RESUMO
Main directions of scientific and scientific-practical activity of the professor Mikhail Ivanovich Avdeev are described in the article. These include: a set of scientific tasks to justify the staff and organizational structure, organization and justification of the expert work content in the specialized military forensic service, including the training programs development for specialization and thematic improvement of forensic experts; determining the limits of competence for forensic experts in determining the violent death type; systematization of causes and death conditions; establishing structure of sudden death causes in young persons; assessment of the pathogenetic role of trauma and pathology in the development of basal subarachnoid hemorrhages; formulation of the conceptual base content for forensic medicine; justification of a scientifically based sequence of forensic medicine reproduction; creation of a scientific school of military forensic experts; preparation and publication of about 50 textbooks, manuals and, monographs on forensic medicine, including the fundamental work «Forensic Medicine Course¼, «Forensic Examination of Living People¼, «Forensic Corpse Examination¼.
Assuntos
Docentes , Medicina Legal , Humanos , Medicina Legal/história , Federação Russa , Docentes/história , História do Século XXRESUMO
The aim of the scientific work is to justify the need to highlight the topic of injuries after the biological exposure in forensic medicine. The definition of the «biological trauma¼ concept is presented - it means impairment of the body structure and function as a result of a special injury effects typical for wildlife representatives (animals, plants). Biological exposure includes antigenic, toxin, allergic, bioelectric, bioorganic exposures and their combinations. Biological injuries should be distinguished from mechanical injuries caused by small, medium, and large mammals and reptiles. Options of the antemortem and postmortem biological factor effects are considered. The qualitative limits of the postmortem period are defined. A new method of forensic reconstruction of postmortem conditions is proposed. Forensic entomological, forensic microbiological examinations, and their complex combination with forensic examination are isolated as independent methods.
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Entomologia Forense , Medicina Legal , Animais , Autopsia , Mudanças Depois da Morte , MamíferosRESUMO
Criminally-remedial law requirements to the expert conclusion are analyzed. A number of terms contained in the law that do not have an unambiguous interpretation are highlighted including the content of the expert conclusion, result, outcomes, methodology, method. The author definitions of these concepts are proposed.
RESUMO
Studies of Russian and foreign literature have shown that the features of mechanical injuries and the course of diseases in different pediatric age categories remain insufficiently investigated in forensic pediatrics, taking into account their physiological characteristics and concomitant pathology. Based on this, it is proposed to develop the diagnostic criteria for both mechanical injuries and diseases of children as priority and promising areas in scientific research, taking into account the age-related physiological characteristics, as well as the effects of external factors on the course of the pathomorphological process; to create a single algorithm for a comprehensive pathomorphological analysis of pediatric pathology, which allows forensic experts to fully answer questions concerning the prescription of injuries, the pathogenesis of diseases, and determining the severity of the harm to the child's health.
Assuntos
Algoritmos , Medicina Legal , Criança , Humanos , Federação Russa , Patologia LegalRESUMO
Pathomorphological changes in internal organs due to the toxic effects of the black mamba venom are nonspecific in nature and presume its neurotoxic and cardiotoxic effects with the development of the DIC syndrome, pulmonary edema, and brain edema in the terminal period. In forensic medicine, the development of specific diagnostic criteria, as well as an algorithm for detecting toxins of the black mamba venom in biological fluids and tissues of internal organs can become a promising topic for scientific research.
Assuntos
Dendroaspis , Animais , Venenos Elapídicos/toxicidadeRESUMO
The aim of the scientific work is to analyze the prospects of using the impedance monitoring method to determine the prescription of death coming. The conducted exploratory analysis allows hypothesizing the dependence of impedance values and dispersion factors for the diagnostic zones studies on the postmortem interval; it also suggests that it is possible to determine this interval for the objects (pig corpses) studies with a combination of impedance values and the corresponding factors. Among large mammals, a swine is the closest to a human from the point of analyzing the postmortem period process, and it can be recommended as an adequate human corpse model. When determining the correlation between the postmortem interval and the impedance parameters, it is the simplicity and reproducibility of the method, the absence of expensive equipment, its portability and the rapid receipt of results that allow this method to be applied at the scene, reinforcing traditional forensic methods for determining the prescription of death coming. Interpretation of impedance monitoring results can be used to analyze the biological nature of the postmortem period processes.
Assuntos
Mudanças Depois da Morte , Prescrições , Humanos , Suínos , Animais , Impedância Elétrica , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Autopsia/métodos , Cadáver , MamíferosRESUMO
Phenotypic signs of dominants isolated from the surface of bony remnants from the historic burial site were analyzed in order to expand data on the biodiversity of microorganisms in the microbial flora of bony remnants and to assess the possibility of using the results of microbiological analysis in the evidence base of forensic examination and forensic archaeology. It was detected that only Deuteromycota and Eubacteria colonized all types of surfaces in the samples of bone fragments from the historic burial site (with the age in the range of 90-95 years); with the abundance of micromycetes, the proportion of Eubacteria naturally decreased, while with the increased bacterial background counts the rate of micromycetes detection decreased. The insignificant amount of nutrients in the bony remnants led to the decrease in the number and biological diversity of microorganisms contaminating them; species adapted to a hard-to-reach organic substrate dominated there. During the process of bony remnants decomposition, when the conditions of their location changed, inter-species competition and specific recolonization occurred by species of microorganisms most adapted to a hard-to-reach organic substrate in the abiotic and biotic conditions of existence given. The results obtained are important for the descriptive ecology and biology of specific groups of microorganisms in the postmortem microbiome and form the basis for a more thorough study of complex communications between species of microorganisms in the necrobiome of bony remnants - in the future it will allow putting forward original hypotheses about the involvement of microbes in the circulation of matter and energy, as well as to apply the information obtained in the evidence base of forensic examination and forensic archaeology.
