Inflammatory, antioxidant and glycemic status to different mode of high-intensity training in type 2 diabetes mellitus.

BACKGROUND: Exercise has traditionally been used and prescribed as an effective and suitable way to treat type 2 diabetics Mellitus (T2DM). In this regard, we compared inflammatory, antioxidant, and glycemic status to different kinds of high-intensity interval training (strength training, HIIT, and HIIT + ST) in patients with T2DM. METHODS AND RESULTS: Fifty-nine T2DM patients (age = 45-60 yrs) were randomly divided to strength training (ST) (n = 15), high intensity interval training (HIIT) (n = 16), HIIT + ST (n = 15) or served as control (CON) (n = 13) groups. Experimental groups performed three training sessions/week for 12 weeks. Inflammatory, antioxidant, glycemic factors, and anthropometric parameters were evaluated at baseline and after the 12 weeks of interventions. Training HIIT groups significantly improved antioxidant factors, lipid profile, and glycemic parameters (P ≤ 0.05). Interleukin 6 (IL-6), C-reactive protein (CRP), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) significantly decreased in the three training groups. As a result of training, the overall inflammatory and antioxidant status were improved considerably in all three training groups compared to the CON group (P ≤ 0.05). In addition, there were significant differences in CRP at the follow-up values between ST and CON groups (P ≤ 0.05). Exercise time and TC were significantly improved in HIIT than in the CON group (P ≤ 0.05). The results showed a significant difference between the HIIT + ST group and the CON group in VO2peak (P ≤ 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Our results showed improvement in inflammatory factors, antioxidants, and glycemic parameters in all training groups regardless of their type. However, for more benefits in T2DM patients, combination exercises can be suggested.

Swimming exercise reduces oxidative stress and liver damage indices of male rats exposed to electromagnetic radiation.

OBJECTIVES: Hepatic damage caused by oxidative stress is one of the problems associated with the emission of electromagnetic radiation (EMR). In this study, the effects of swimming exercise (SE) on oxidative stress and liver cell damage caused by EMR emission in rats were investigated. METHODS: Thirty-two rats (8 weeks old) were randomly divided into four groups, including control (C), EMR, SE, and EMR + SE. During four weeks, the animals engaged in SE (30 min/session, 5session/week) and were also exposed to EMR (4 h/day, seven days/week) emission from a Wi-Fi 2.45GHZ router. The liver and blood samples were collected at 48 h after completing four weeks of SE to assess histopathological damage, oxidative stress, and liver enzymes. KEY FINDINGS: Tissue sections showed severe liver damage in the EMR group compared to the C group, while the SE attenuated the liver damage. In the EMR group, compared to the C, SE and EMR + SE groups, the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) decreased significantly, and the concentration of malondialdehyde (MDA) and liver enzymes (AST, ALT, and ALP) increased significantly (P < 0.05). Swimming exercise in the SE and EMR + SE groups compared to EMR led to a significant increase in the activity of SOD and CAT and a significant decrease in the concentration of MDA and liver enzymes (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The study findings showed that the SE is beneficial in attenuating the harmful effects of RF-EMR emitted from the Wi-Fi on the liver.

The effect of 8 weeks of combined interval (resistance-interval training) and combined endurance (endurance-resistance training) on plasma levels of adropin and nitric oxide in males with high blood pressure.

INTRODUCTION: Nitric oxide (NO) is a vasodilator that plays an important role in blood pressure control. The purpose of the present study was to compare the effect of 8 weeks of resistance-interval and endurance-resistance trainings on plasma levels of adropin and NO in males with hypertension. METHOD: Forty-five patients with hypertension were recruited and divided into 3 groups of control (age = 51.1 ± 6.4 years, body mass = 80.4 ± 9.2 kg), resistance-interval training (age = 50.7 ± 5.5 years, body mass = 78.1 ± 11 kg), and endurance-resistance training (age = 52.8 ± 6.1 years, body mass = 79.6 ± 9.2 kg). The resistance training program was performed in 2 sets, 10 to 15 repetitions, with 50% intensity of one repetition maximum. Increasing endurance training was performed for 30-40 min at 60-70% of maximum heart rate (HRmax) on the bike. The high-intensity interval training program consisted of 4 intervals of 80 to 90% of HRmax and 3-min recovery periods of 60 to 70% of HRmax. Blood samples were collected 1 week before the start of the training program and 48 h after the last training session. Plasma levels of adropin and nitrite/nitrate were measured by ELISA before and after the exercise interventions. RESULTS: Eight weeks of resistance-interval and endurance-resistance trainings increased plasma levels of adropin and NO and decreased blood pressure (P ≤ 0.05). Furthermore, plasma levels of adropin increased in both exercise groups, whereas NO levels increased only in the endurance-resistance training. Systolic blood pressure decreased in the resistance-interval training (P ≤ 0.05) while it remained unchanged in the endurance-resistance group. CONCLUSION: Resistance-interval and endurance-resistance trainings are effective in decreasing blood pressure by increasing cardiorespiratory capacity and plasma levels of adropin and NO.

The Effects of High-Intensity Interval Training vs. Moderate-Intensity Continuous Training on Inflammatory Markers, Body Composition, and Physical Fitness in Overweight/Obese Survivors of Breast Cancer: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial.

Background: Chronic inflammation associated with breast cancer (BC) poses a major challenge in care management and may be ameliorated by physical activity. This randomized controlled trial assessed the effects of a 12-week high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) on inflammatory markers, body composition, and physical fitness in BC survivors (BCS). Methods: Forty BCS (age = 57 ± 1 years; body mass [BM] = 74.8 ± 1.5 kg; VO2peak = 20.8 ± 2.1 mL·kg-1·min-1) were randomly assigned to three groups: HIIT (n = 15), MICT (n = 15), or control (CON; n = 15). The intervention groups (HIIT and MICT) performed their respective exercise protocols on a cycle ergometer 3 days/week for 12 weeks while the CON group maintained their current lifestyle. Baseline and post-intervention assessments included body composition (BM, fat mass (FM), lean mass (LM)), physical fitness (VO2peak, lower body strength (LBS), upper body strength (UBS)), and serum concentrations of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-8 (IL-8), interleukin-10 (IL-10), leptin, and adiponectin. Results: Both intervention groups significantly (p < 0.05) decreased BM (HIIT = -1.8 kg, MICT = -0.91 kg), FM (HIIT = -0.81 kg, MICT = -0.18 kg), TNF-α (HIIT = -1.84 pg/mL, MICT = -0.99 pg/mL), IL-6 (HIIT = -0.71 pg/mL, MICT = -0.36 pg/mL), leptin (HIIT = -0.35 pg/mL, MICT = -0.16 pg/mL) and increased VO2peak (HIIT = 0.95 mL·kg-1·min-1, MICT = 0.67 mL·kg-1·min-1), LBS (HIIT = 2.84 kg, MICT = 1.53 kg), UBS (HIIT = 0.53 kg, MICT = 0.53 kg), IL-10 (HIIT = 0.63 pg/mL, MICT = 0.38 pg/mL), and adiponectin (HIIT = 0.23 ng/mL, MICT = 0.1 ng/mL) compared to baseline. The changes in BM, FM, TNF-α, leptin, and LBS were significantly greater in HIIT compared to all other groups. Conclusions: Our findings indicate that compared to the often-recommended MICT, HIIT may be a more beneficial exercise therapy for the improvement of inflammation, body composition and LBS in BCS; and consequently, merits long-term study.