Epidemiology of Meningococcal Disease in Four South American Countries and Rationale of Vaccination in Adolescents from the Region: Position Paper of the Latin American Society of Pediatric Infectious Diseases (SLIPE).

Surveillance of meningococcal disease (MD) is crucial after the implementation of vaccination strategies to monitor their impact on disease burden. Adolescent vaccination could provide direct and indirect protection. Argentina, Brazil, and Chile have introduced meningococcal conjugate vaccines (MCV) into their National Immunization Programs (NIP), while Uruguay has not. Here, we analyze the epidemiology of MD and vaccination experience from these four South American countries to identify needs and plans to improve the current vaccination programs. METHODOLOGY: Descriptive study of MD incidence rates, serogroup distribution, case fatality rates (CFR), and MCV uptakes during the period 2010-2021 in Argentina, Brazil, Chile, and Uruguay. Data were extracted from national surveillance programs, reference laboratories, NIPs, and Pubmed. RESULTS: MD overall incidence from 2010 to 2021 have a decreasing trend in Argentina (0.37 [IQR = 0.20-0.61]), Brazil (0.59 [IQR = 0.54-1.22]), and Chile (0.45 [IQR = 0.40-0.77]), while a significant increase in Uruguay (0.47 [IQR = 0.33-0.69]) was found from 2016 to 2019. During the COVID-19 pandemic, all countries sharply reduced their MD incidence. The highest incidence rates were observed among infants, followed by children 1-4 years of age. No second peak was evident in adolescents. A reduction in serogroup C, W, and Y cases has occurred in Argentina, Brazil, and Chile after introduction of MCV, serogroup B becoming predominant in all four countries. Median CFR was 9.0%, 21%, 19.9%, and 17.9% in Argentina, Brazil, Chile, and Uruguay, respectively. Median uptake of MCV for Argentina and Brazil were 66.6% and 91.0% for priming in infants; 54.7% and 84.5% for booster in toddlers; and 47.5% and 53% for adolescents; while for Chile, 95.6% for toddlers. CONCLUSIONS: Experience after the implementation of MCV programs in South America was successful, reducing the burden of MD due to the vaccine serogroups. High vaccine uptake and the inclusion of adolescents will be crucial in the post-pandemic period to maintain the protection of the population. The increase in the proportion of serogroup B cases emphasizes the importance of continuous surveillance to guide future vaccination strategies.

Are the first 1,000 days of life a neglected vital period to prevent the impact on maternal and infant morbimortality of infectious diseases in Latin America? Proceedings of a workshop of experts from the Latin American Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society, SLIPE.

While the first 1,000 days of life are a critical period in child's development, limited information on the main determinants affecting this period in the Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) region is available. Therefore, the Latin American Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society (SLIPE) held an ad hoc workshop in May 2022 with an expert panel designed to analyze the main factors impacting the development of childhood in the region during this period and the main causes of maternal infant morbimortality. The aim was to identify priorities, generate recommendations, and advise practical actions to improve this situation. Considerations were made about the challenges involved in bridging the gap that separates the region from more developed countries regarding an optimal early childhood and maternal care. Extensive discussion was conducted to reach consensus recommendations on general strategies intended to reduce maternal and infant mortality associated with infections and immune-preventable diseases during the first 1,000 days of life in LAC.

[Assessment of core capacities for enforcement of the International Health Regulations at points of entry in Uruguay]. / Evaluación de capacidades básicas para cumplir el Reglamento Sanitario Internacional en puntos de entrada de Uruguay.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the characteristics and results of the assessment of core capacities for enforcement of the International Health Regulations (IHR) at points of entry in Uruguay through simultaneous application of the World Health Organization (WHO) and MERCOSUR instruments, and indicate the strengths and weaknesses identified in both instruments when applied in the field. METHODS: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted through the application of the WHO and MERCOSUR instruments to assess core capacities for the enforcement of the IHR. Two points of entry (POE 1 and 2) were selected as a convenience sample because they had the highest volume of passenger and goods traffic in the country. Both instruments were characterized individually and qualitatively in terms of strengths and weaknesses. RESULTS: The average values for the implementation of core capacities were 69% (WHO) and 67.4% (MERCOSUR) for POE 1 and 68% (WHO) and 63.9% (MERCO-SUR) for POE 2. The average differences recorded between the instruments were 1.6% for POE 1 and 4.1% for POE 2. Both instruments examined nonmeasurable factors that are subject to the evaluator's judgment, without using operational definitions of the relevant variables. CONCLUSIONS: Simultaneous application of the WHO and MERCOSUR instruments yielded similar levels of implementation at the two points of entry assessed. The assessment processes of the two instruments would be enhanced by capitalizing on each other's strengths and addressing the weaknesses observed and recorded in this study.

