Paediatric nuclear medicine practice: an international survey by the IAEA.

PURPOSE: The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) decided to initiate a survey to evaluate the current status of the practice of paediatric nuclear medicine worldwide, with the focus mainly on low and middle-income countries specifically in Latin America, Eastern Europe, Africa and Asia. This investigation sought to determine if the practice in paediatric nuclear medicine in these countries differed from that indicated by the survey of the Nuclear Medicine Global Initiative (NMGI) and if nuclear medicine practitioners were following established paediatric nuclear medicine guidelines. METHODS: A total of 133 institutes took part in the survey from 62 different IAEA member states within Africa (29), Asia (39), Europe (29) and Latin America (36). The four most frequent conventional (single-photon) nuclear medicine procedures were 99mTc labelled MDP, DSMA, MAG3 and pertechnetate thyroid scans. In addition, 46 centres provided data on FDG PET/CT, including exposure data for the CT component. Nearly half of the sites (48%) perform less than 200 paediatric nuclear medicine studies per year, while 11% perform more than 1000 such studies per year. RESULTS: Administered activities largely exceeded the recommendations for most of the sites for DMSA, MAG3 and pertechnetate, while compliance with international standards was somehow better for MDP studies. For FDG PET, the results were more uniform than for conventional nuclear medicine procedures. However, the use of CT in PET/CT for paediatric nuclear medicine revealed a high variability and, in some cases, high, dose-length product (DLP) values. This observation indicates that further attention is warranted for optimizing clinical practice in FDG PET/CT. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, in most parts of the world, efforts have been undertaken to comply either with the EANM dosage card or with the North American Consensus Guidelines. However, variability in the practice of paediatric nuclear medicine still exists. The results of this survey provide valuable recommendations for a path towards global standardization of determining the amount of activity to be administered to children undergoing nuclear medicine procedures.

Guidance on prevention of unintended and accidental radiation exposures in nuclear medicine.

Nuclear medicine (NM) procedures for diagnosis and treatment of disease are performed routinely in hospitals throughout the world. These involve preparation and administration to patients of pharmaceuticals labelled with radioactive material. The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and the World Health Organisation highlighted the need for improvement in prevention of medical radiation incidents and accidents in the Bonn Call-for-Action in 2012. An IAEA Technical Meeting was held on prevention of unintended exposures and accidents in NM in 2018 to address the issue. Exposures can take place at any time when radioactive material is being produced and used, and the risk continues after procedures have been completed. Thus there is potential for staff or members of the general public to be exposed, as well as patients. This paper sets out guidelines for incident prevention based on presentations and discussions at the meeting, and review of reports from the literature. It deals with potential incidents in in-house radionuclide production, radiopharmaceutical preparation, administration to patients, and following a procedure, as well as aspects in management of radioactive materials. Special attention has been paid to therapeutic procedures, as these have the potential to cause more harm to patients from erroneous administrations, including tissue reactions from extravasation of radiopharmaceutical, and could lead to significant contamination events. Administration of NM therapy is generally contraindicated in pregnancy. Identification of any patient who may be pregnant is crucial and it might be necessary to verify this with a pregnancy test for patients within the age band considered to be fertile. Inclusion of NM therapy incidents in the IAEA automated reporting system SAFRON is recommended. In summary, the paper aims to highlight errors that could occur during different phases of NM procedures in order to aid prevention of incidents. The value of periodic audit in evaluating systems in place on a regular basis is emphasised. Approaches to incident investigation and follow-up are described, and the need to ensure corrective action is taken to address any deficiencies stressed.

Developing and implementing a multi-modality imaging optimization study in paediatric radiology: Experience and recommendations from an IAEA coordinated research project.

Optimization of imaging examinations is a key requirement of both the International and European Basic Safety Standards, and the focus of much international activity. Although methodologies are well established in principle, there continues to be a variety of practical issues both in collecting and interpreting dose and image quality data and in making successful interventions to optimize exposures. A Coordinated Research Project, involving institutes from ten different countries, was established by the IAEA to assess the efficacy of recommended optimization methodologies in the field of paediatric radiology and to derive practical guidance on their implementation. The steps followed in this process were identification of the imaging process to be investigated (abdomen and chest x-rays, micturating cysto-urethrograms, and brain & thorax CT scans); collection of dose and image quality data; evaluation and comparison of the data between institutes and to standards; identification and implementation of interventions for optimization; and re-evaluation of dose and image quality parameters. The project succeeded both in achieving effective interventions for optimization of specific imaging tasks in individual institutes and in identifying key issues with potential to handicap this process. The main area in which problems were encountered was in the collation of reliable dose and image quality data. The reasons for this were explored and a series of recommendations have been made, summarized into 'ten practical tips' for optimization to assist institutes, particularly those in the early stages of addressing optimization issues.

