RESUMO
Relatedness between individuals is central to ecological genetics. Multiple methods are available to quantify relatedness from molecular data, including method-of-moment and maximum-likelihood estimators. We describe a maximum-likelihood estimator for autopolyploids, and quantify its statistical performance under a range of biologically relevant conditions. The statistical performances of five additional polyploid estimators of relatedness were also quantified under identical conditions. When comparing truncated estimators, the maximum-likelihood estimator exhibited lower root mean square error under some conditions and was more biased for non-relatives, especially when the number of alleles per loci was low. However, even under these conditions, this bias was reduced to be statistically insignificant with more robust genetic sampling. We also considered ambiguity in polyploid heterozygote genotyping and developed a weighting methodology for candidate genotypes. The statistical performances of three polyploid estimators under both ideal and actual conditions (including inbreeding and double reduction) were compared. The software package POLYRELATEDNESS is available to perform this estimation and supports a maximum ploidy of eight.
Assuntos
Funções Verossimilhança , Modelos Genéticos , Poliploidia , Genótipo , Heterozigoto , Endogamia , Padrões de Herança , Modelos Estatísticos , SoftwareRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: This study aims to uncover the function of long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) AWPPH in the progression of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and the potential mechanism. PATIENTS AND METHODS: AWPPH and microRNA (miRNA-204) levels in NSCLC tissues and adjacent normal tissues were detected by quantitative Real Time-Polymerase Chain Reaction (qRT-PCR). Kaplan-Meier curves were introduced for assessing overall survival in NSCLC patients expressing high or low level of AWPPH. Potential correlation between expression levels of AWPPH and miRNA-204 in NSCLC tissues was analyzed by Spearman correlation test. Through Dual-Luciferase reporter gene assay, the interaction among AWPPH, miRNA-204, and CDK6 was identified. Potential impacts of AWPPH/miRNA-204/CDK6 regulatory loop on mediating proliferative, migratory, and invasive capacities of A549 cells were evaluated through cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) and transwell assay. RESULTS: Upregulated AWPPH and downregulated miRNA-204 were determined in NSCLC tissues. AWPPH level was negatively correlated to overall survival in NSCLC patients and miRNA-204 level in NSCLC tissues. Silence of AWPPH attenuated proliferative, migratory, and invasive capacities in A549 cells. MiRNA-204 was the downstream gene of AWPPH. Knockdown of miRNA-204 reversed the decreased viability, migratory, and invasive rates in A549 cells with AWPPH knockdown. In addition, CDK6 was the target gene of miRNA-204. Overexpression of miRNA-204 downregulated CDK6 level in A549 cells. The attenuated proliferative, migratory, and invasive capacities in A549 cells overexpressing miRNA-204 were reversed after CDK6 overexpression. CONCLUSIONS: LncRNA AWPPH serves as the miRNA-204 sponge to upregulate CDK6 level, thus aggravating the progression of NSCLC.
Assuntos
Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas/metabolismo , Quinase 6 Dependente de Ciclina/metabolismo , Neoplasias Pulmonares/metabolismo , MicroRNAs/metabolismo , RNA Longo não Codificante/metabolismo , Regulação para Cima , Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas/diagnóstico , Movimento Celular , Proliferação de Células , Células Cultivadas , Quinase 6 Dependente de Ciclina/genética , Humanos , Neoplasias Pulmonares/diagnóstico , MicroRNAs/genética , RNA Longo não Codificante/genéticaRESUMO
Experimental model of acute liver damage with D-galactosamine was made. Thereafter, Salvia miltiorrhiza (SM) and Paeonia lactiflora (PL) were given to the rats. Survival rate of rats and liver coefficient (liver weight/body weight) were observed. Changes of ALT and bilirubin in serum were detected. Level of plasma fibronectin (PFN) was determined at various times. Changes of pathological histology under microscope and electron-microscope were observed. The results showed that SM and PL could increase plasma fibronectin levels in rats, and improve the reticuloendothelial system function and plasma opsonic activity. Aggregation of microaggregated albumin, collagen fragment and immune complexes were markedly reduced. Liver immune damage and microcirculation disorder were avoided. Meanwhile, PFN could cause increase of phagocytosis of Kupffer cell to endotoxin. It is concluded that SM and PL play an important role in protective hepatocyte.