[Detection of rifampicin-resistant strains of Neisseria meningitidis in Uruguay]. / Detección de cepas de Neisseria meningitidis resistentes a rifampicina en el Uruguay.

The objective of this study was to characterize the phenotype and genotype of two isolates of rifampicin-resistant Neisseria meningitidis associated with two independent events involving transmission of severe meningococcal meningitis that occurred in September and October 2010 in Montevideo, Uruguay. The most recent 10 years of data from the national antimicrobial resistance surveillance system were reviewed to estimate the frequency of the particular meningococcal features that were characterized. Rifampicin resistance was studied using the epsilometer test. The serotype and serosubtype of the isolates were determined by ELISA, and the genotype was characterized using DNA digestion with Nhel and pulse field gel electrophoresis. The two isolates were identical: B:2a:P1.5. In the collection of 408 strains of N. meningitidis isolated in Uruguay in the past 10 years, the phenotype only appeared in two isolates, which were sensitive to rifampicin. The two isolates studied also shared a single pulse type, which was different from that of two other rifampicin-resistant isolates obtained in 2003 and 2007. Consequently, it was concluded that both cases of transmission were caused by a single rifampicin-resistant strain, which could have been an import from another country or else the result of a drift from serogroup C to B due to selective pressure exerted by vaccines administered to the population. It is essential to maintain and maximize surveillance. However, since this type of finding has been sporadic so far, unless a secondary case is identified, there is no justification for changing the antimicrobial drug currently being administered to contacts as prophylaxis.

Pneumococcal pneumonia in hospitalized Uruguayan children and potential prevention with different vaccine formulations.

OBJECTIVES: To provide information on pneumococcal pneumonias, on their associated serotypes, and to estimate the coverage potentially afforded by antipneumococcal vaccines. STUDY DESIGN: A retrospective study (2000 to 2004) was performed of patients with pneumococcal pneumonia aged 0 to 14 years admitted to the National Reference Children's Hospital in Uruguay. Selected clinical data, radiographic interpretation, and microbiologic reports were obtained for analysis. RESULTS: Of 410 enrolled patients, 384 had consolidated pneumonia/pleural effusion and 26 had infiltrates without consolidation: Pneumococcus was identified in blood or in pleural fluid of 387 patients; 21 serotypes were identified. The most frequent serotypes in decreasing order were serotypes 14, 1, 5, 3, 9V, 6B, and 7F. Forty-eight percent of invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates were obtained from children younger than 24 months. For this group, the 7-valent vaccine would cover 60%, but a 10-valent vaccine would cover 83.8%. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides information on pneumonia of proven S. pneumoniae causes and their associated serotypes, enabling estimation of potential effect of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines.

Síndrome hemolítico urémico secundario a Streptococcus pneumoniae. Reporte de un caso clínico / Streptococcus pneumoniae associated hemolytic uremic syndrome. Case report

El síndrome hemolítico urémico secundario a Streptococcus pneumoniae (SHU-Sp) es una complicación poco frecuente de las enfermedades invasoras por S. pneumoniae. Presenta una alta morbimortalidad, con requerimiento de transfusiones de glóbulos rojos y plaquetas, terapia de sustitución de la función renal de inicio precoz y más prolongada, así como mayores complicaciones a largo plazo, comparado con las formas secundarias a infección entérica por Escherichia coli productora de toxina Shiga. Presentamos el caso clínico de una preescolar de dos años, previamente sana, vacunada con tres dosis de PCV13, que desarrolló una insuficiencia renal aguda, anemia hemolítica y plaquetopenia, en el contexto de una neumonía con empiema y bacteriemia por S. pneumoniae.

Streptococcus pneumoniae associated hemolytic uremic syndrome (Sp-HUS) is an uncommon complication of invasive pneumococcal infections. Patients with Sp-HUS have a higher mortality and long term morbidity than those due to HUS from Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli infections (STEC-HUS). They often require more red blood cells and platelet transfusions, and early initiation of renal substitution therapy, presenting a higher rate of arterial hypertension and chronic renal disease in the long term, compared to STEC-HUS. We report a healthy 2 year-old infant, vaccinated with three doses PCV13, that developed acute renal failure, hemolytic anemia and thrombocytopenia in the course of a complicated pneumococcal pneumonia with empyema and bacteremia.

