Characteristics of the paralysed diaphragm studied by M-mode ultrasonography.

BACKGROUND: M-mode ultrasonography might be useful for detecting hemidiaphragm paralysis. The objective of the present study was to describe the motion recorded by M-mode ultrasonography of both diaphragmatic leaves in patients with a pre-established diagnosis of hemidiaphragm paralysis. METHODS: A study was conducted in 26 patients (18 men, 8 women) with unilateral diaphragmatic paralysis. They were referred to two different rehabilitation centres after thoracic surgery in 23 cases and cardiac interventional procedures in three cases. The pulmonary function tests and the study of the diaphragmatic motion using M-mode ultrasonography were recorded. RESULTS: The pulmonary function tests showed a restrictive pattern. The M-mode ultrasonography reported either the absence of motion or a weak paradoxical (cranial) displacement (less than 0·5 cm) of the paralysed hemidiaphragm during quiet breathing. A paradoxical motion was recorded in all patients during voluntary sniffing, reaching around -1 cm. During deep breathing, a paradoxical motion at the beginning of the inspiration was observed. Thereafter, a re-establishment of the motion in the craniocaudal direction was recorded. The excursions measured on the healthy side, during quiet breathing and voluntary sniffing, were increased in patients suffering from contralateral hemidiaphragm paralysis, when compared with 170 healthy volunteers. CONCLUSIONS: To detect diaphragmatic dysfunction in patients at risk, it would be useful to study diaphragmatic motion by M-mode ultrasonography during quiet breathing, voluntary sniffing and deep breathing.

Impact of a centre and home-based cardiac rehabilitation program on the quality of life of teenagers and young adults with congenital heart disease: The QUALI-REHAB study rationale, design and methods.

BACKGROUND: Advances in congenital heart disease (CHD) have transferred the mortality from childhood to adulthood. Exercise capacity in young patients with CHD remains lower than in the general population, resulting in deconditioning and impaired quality of life. Evidence based-medicine in cardiac rehabilitation in this age group with CHD remains limited. We present the QUALI-REHAB study rationale, design and methods. METHODS: The QUALI-REHAB trial is a nationwide, multicentre, randomised, controlled study, aiming to assess the impact of a combined centre and home-based cardiac rehabilitation program on the quality of life of adolescents and young adults (13 to 25 years old) with CHD. Patients with a maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max) < 80% and/or a ventilatory anaerobic threshold (VAT) < 55% of predicted VO2max, will be eligible. Patients will be randomised into 2 groups (12-week cardiac rehabilitation program vs. controls). The primary outcome is the change in the PedsQL quality of life score between baseline and 12-month follow-up. A total of 130 patients are required to observe a significant increase of 7 ±â€¯13.5 points in the PedsQL, with a power of 80% and an alpha risk of 5%. The secondary outcomes are: VO2max, VAT, stroke volume, clinical outcomes, physical and psychological status, safety and acceptability. CONCLUSION: After focusing on the survival in CHD, current research is opening on secondary prevention and patient-related outcomes. The QUALI-REHAB trial intends to assess if a combined centre and home-based rehabilitation program, could improve the quality of life and the exercise capacity in youth with CHD. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Clinicaltrials.gov (NCT03690518).

Heart rate recovery improves after exercise in water when compared with on land.

BACKGROUND: Water immersion has demonstrated its effectiveness in the recovery process after exercise. This study presents for the first time the impact of water immersion on heart rate recovery after low-intensity cycle exercise. METHODS: Sixteen male volunteers were involved in the study. The experiment consisted of two cycling exercises: 1 h in ambient air and 1 h in water (temperature: 32 ± 0·2°C). The exercise intensity was individually prescribed to elicit around 35%-40% of VO2 peak for both conditions. Heart rate recovery was analysed according to recognized methods, such as the differences between heart rate at exercise completion and within the 2 min recovery period. RESULTS: Although the two exercises were performed both at same energy expenditure and heart rate, the indexes used to assess the fast and slow decay of the heart rate recovery were significantly shortened after exercise in water. CONCLUSION: The results of the present study suggest that cycling in thermoneutral water decreases the cardiac work after exercise when compared with cycling on land.

Interest of ultrasonographic assessment of diaphragmatic function in cardiac rehabilitation center: a case report.

Diaphragmatic paresis is a rare but recognized complication of atrial fibrillation ablation.A 59-year-old woman experiencing dyspnea in supine position and for minimal effort was admitted in a cardiac rehabilitation center. One month before, she was referred to a cardiac center to ablation of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation. After the procedure, the patient developed respiratory failure attributed to aspiration pneumonia and requiring mechanical ventilation.At admission in the rehabilitation center, M-mode ultrasonography reported an absence of movement of the right hemidiaphragm during quiet breathing and a paradoxical movement during voluntary sniffing.Chest ultrasonography can be useful to detect diaphragmatic dysfunction in patients suffering from dyspnea, at admission in a cardiac rehabilitation center. Its use should be envisaged more frequently.