Assuntos
Medicina Legal , Mudanças Depois da Morte , Humanos , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Medicina Legal/métodos , Autopsia , Bactérias , SepultamentoRESUMO
The analysis of 387 cases of mandibular fractures complicated by posttraumatic infections is presented. These infections were quite diverse - from local suppuration of soft tissues surrounding the fracture to widespread processes affecting fatty tissue planes, including the anterior and posterior mediastinum. Infectious complications determine the injury outcome in each case - recovery, disability, or death. Two clinical observations with lethal outcomes are described.
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Fraturas Mandibulares , Humanos , Fraturas Mandibulares/complicações , Estudos RetrospectivosRESUMO
The purpose of the scientific work is to outline the main stages of the development of forensic examination of gunshot injuries in Russia. The analysis of the special literature from 1865 to the present time has demonstrated that the issue of forensic examination of gunshot injuries has been analyzed quite deeply by Russian forensic specialists. Meanwhile, expert practice sets forth tasks that are associated with the emergence of new firearm samples and new methods of laboratory and instrumental diagnosis.
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Armas de Fogo , Ferimentos por Arma de Fogo , Humanos , Balística Forense/métodos , Ferimentos por Arma de Fogo/diagnóstico , Medicina Legal , Federação RussaRESUMO
Parasitic diseases are rare in forensic practice. The article presents two observations of dirofilariasis in the facial area. Clinical signs, characteristics, surgical treatment, and description of the parasite extracted from the subcutaneous tissue of the paraorbital region are given.
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Dirofilariose , Animais , Humanos , Dirofilariose/diagnóstico , Dirofilariose/parasitologia , Dirofilariose/cirurgia , Medicina LegalRESUMO
2 cases of death in males due to multiple head impacts by propeller blades of small vessels are given. The set of the following signs provides a basis for confirming the above-mentioned mechanism and properties of the traumatic object: multiplicity, oblong shape, parallel step-like arrangement of injury lengths, acute-angled M-shaped or Y-shaped injury ends, uneven edges, sometimes with the formation of small flaps and abrasion, lumpy wound walls, multi-fragmented nature of fractures in a limited area of the skullcap and facial skull bones, the location of damage to intracranial structures in the projection of external injuries and fractures of the cerebral skull bones.
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Traumatismos Craniocerebrais , Fraturas Ósseas , Fraturas Cranianas , Lesões dos Tecidos Moles , Humanos , Masculino , Crânio/lesões , Fraturas Cranianas/etiologiaRESUMO
THE AIM OF THE STUDY: Is to justify using the corpses of large mammals as model objects for studying the postmortem period. Similarities in processes occurring postmortem in human and swine corpses (decomposition stages and the structure of dominant necrophilic organisms inhabiting the corpse), as well as similar changes of relative impedance parameters for the cartilaginous tissue and musculoskeletal flap of swine and human corpses have been established. The results obtained allow recommending the swine corpse as an adequate human corpse model both for scientific studies and for solving specific scientific and practical issues arising in the practice of forensic examination when determining the prescription of death coming and the postmortem period conditions.
Assuntos
Mamíferos , Mudanças Depois da Morte , Humanos , Suínos , Animais , Cadáver , AutopsiaRESUMO
The article presents the case of the death of a premature and immature newborn infant, who was placed in the refrigerator freezer after birth. To determine the thanatogenesis of the infant's death, medical documents and case materials were studied, which made it possible to determine the development of pathological processes that led to the death of the newborn, defects in the primary examination of the corpse and shortcomings in the histological examination, limiting judgments about the circumstances of the infant's death.
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Causas de Morte , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-NascidoRESUMO
An unusual expert observation of the death of a man from falling into a working disk sawmill is presented. As a result of the forensic medical examination of the corpse, a sawn wound of the right lower limb with subtotal traumatic amputation at the level of the upper third of the lower leg was found. The above observation complements the forensic understanding of the relatively rare sawn injuries caused by circular saws in production conditions. Despite the surgical intervention that took place in the described case, which led to a modification of the primary picture of sawn damage, it remains possible to diagnose the damaging factor, some of its characteristics, the mechanism of action and solve the situational problem.