Dolor abdominal: ¿cuándo pensar en apendicitis aguda? Características epidemiológicas y clínicas de niños ingresados en el Hospital Policial (junio 2008 - noviembre 2014) / Abdominal pain: when should we consider acute appendicitis? epidemiological and clinical characteristics of children admitted to the Uruguayan Police Forces hospital between june 2008 and november 2014 / Dor abdominal: quando pensar em apendicite aguda? características epidemiológicas e clínicas de crianças admitidas no hospital policial de Uruguay em junho de 2008 a novembro de 2014

Resumen: Introducción: el dolor abdominal agudo es un motivo de consulta frecuente en pediatría. Es importante realizar oportunamente el diagnóstico de apendicitis aguda, ya que esto contribuye a disminuir la morbimortalidad. Objetivo: analizar las características epidemiológicas, clínicas y evolución de niños ingresados por dolor abdominal. Identificar características clínicas y paraclínicas que orienten al diagnóstico oportuno de apendicitis aguda. Metodología: estudio observacional, descriptivo, retrospectivo, incluyendo niños menores de 14 años ingresados en sala de Pediatría entre junio de 2008 y noviembre de 2014. Fuente de datos: revisión de historias clínicas. Resultados: se incluyeron 217 pacientes; 52% fueron niñas (112) y 48% niños (105). El dolor fue en fosa ilíaca derecha 51% (110); 29% (63) en primavera, 24% (52) en verano, 24% (52) en otoño y 23% (50) en invierno. De los niños con apendicitis: 61% (54) presentó vómitos, 26% (23) lengua saburral, 40% (39) fiebre, de éstos 53% (19) 38 a 38,9 °C. Se hallaron en 45% (40) cifras mayores a 15.000 leucocitos, 41% (37) menores a 15.000 y en 14% (12) no se realizó hemograma. La proteína C reactiva (PCR) fue menor a 20 mg/L en 32% (28) y mayor en 22% (20). La ecografía abdominal fue normal en 56% (22); 5% (6) presentó complicaciones durante la internación. Conclusiones: el diagnóstico más frecuente fue la apendicitis aguda, seguido de dolor abdominal inespecífico. En la mayoría de los casos en los que se planteó el diagnóstico clínico de apendicitis, fue confirmada en intraoperatorio y por análisis anatomopatológico. El dolor como síntoma tuvo mayor rendimiento diagnóstico. Los vómitos y la fiebre se asociaron con mayor probabilidad de apendicitis aguda. El 40% presentó fiebre, la mayoría entre 38 y 38,9 °C. La leucocitosis y la PCR no fueron orientadores para el diagnóstico de apendicitis. La ecografía abdominal tampoco fue concluyente.

Summary: Introduction: acute abdominal pain is a reason for frequent consultation in Pediatrics. It is important to diagnose acute appendicitis in time, thus reducing morbidity and mortality. Objective: to analyze the epidemiological characteristics, statistics and evolution of children admitted for abdominal pain. Identify the clinical and paraclinical characteristics that lead to diagnosis of acute appendicitis. Methodology: observational, descriptive, retrospective study of children under 14 years of age previously admitted to the Pediatric ward from June 2008 to November 2014. Data source: Review of Electronic Medical Records. Results: we included 217 patients, 52% girls (112) and 48% boys (105). The pain was in the right iliac fossa 51% (110). 29% (63) of the cases took place in Spring, 24% (52) Summer, 24% (52) Autumn and 23% (50) in Winter. Of the children with appendicitis: 61% (54) presented vomiting, 26% (23) saburral tongue, 40% (39) fever, and 53% of them (19) had 38 to 38.9°C temperature. 45% (40) of them showed more than 15,000 leukocytes, 41% (37) less than 15,000 and no blood count was performed on 14% of patients. CRP was lower than 20 mg/L in 32% (28) of patients and higher in 22% (20) of them. Abdominal ultrasound was normal in 56% (22) of patients. 5% (6) of them presented complications during hospitalization. Conclusions: the most frequent diagnosis was acute appendicitis, followed by nonspecific abdominal pain. Most appendicitis cases diagnosed were confirmed intraoperatively and through pathological anatomical analysis. Pain as a symptom had a better diagnostic performance. Vomiting and fever are associated with a higher probability of acute appendicitis. 40% of the patients had fever, mainly between 38 and 38.9°C. Leukocytosis and C-reactive protein were leading factors for the diagnosis of appendicitis. Abdominal ultrasound was also inconclusive.