Moving beyond quality control in diagnostic radiology and the role of the clinically qualified medical physicist.

Quality control (QC), according to ISO definitions, represents the most basic level of quality. It is considered to be the snapshot of the performance or the characteristics of a product or service, in order to verify that it complies with the requirements. Although it is usually believed that "the role of medical physicists in Diagnostic Radiology is QC", this, not only limits the contribution of medical physicists, but is also no longer adequate to meet the needs of Diagnostic Radiology in terms of Quality. In order to assure quality practices more organized activities and efforts are required in the modern era of diagnostic radiology. The complete system of QC is just one element of a comprehensive quality assurance (QA) program that aims at ensuring that the requirements of quality of a product or service will consistently be fulfilled. A comprehensive Quality system, starts even before the procurement of any equipment, as the need analysis and the development of specifications are important components under the QA framework. Further expanding this framework of QA, a comprehensive Quality Management System can provide additional benefits to a Diagnostic Radiology service. Harmonized policies and procedures and elements such as mission statement or job descriptions can provide clarity and consistency in the services provided, enhancing the outcome and representing a solid platform for quality improvement. The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) promotes this comprehensive quality approach in diagnostic imaging and especially supports the field of comprehensive clinical audits as a tool for quality improvement.

Radiobiological studies on the 65 MeV therapeutic proton beam at Nice using human tumour cells.

PURPOSE: To determine the relative biological effectiveness (RBE) for initial and delayed inactivation of cells by a modulated proton beam suitable for the treatment of tumours of the eye, within the spread-out Bragg peak and in its distal declining edge. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Human tumour SCC25 cells were irradiated with the 65 MeV proton beam at the Cyclotron Medicyc in Nice. Perspex plates of different thickness were used to simulate five positions along the beam line: 2mm corresponding to the entrance beam; 15.6 and 25 mm in the spread-out Bragg peak; 27.2 and 27.8mm for the distal edge. At each position clonogenic survival of the irradiated cells and of their progeny were determined at various dose values. 60Co gamma-rays were used as reference radiation. RESULTS: RBE values evaluated at the survival level given by 2 Gy of gamma-rays increased with increasing depth from close to 1.0 at the proximal to about 1.2 at the distal part of the peak. Within the declining edge it reached the value of about 1.4 at 27.2 and about 2 at 27.8 mm. For the progeny of irradiated cells, the RBE value ranged from 1.0 to 1.1 within the spread-out Bragg peak and then increased up to a value of 2.0 at the last position. The dose-effect curves for the progeny always had a larger shoulder than for the irradiated progenitors, their alpha parameters being lower by a factor of about 4 and their beta parameters always being higher. The alpha/beta ratio was about 50 Gy for the progenitors and about 6 Gy for their progeny. The incidence of delayed effects increased with dose and with the depth within the beam. CONCLUSIONS: RBE values for the inactivation of cells irradiated in the spread-out Bragg peak are compatible with the value currently assumed in clinical applications. In the distal declining edge of the beam, the RBE values increased significantly to an extent that may be of concern when the region of the treatment volume is close to sensitive tissues. The yield of delayed reproductive cell death was significant at each position along the beam line.

Use of the BasGan algorithm for [123I]FP-CIT SPECT quantification: a phantom study.

AIM: The BasGan algorithm has been specifically developed for semi-automatic quantification of [123I]FP-CIT SPECT studies. The aim of this work was to evaluate the software linearity and its dependence on the main acquisition parameters of the SPECT study. METHODS: The anthropomorphic Striatal Phantom filled with different striatal to background activity concentration ratios was used to verify software linearity. The software response was studied with different acquisition parameters and system configurations. For this purpose, phantom studies were performed with varying radius of rotation, pixel size, number of projections and with different collimator types. For each configuration the tomographic spatial resolution was also determined using the Triple Line Source Phantom. The reconstructed SPECT images were corrected for attenuation and scatter. RESULTS: The BasGan outcome highly correlates with the real Specific Binding Ratio when fixed gamma camera configuration and reconstruction method are used. However, the software quantification depends on system configuration and decreases with increasing partial volume effect. A comparison of the BasGan output with tomographic spatial resolution data for each configuration shows that the software response highly correlates with this quantity. CONCLUSION: The BasGan algorithm is a free, easy-to-use and solid tool for quantification of [123I]FP-CIT images. The software outcome depends on system configuration, but highly correlates with tomographic spatial resolution. Then, the measurement of this quantity turns out to be a simple method to normalize the BasGan quantification for different imaging devices, making it possible the use of available reference values for normal subjects and multicentre studies.