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Amputação Traumática , Amputação Traumática/cirurgia , Cadáver , Medicina Legal , Humanos , Perna (Membro) , MasculinoRESUMO
A case of suicide using technical electricity is presented. The fact of electrical injury is confirmed by the typical macroscopic and microscopic picture of an electric mark. The location of the conductors on the body indicated the victim's knowledge of the effect of electric current on the human body, the ways of its propagation through the body through the vital organs, preparation and determination in the implementation of suicidal intentions. The interest of this case lies in the fact that electrical injury as a method of suicide is extremely rare in expert practice.
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Traumatismos por Eletricidade , Suicídio , Traumatismos por Eletricidade/etiologia , HumanosRESUMO
THE AIM OF THE STUDY: Is to determine whether dentures belong to one or different users. The results of a comparative visual comparison of two different-scale and different-angle photographs of removable dentures of the maxilla teeth are presented. The comparison was carried out by 20 experienced orthopedic dentists. The opinion of the overwhelming majority: with a high degree of probability, the dentures belong to one user. Experts based their judgment on 13 independent attributes. From a forensic medical point of view, the assessment contains elements of subjectivity. The conclusion about the possibility of solving the question posed on the basis of objective methods of forensic identification is formulated.
Assuntos
OdontologiaRESUMO
Construction and assembly pistols are widely used but single observations are described in the forensic medical literature and, as a rule, concerning shots to the head. An unusual case of suicide by a shot in the neck from a TOUA 307 construction and assembly pistol is presented: a blind shell wound was found to the left half of the neck and with damage to the cervical spine and spinal cord. The above observation complements the existing ideas about the possibility of causing self-harm from an atypical weapon - a construction and assembly pistol.
Assuntos
Armas de Fogo , Suicídio , Ferimentos por Arma de Fogo , Vértebras Cervicais , Medicina Legal , HumanosRESUMO
THE AIM THE STUDY: The purpose of the work is to perform automated alignment of two-dimensional archival photographs of the first prosthesis and a digital model of the complete removable prosthesis by superposition in order to determine or deny their possible belonging to one user. MATERIALS END METHODS: The superposition was carried out in the Exocad program (DentalCAD 3.0 Galway) using the standard 2D-3D alignment algorithm of the «SmileDesign¼ module; in the same program. In addition, Keynote and Fusion 360, and Autodesk programs were used. Statistical measurements were carried out at the statistically significant level of p<0.05. RESULTS: A comparison of four different-angle and different-scale photographic images of a removable denture of the upper jaw teeth with a three-dimensional copy of the same version of the prosthesis of the life physician of the royal family E.S. Botkin was made. When superimposing a digital three-dimensional model and a two-dimensional photograph of the original prosthesis with marked anthropometric points (n=51), 21 of them coincided or touched each other (41.2%). Another 26 points were located side by side (distance up to 1.5 mm) (50.9%) and 4 did not coincide (distance >1.5 mm, but no more than 3.5-4 mm) (7.8%). When the reference points were combined, the contours, the configuration of the relief and the peripheral boundaries of all three objects mostly coincided. The linear longitudinal and transverse dimensions of the bases of the prostheses also mostly coincided. The exception was the distal border of the bases, and the level of the cutting edges of the anterior artificial teeth, where complete coincidence was not observed, due to differences in the degree of erasability. CONCLUSION: Comparison of the original prosthesis from Ipatiev's house and its stereolithographic model was a test for the accuracy of the matching method used. The stereotype of the compared images is proved and the consistency of the possibility of computer combination of three-dimensional and two-dimensional objects is confirmed. The use of traditional methods of forensic identification and evaluation of the results by methods of mathematical statistics allowed us to conclude that the two different complete removable dentures of the upper jaw depicted in the photographs belong to one user.
Assuntos
Prótese Total , Odontologia Legal , Prótese Parcial , Humanos , Dente ArtificialRESUMO
Objective - to outline the basic ideas about the conditions and results of the burning of human corpses and the potential possibilities of a forensic medical examination of the burned remains. It is impossible to burn the corpse of an adult to a state of only homogeneous ash not only on the fire, but also in special crematorium chambers. After the burning of the corpse, ash and bone fragments remain in a state of black, gray and white heat. The state of the cremated remains allows, at least, establishing the number of incinerated corpses, their species and anatomical affiliation. Reconstruction of the conditions of corpse burning is possible only within the framework of a comprehensive forensic examination with the participation of specialists in the field of fire-technical affairs and forensic medical experts. The exclusive competence of specialists in the field of fire-technical affairs is the verification of the conditions of combustion (type and volume of fuel, technical features of combustion, duration of cremation, etc.).
Assuntos
Queimaduras , Cremação , Acidentes , Adulto , Cadáver , Medicina Legal , HumanosRESUMO
Objective - to identify the morphological equivalents of the cardiotoxic action of organophosphate poisoning. It was studied 110 fatal organophosphate poisonings in toxicogenic and somatogenic stages. The study of the heart was a comprehensive in term of clinical, biochemical, histological, micromorphometric, histochemical and histoenzymological approaches. We have identified a complex of deep metabolic disorders and necrobiotic changes in the heart muscle and the level of cholinesterase activity inhibition in the cholinergic structures of the heart in the toxicogenic and somatogenic stages of fatal organophosphate poisoning.