Resumo: Introdução: a dor abdominal aguda é motivo frequente de consulta pediátrica. É importante fazer um diagnóstico oportuno da apendicite aguda, pois isso contribui para diminuir a sua morbimortalidade. Objetivo: analisar características epidemiológicas, clínicas e evolução de crianças internadas por dor abdominal. Identificar as características clínicas e paraclínicas que levam ao diagnóstico oportuno de apendicite aguda. Metodologia: estudo observacional, descritivo, retrospectivo, realizado a crianças menores de 14 anos de idade internadas na Enfermaria Pediátrica de junho de 2008 a novembro de 2014. Fonte de dados: revisão dos Prontuários Médicos. Resultados: foram incluídos 217 pacientes, 52% meninas (112) e 48% meninos (105). A dor localizou-se na fossa ilíaca direita 51% (110). 29% (63) dos casos ocorreram na primavera, 24% (52) no verão, 24% (52) no outono e 23% (50) no inverno. Das crianças com apendicite: 61% (54) apresentaram vômitos, 26% (23) língua saburral, 40% (39) febre e 53% delas (19) apresentaram temperatura de 38 a 38,9°C. 45% (40) delas apresentaram mais de 15.000 leucócitos, 41% (37) menos de 15.000 e não realizamos nenhum hemograma em 14% dos pacientes. A PCR foi inferior a 20 mg/L em 32% (28) dos pacientes e superior em 22% (20) deles. A ultrassonografia abdominal foi normal em 56% (22) dos pacientes. 5% (6) deles apresentaram complicações durante a internação. Conclusões: o diagnóstico mais frequente foi apendicite aguda, seguida de dor abdominal inespecífica. A maioria dos casos de apendicite diagnosticada foi confirmada no intra-operatório e através da análise anatômica patológica. A dor como sintoma apresentou melhor desempenho diagnóstico. Vômitos e febre estiveram associados a uma maior probabilidade de apendicite aguda. 40% dos pacientes apresentaram febre, principalmente entre 38 e 38,9°C. A Leucocitose e a Proteína C-reativa foram os principais fatores para realizar o diagnóstico de apendicite. O ultrassom abdominal também foi inconclusivo.

Papilomatosis respiratoria: un reto diagnóstico y terapéutico. A propósito de un caso / Respiratory papillomatosis: a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge / Papilomatose respiratória: um desafio diagnóstico e terapêutico. Relato de caso / Case study

Resumen: La papilomatosis respiratoria es una neoplasia benigna infrecuente causada por el virus del papiloma humano, principalmente los tipos 6 y 11. Típicamente la papilomatosis laríngea se manifiesta con disfonía y estridor. La presentación clínica de la papilomatosis traqueobronquial es inespecífica. Esta enfermedad tiene un curso clínico impredecible y tendencia a la recurrencia. El objetivo de esta publicación es describir un caso poco frecuente en pediatría, que se presenta inicialmente con sintomatología inespecífica. Caso clínico: escolar de 6 años que requiere ingreso al sector de internación por insuficiencia respiratoria tipo 2 para estudio. Presenta un cuadro de dos meses de evolución dado por dificultad respiratoria progresiva, estridor y ronquido. Instala en forma aguda síntomas respiratorios altos, con intenso funcional respiratorio y tendencia al sueño, destacándose de la valoración inicial una acidosis respiratoria crónica descompensada, con hipercapnia severa, que requiere intubación orotraqueal. Mejora el funcional respiratorio, pero persiste al examen tiraje supraesternal, estridor e hipercapnia. Se realiza fibrolaringoscopía que evidencia una lesión supraglótica y otra a nivel traqueal con características de papiloma. Se realiza resección quirúrgica de éstas, tratamiento con bevacizumab y aciclovir intralesional. Se envían muestras para anatomía patológica e inmunohistoquímica, en la cual se detecta el virus del papiloma humano genotipo 11. Presenta buena evolución posoperatoria con retroceso de la sintomatología. Al mes, asintomático y fibrolaringoscopía de control normal. Conclusiones: el diagnóstico y tratamiento de la papilomatosis respiratoria constituyen un desafío debido a su manifestación clínica inespecífica y naturaleza recurrente.

Summary: Respiratory papillomatosis is an uncommon benign neoplasia caused by the Human Papilloma Virus, mainly by types 6 and 11. The typical symptoms of the larynx papillomatosis are dysphonia and stridor. For tracheobronchial papillomatosis, the symptoms are unspecific. This disease has an unpredictable clinical course and it tends to be recurrent. The objective of this paper is to describe one infrequent pediatric case, which initially showed unspecific symptomatology. Clinical case: six-year old child admitted due to a type 2 respiratory insufficiency. He had had clinical symptoms of progressive respiratory difficulty, stridor and snoring for two months. He developed acute high respiratory symptoms with intense functional respiratory and sleep tendency, and the initial check-up showed decompensated chronic respiratory acidosis with severe hypercapnia that required mechanical ventilation assistance. The respiratory function improved, but the suprasternal retraction, stridor and hypercapnia continued. The fibro laryngoscopy showed a supraglottic and a tracheal lesion with papilloma characteristics. Both were surgically resected and intralesional medical treatment with Bevacizumab and Acyclovir was administered. Samples for immunohistochemistry and pathology anatomy were taken, and the HPV type 11 was detected. Post-Surgical evolution was positive and after one month of follow-up the patient was asymptomatic and the control fibro laryngoscopy was normal. Conclusion: respiratory papillomatosis diagnosis and treatment is a challenge, due to its unspecific clinical manifestation and recurrent nature.

