Definitive Review of Nanobiochar.

Nanobiochar is an advanced nanosized biochar with enhanced properties and wide applicability for a variety of modern-day applications. Nanobiochar can be developed easily from bulk biochar through top-down approaches including ball-milling, centrifugation, sonication, and hydrothermal synthesis. Nanobiochar can also be modified or engineered to obtain "engineered nanobiochar" or biochar nanocomposites with enhanced properties and applications. Nanobiochar provides many fold enhancements in surface area (0.4-97-times), pore size (0.1-5.3-times), total pore volume (0.5-48.5-times), and surface functionalities over bulk biochars. These enhancements have given increased contaminant sorption in both aqueous and soil media. Further, nanobiochar has also shown catalytic properties and applications in sensors, additive/fillers, targeted drug delivery, enzyme immobilization, polymer production, etc. The advantages and disadvantages of nanobiochar over bulk biochar are summarized herein, in detail. The processes and mechanisms involved in nanobiochar synthesis and contaminants sorption over nanobiochar are summarized. Finally, future directions and recommendations are suggested.

Surface Modification Strategies for Enhanced Morphological Performance in Biomedical Implantation: Recent Developments, Challenges, and Future Scope in the Health Sector.

Surface modification is the science of manipulating surface morphology and interfacial properties and also plays a vital role in biomedical implantation. A few of the interfacial properties are biocompatibility, protein adsorption, wettability, cell proliferation, collagen, etc. These properties depend on surface modification strategies and significantly impact the implant response within the host body. Generally, the corrosion, surface wear, and degradation in the physiological environment limit the application of different biomaterials and can address through various surface modification strategies. These surface modifications developed over the years to improve the morphology and interfacial properties to meet the specific functional surface application in biomedical implantation. It can be done through surface roughening, patterning/texturing, coating with different materials, and hybrid modification. Further, the process development for bio-medical application, process capabilities, limitations, challenges, and characterization aspects are correlated to identify the effectiveness of different surface modification strategies. Finally, various innovative biomedical applications and surface characteristics are also present with future scope in the direction of surface modification for biomedical implantation.