fatores de Risco , Trombose/epidemiologia , Trombose Venosa/genéticaRESUMO
Introducción: El cáncer de mama Mucinoso puro y Medular típico, corresponden a carcinomas específicos que presentan características diferentes al cáncer ductal invasor STE (sin ningún tipo especial). Pueden presentarse como nódulos mamográficos de aspectos benigno y asociarse con baja frecuencia a invasión axilar. Material y Método: Estudio de corte transversal con grupo testigo que analiza 718 pacientes con cáncer de mama atendidos en la Unidad Patología Mamaria del Hospital Clínico Regional de Concepción, entre los años 1996-2004, seleccionando un grupo de 15 pacientes con cáncer específico (2,1 por ciento), compuesto por 12 pacientes con carcinoma Mucinoso puro y 3 con carcinoma Medular típico comparándolo con otro grupo de 15 pacientes con cáncer ductal invasor STE. El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar los resultados de ambos grupos y establecer si existen diferencias significativas en la presentación mamográfica, a través de la clasificación de birads y el grado de compromiso axilar. Resultados: De los pacientes con carcinoma Mucinoso puro y Medular típico hubo un 31 por ciento de presentación mamográfica considerada birads 2 ó 3, comparado con los carcinomas STE en que no hubo presentación mamográfica de aspecto benigno, sin embargo, esta diferencia no fue estadísticamente significativa. En la axila, para los carcinomas específicos hubo un 7,6 por ciento con invasión comprado con el 66 por ciento para los STE, siendo esta diferencia estadísticamente significativa. Conclusión: Los carcinomas Mucinosos puros y Medulares típicos de mama, a diferencia de carcinomas ductales invasores STE, pueden presentarse como nódulos mamográficos de aspecto benigno e invaden con menos frecuencia la axila, siendo esta última diferencia estadísticamente significativa.