Resumo: A papilomatose respiratória é uma neoplasia benigna rara causada pelo vírus do papiloma humano, principalmente pelos tipos 6 e 11. Os sintomas típicos da papilomatose da laringe são disfonia e estridor. Para papilomatose traqueobrônquica, os sintomas são inespecíficos. Esta doença tem um percurso clínico imprevisível e tende a ser recorrente. O objetivo deste artigo é descrever um caso pediátrico pouco frequente, que inicialmente apresentava sintomatologia inespecífica. Caso clínico: criança de seis anos internada por insuficiência respiratória tipo 2. Ela apresentava sintomas clínicos de dificuldade respiratória progressiva, estridor e ronco por dois meses. Desenvolveu sintomas respiratórios agudos altos com intensa tendência respiratória e do sono funcional, e o controle inicial mostrou acidose respiratória crônica descompensada com hipercapnia grave que exigia assistência de ventilação mecânica. A função respiratória melhorou, mas a retração supraesternal, estridor e hipercapnia continuaram. A fibrolaringoscopia mostrou lesão supraglótica e traqueal com características de papiloma. Ambas foram ressecadas cirurgicamente e administrou-se tratamento intralesional com Bevacizumabe e Aciclovir. Coletaram-se amostras para teste imuno-histoquímico e anatomia patológica e detectou-se o HPV tipo 11. A evolução pós-cirúrgica foi positiva e, após um mês de acompanhamento, o paciente estava assintomático e a fibroaringoscopia de controle foi normal. Conclusão: o diagnóstico e tratamento da papilomatose respiratória é um desafio, devido à sua manifestação clínica inespecífica e a sua natureza recorrente.

Neumonía necrotizante en niños: 10 años de experiencia en un hospital pediátrico de referencia / Necrotizing pneumonia in children: 10 years of experience in a Pediatric Reference Hospital / Pneumonia necrosante em crianças: 10 anos de experiência em um Hospital Pediátrico de Referência

Resumen: Introducción: neumonía necrotizante (NN) es una complicación frecuente en niños hospitalizados por neumonía adquirida en la comunidad (NAC), caracterizada por importante morbilidad. En 2009, se elaboró una definición de caso, que permitió unificar criterios y racionalizar recursos en la asistencia de estos niños. Objetivo: describir características clínicas y evolutivas de niños que desarrollaron NN en los últimos 10 años. Metodología: estudio descriptivo de niños hospitalizados por NN entre 1/1/2009 y 31/12/2018. Definición de caso: neumatoceles y uno o más de los siguientes criterios: mal estado general, fiebre persistente o recurrente, leucocitosis mayor a 30.000 o menor a 5.000/mm3, proteína C reactiva mayor a 120 mg/dl, láctico deshidrogenasa en líquido pleural mayor a 2.500 UI/L y/o fístula broncopleural (FBP). Se describieron características epidemiológicas, clínicas, etiológicas y evolutivas. Resultados: se diagnosticó NN en 197 niños (7,92% de las hospitalizaciones por NAC), con número anual de casos y tasas/10.000 egresos variables. La mediana de edad fue de 25 meses; 89,8% eran sanos. La fiebre previa al diagnóstico tuvo mediana de cinco días. Tenían neumonía multilobar 58%, insuficiencia respiratoria 62%, sepsis 19%, empiema 80% y fístula bronquio-pleural 51%. Persistieron con fiebre mediana por siete días. Requirieron cuidados intensivos 46% y asistencia ventilatoria mecánica 18%. Los reactantes de fase aguda al ingreso fueron elevados. Se identificó agente etiológico en 102 casos, S. pneumoniae en 92. Fallecieron dos niños. Conclusiones: NN fue una complicación frecuente en niños hospitalizados por NAC. La presentación clínica y la evolución fueron graves. La identificación etiológica fue elevada, la mayoría correspondió a S. pneumoniae. La mortalidad fue baja.

Summary: Introduction: necrotizing pneumonia (NP) is a complication of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in hospitalized children, with significantly high morbidity. A case definition was devised in 2009, which enabled physicians to unify criteria and rationalize resources for the assistance of children with NP. Objective: describe clinical characteristics and evolution of children who developed NP. Methodology: descriptive study, NP hospitalized children between 1/1/2009 and 12/31/2018. Case definition: pneumatoceles and one or more of the following criteria: malaise, persistent/recurrent fever, white blood cell count over 30,000 or less than 5.000/mm3, C-reactive protein over 120 mg/dL, lactic dehydrogenase in pleural fluid over 2,500UI/L and/or bronchopleural fistula (BPF). Clinical, epidemiological, etiological and evolutionary characteristics were described. Results: NP was diagnosed in 197 children (7.92% of CAP hospitalizations), with variable annual cases and annual rate/10,000 discharges. Children had a median age of 25 months; 89.8% were previously healthy. They presented fever prior to diagnosis, median 5 days, multilobar pneumonia 58%, respiratory failure 62%, sepsis 19%, empyema 80% and BPF 51%, persistent fever median 7 days. 46% required intensive care and 18% required assisted mechanical ventilation. Acute phase reactants on admission were high. An etiological agent was identified in 102 cases, S.pneumoniae in 92. Two children died. Conclusions: NP was a frequent complication in CAP hospitalized children. Clinical presentation and evolution were severe. The etiological identification was high, most of them corresponded to S. pnuemoniae. Mortality was low.

Resumo: Introdução: a pneumonia necrosante (PN) é uma complicação da pneumonia adquirida na comunidade (PAC) em crianças hospitalizadas, com morbidade significativamente elevada. Em 2009, elaborou-se uma definição de caso, que possibilitou aos médicos unificar critérios e racionalizar recursos para o atendimento à criança com PN. Objetivo: descrever as características clínicas e evolutivas de crianças que desenvolveram PN nos últimos 10 anos. Metodologia: estudo descritivo de crianças internadas por PN entre 01/01/2009 e 31/12/2018. Definição de caso: pneumatoceles e um ou mais dos seguintes critérios: mau estado geral, febre persistente ou recorrente, leucocitose superior a 30.000 ou inferior a 5.000 / mm3, proteína C reativa superior a 120 mg / dl, desidrogenase láctica no líquido pleural superior 2.500 UI / L e / ou fístula broncopleural (BPF). Descreveram-se características epidemiológicas, clínicas, etiológicas e evolutivas. Resultados: a PN foi diagnosticada em 197 crianças (7,92% das internações por PAC), com número de casos e taxas anuais variáveis/10.000 altas. A idade média foi de 25 meses; 89,8% eram saudáveis. A febre antes do diagnóstico teve uma mediana de 5 dias. Eles tinham 58% de pneumonia multilobar, 62% de insuficiência respiratória, 19% de sepse, 80% de empiema e 51% de FBP. Eles persistiram com febre mediana por 7 dias. 46% necessitaram de cuidados intensivos e 18% de assistência ventilatória mecânica. Os reagentes de fase aguda na admissão foram elevados. Em 102 casos foi identificado um agente etiológico, S. pneumoniae em 92. 2 crianças morreram. Conclusões: NP é uma complicação frequente em crianças hospitalizadas por PAC. O quadro clínico e a evolução foram graves. A identificação etiológica foi alta, a maioria correspondeu a S. pneumoniae. A mortalidade foi baixa.

Bronquiolitis en neonatos: Experiencia de cuatro años en un hospital pediátrico de referencia nacional / Bronchiolitis in neonates: A four-year experience in a Pediatric Hospital that is a national reference

Introducción: la bronquiolitis es causa importante de morbimortalidad en pediatría motivo frecuente de consulta e ingreso hospitalario en meses invernales. Objetivo: describir epidemiología etiología evolución y tratamientos realizados en recién nacidos ingresados por bronquiolitisentre los años 2010 a 2013. Material y métodos: descriptivo retrospectivo. Se incluyeron todos los recién nacidos ingresados por bronquiolitis. Variables: edad gestacional sexo comorbilidades antecedentes ambientales agente etiológico días de internación insuficiencia respiratoria oxigeno de alto flujo ingreso a cuidados intensivos ventilación mecánica muerte. Resultados: ingresaron 226 neonatos 51 3 varones promedio de internación de 6 5 días. Conviviente con infección respiratoria 75 2 tabaquismo 28 3 cardiopatía congénita 9 7 pretérmino 7 9 . Se aisló virus respiratorio sincicial en 59 5 . Recibieron oxígeno de alto flujo 9 7 . Ingresaron a cuidados intensivos 11 5 apoyo ventilatorio mecánico 34 6 de los mismos. No se registraron muertes. Conclusiones: el número de ingresos de recién nacidos por bronquiolitis no es despreciable. El virus respiratorio sincicial es el agente etiológico más identificado y el causante de mayor número de ingresos a cuidados intensivos. No se constataron fallecimientos.

Introduction: bronchiolitis is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in children a frequent cause of consultation and hospitalization in winter months. Objective: to describe epidemiology etiology evolution and treatments applied to infants hospitalized for bronchiolitis between 2010 and 2013. Methods: descriptive retrospective study. All newborns hospitalized for bronchiolitis were included in the study. Variables: gestational age sex comorbidities environmental history etiologic agent days of hospitalization respiratory failure high-flow oxygen admission to intensive care mechanical ventilation death. Results: 226 neonates were admitted 51.3 of them were male average hospital stay was 6.5 days. 75.2 domestic partners had respiratory infections 28.3 smoked 9.7 presented congenital heart disease and 7.9 were preterm. Respiratory syncytial virus was isolated in 59.5 . 9.7 received high-flow oxygen. 11.5 were admitted to intensive care 34.6 of the latter needed mechanical ventilatory support. No deaths were reported. Conclusions: the number of hospitalizations for bronchiolitis in infants is not negligible. Respiratory syncytial virus is the etiologic agent identified and the cause of a higher number of admissions to intensive care. No deaths were observed.

Pereira Rossell; años 2001- Pericarditis aguda en pediatría: Incidencia y características. Hospital Pediátrico 2011 / Acute pericarditis in Pediatrics: Incidence and characteristics. Pereira Rossell Pediatric Hospital; 2001-2011

Resumen Introducción: la pericarditis es la inflamación del pericardio desencadenada por la acción de diversos agentes; es una patología poco frecuente en pediatría y su incidencia real es desconocida. Objetivo: determinar incidencia y características de la pericarditis aguda en los pacientes asistidos en el Centro Hospitalario Pereira Rossell. Material y método: estudio descriptivo retrospectivo de los casos ocurridos entre los años 2001-2011. Resultados: la incidencia fue 1,7 cada 10.000 egresos. El 80% de casos se presentó en el curso de infección respiratoria, siendo neumonía la enfermedad más frecuente. El 90% presentaron fiebre, taquicardia y taquipnea. Etiología: 9/19 pericarditis purulenta; 3/19 idiopática; 3/19 infecciosa mediada por inmunocomplejos; 2/19 agente físico (pospericardiotomía) y 2/19 debido a enfermedad autoinmune. El agente causal de pericarditis purulenta se identificó en 5 de los 9 casos, Streptococcus pneumoniae en 3 pacientes. El ecocardiograma confirmó el diagnóstico en todos los casos. La radiografía de tórax evidenció aumento de la silueta cardiopericárdica en 17/19 casos. La complicación más frecuente fue el taponamiento cardíaco 7/19, cinco de estos presentaban pericarditis purulenta. No hubo fallecimientos. Discusión: la pericarditis purulenta fue la etiología más frecuente, y el neumococo el principal agente. El taponamiento cardíaco fue la complicación más prevalente, generalmente asociado a la etiología purulenta. Conclusión: la pericarditis aguda es una patología poco frecuente en la edad pediátrica, cursa con sintomatología clínica inespecífica y posee riesgo elevado de complicaciones, por lo tanto requiere un elevado índice de sospecha. La pericarditis bacteriana fue la etiología más frecuente, siendo Streptococcus pneumoniae el patógeno causal aislado con más frecuencia.

Introduction: pericarditis is the inflammation of the pericardium triggered by the action of various agents; it is a rare pediatric disease whose real incidence is unknown. Objective: to determine the incidence and characteristics of acute pericarditis in patients assisted at the Pereira Rossell Hospital Center. Methods: a retrospective study of cases between 2001 and 2011. Results: the incidence was 1.7 of 10,000 discharges. 80% of them occurred during a respiratory infection, being pneumonia the most frequent disease. 90% presented fever, tachycardia and tachypnea. Etiology: 9/19 purulent pericarditis; 3/19 idiopathic; immune mediated 3/19; 2/19 physical agent (postpericardiotomy) and 2/19 due to autoimmune disease. The causative agent of purulent pericarditis was identified in 5 of the 9 cases, being Streptococcus pneumoniae found in 3 patients. The echocardiogram confirmed the diagnosis in all cases. The cardio-thoracic index was increased in 17 of the 19 patients. Cardiac tamponade was the most frequent complication (7/19), five of which presented purulent pericarditis. There were no deaths. Discussion: purulent pericarditis was the most frequent etiology, being pneumococcal the main agent. Cardiac tamponade was a frequent complication, associated with the purulent etiology. Conclusion: acute pericarditis is a rare disease in children, which has nonspecific clinical symptoms and high risk of complications; therefore it requires a high level of clinical suspicion. Purulent pericarditis was the most frequent etiology below the age of 8 years, being Streptococcus pneumoniae the main isolated causative pathogen.

Características epidemiológicas y clínicas de niños hospitalizados por enfermedad tuberculosa. centro hospitalario pereira rossell (2010-2013) / Epidemiological characteristics of children hospitalized for tuberculosis. pereira rossell hospital center (2010-2013)

Introducción: la tuberculosis (TBC) continúa siendo un problema de salud pública en el mundo. En Uruguay, en los últimos años se ha notificado un aumento en el número de casos de esta enfermedad en adultos y niños. L os diferentes métodos diagnósticos tienen bajo rendimiento en niños; arribar al diagnóstico especialmente en menores de 5 años constituye un gran desafío. Objetivo: describir las características epidemiológicas y clínicas de niños hospitalizados por enfermedad tuberculosa (ET) en el Hospital Pediátrico del Centro Hospitalario Pereira Rossell ( HP-CHPR). Metodología: se realizó una descripción retrospectiva de los menores de 15 años que egresaron del HP-CHPR entre el 1° de enero de 2010 y el 31 de diciembre de 2013 con diagnóstico de ET. Se describen las características epidemiológicas, la forma de presentación clínica y la evolución. Resultados: en este período egresaron 64 niños con ET, tasa global de 15,4/10.000 egresos. La mayoría eran menores de 5 años, sanos. Se identificó algún contacto en 73,4% de los pacientes. La TBC pleuro-pulmonar fue la principal forma de presentación clínica. Se confirmó el diagnóstico en 17 pacientes (26,5%) en todos los casos de ET diseminada y tres de los cuatro niños con formas extrapulmonares. Las formas diseminada y extrapulmonar se asociaron a hospitalizaciones más prolongadas y mayor mortalidad. Conclusiones: en esta serie la ET afectó a niños pequeños previamente sanos, la mayoría con contacto identificado. La confirmación diagnóstica constituye un problema. La enfermedad extrapulmonar y diseminada presenta elevada morbimortalidad.

Introduction: tuberculosis is still a public health issue around the world. In Uruguay, the number of adults and children with tuberculosis has increased in the last years. The yield of different diagnostic methods is low in children, and thus its diagnosis in children under 5 years old is a great challenge. Objective: to describe the epidemiological and clinical characteristics in children hospitalized due to tuberculosis at the Pereira Rossell Hospital Center. Method: the study consisted of a retrospective description of children under 15 years old who were discharged from the Pereira Rossell Hospital Center from January 1, 2010 through December 31, 2013 with a diagnosis of tuberculosis. The epidemiological characteristics, the forms of clinical presentation and evolution are described in the study. Results: during this period, 64 children were discharged with tuberculosis, a global rate of 15.4/10.000 discharges. Most of them were healthy children under 5 years old. Some kind of contact was identified in 73.4% of patients. Pleuropulmonary tuberculosis was the main form of clinical presentation. Diagnosis was confirmed in 17 patients (26.5%), in all cases of disseminated tuberculosis and in three out of four children with extrapulmonary forms. The disseminated and extrapulmonary forms were associated longer hospitalizations and greater mortality rates. Conclusions: in this series tuberculosis affected small healthy children, most of them with an identified contact. Diagnostic confirmation is a problem. The disseminated and extrapulmonary disease has high morbimortality rates.

Introdução: a tuberculose (TBC) continua sendo um problema de saúde pública no mundo. No Uruguai, um aumento do número de casos em adultos e crianças foi registrado nos últimos anos. Os diferentes métodos diagnósticos disponíveis apresentam baixo rendimento em crianças; diagnosticar , especialmente em menores de 5 anos, é um grande desafio. Objetivo: descrever as características epidemiológicas e clínicas de crianças hospitalizadas por tuberculose (DT) no Hospital Pediátrico do Centro Hospitalario Pereira Rossell (HP-CHPR). Metodologia: uma descrição retrospectiva dos menores de 15 anos que tiveram alta do HP-CHPR no período 1° de janeiro de 2010 - 31 de dezembro de 2013 com diagnóstico de DT foi realizada. As características epidemiológicas, apresentação clínica e evolução foram descritas. Resultados: neste período 64 crianças com DT tiveram alta com uma taxa global de 15,4/10.000 altas. A maioria tinha menos de 5 anos e não apresentava outras patologias. Em 73,4% dos pacientes foi possível identificar pelo menos um contato. A TBC pleuro-pulmonar foi a principal forma de apresentação clínica. Em 17 pacientes (26,5%) o diagnóstico foi confirmado em todos os casos de DT disseminada e três das quatro crianças com formas extrapulmonares. As formas disseminada e extrapulmonar foram associadas a internações mais prolongadas e maior mortalidade. Conclusões: nesta série a DT afetou a crianças pequenas previamente saudáveis, a maioria com contacto identificado. A confirmação diagnóstica é um problema. A doença extrapulmonar e disseminada apresenta morbimortalidade elevada.