Sequence analysis of styrenic copolymers by tandem mass spectrometry.

Styrene and smaller molar amounts of either m-dimethylsilylstyrene (m-DMSS) or p-dimethylsilylstyrene (p-DMSS) were copolymerized under living anionic polymerization conditions, and the compositions, architectures, and sequences of the resulting copolymers were characterized by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) and tandem mass spectrometry (MS(2)). MS analysis revealed that linear copolymer chains containing phenyl-Si(CH3)2H pendants were the major product for both DMSS comonomers. In addition, two-armed architectures with phenyl-Si(CH3)2-benzyl branches were detected as minor products. The comonomer sequence in the linear chains was established by MS(2) experiments on lithiated oligomers, based on the DMSS content of fragments generated by backbone C-C bond scissions and with the help of reference MS(2) spectra obtained from a polystyrene homopolymer and polystyrene end-capped with a p-DMSS block. The MS(2) data provided conclusive evidence that copolymerization of styrene/DMSS mixtures leads to chains with a rather random distribution of the silylated comonomer when m-DMSS is used, but to chains with tapered block structures, with the silylated units near the initiator, when p-DMSS is used. Hence, MS(2) fragmentation patterns permit not only differentiation of the sequences generated in the synthesis, but also the determination of specific comonomer locations along the polymer chain.

Strain hardening in startup shear of long-chain branched polymer solutions.

We show for the first time that entangled polymeric liquids containing long-chain branching can exhibit strain hardening upon startup shear. As the significant long-chain branching impedes chain disentanglement, Gaussian coils between entanglements can deform to reach the finite extensibility limit where the intrachain retraction force exceeds the value expected from the usual conformational entropy loss evaluated based on Gaussian chain statistics. The phenomenon is expected to lead to further theoretical understanding.

A giant surfactant of polystyrene-(carboxylic Acid-functionalized polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane) amphiphile with highly stretched polystyrene tails in micellar assemblies.

A novel giant surfactant possessing a well-defined hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic polymeric tail, polystyrene-(carboxylic acid-functionalized polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane) conjugate (PS-APOSS), has been designed and synthesized via living anionic polymerization, hydrosilylation, and thiol-ene "click" chemistry. PS-APOSS forms micelles in selective solvents, and the micellar morphology can be tuned from vesicles to wormlike cylinders and further to spheres by increasing the degree of ionization of the carboxylic acid. The effect of APOSS-APOSS interactions was proven to be essential in the morphological transformation of the micelles. The PS tails in these micellar cores were found to be highly stretched in comparison with those in traditional amphiphilic block copolymers, and this can be explained in terms of minimization of free energy. This novel class of giant surfactants expands the scope of macromolecular amphiphiles and provides a platform for the study of the basic physical principles of their self-assembly behavior.

Differentiation of linear and cyclic polymer architectures by MALDI tandem mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS2).

[M + Ag](+) ions from cyclic and linear polystyrenes and polybutadienes, formed by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI), give rise to significantly different fragmentation patterns in tandem mass spectrometry (MS(2)) experiments. In both cases, fragmentation starts with homolytic cleavage at the weakest bond, usually a C-C bond, to generate two radicals. From linear structures, the separated radicals depolymerize extensively by monomer losses and backbiting rearrangements, leading to low-mass radical ions and much less abundant medium- and high-mass closed-shell fragments that contain one of the original end groups, along with internal fragments. With cyclic structures, depolymerization is less efficient, as it can readily be terminated by intramolecular H-atom transfer between the still interconnected radical sites (disproportionation). These differences in fragmentation reactivity result in substantially different fragment ion distributions in the MS(2) spectra. Simple inspection of the relative intensities of low- versus high-mass fragments permits conclusive determination of the macromolecular architecture, while full spectral interpretation reveals the individual end groups of linear polymers or the identity of the linker used to form the cyclic polymer.

Synthesis of Shape Amphiphiles Based on POSS Tethered with Two Symmetric/Asymmetric Polymer Tails via Sequential "Grafting-from" and Thiol-Ene "Click" Chemistry.

A series of shape amphiphiles based on functionalized polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) head tethered with two polymeric tails of symmetric or asymmetric compositions was designed and synthesized using sequential "grafting-from" and "click" surface functionalization. The monofunctionalization of octavinylPOSS was performed using thiol-ene chemistry to afford a dihydroxyl-functionalized POSS that was further derived into precisely defined homo- and heterobifunctional macroinitiators. Polymer tails, such as polycaprolactone and polystyrene, could then be grown from these POSS-based macroinitiators with controlled molecular weight via ring-opening polymerization and atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). The vinyl groups on POSS were found to be compatible with ATRP conditions. These macromolecular precursors were further modified by thiol-ene chemistry to install surface functionalities onto the POSS cage. The polymer chain composition and POSS surface chemistry can thus be tuned separately in a modular and efficient way.

Tandem mass spectrometry characteristics of silver-cationized polystyrenes: backbone degradation via free radical chemistry.

The [M + Ag](+) ions of polystyrene (PS) oligomers are formed by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization, and their fragmentation characteristics are determined by tandem mass spectrometry experiments in a quadrupole/time-of-flight mass spectrometer. Collisionally activated dissociation (CAD) of [M + Ag](+) starts with random homolytic C-C bond cleavages in the PS chain, which generate radical ions carrying either the initiating (a(n*), b(n*)) or the terminating (y(n*), z(n*)) chain end and primary (a(n*), y(n*)) or benzylic (b(n*), z(n*)) radical centers. The fragments ultimately observed arise by consecutive, radical-induced dissociations. The primary radical ions mainly decompose by monomer evaporation and, to a lesser extent, by beta-H(*) loss. The benzylic radical ions primarily decompose by 1,5-H rearrangement (backbiting) followed by beta C-C bond scissions; this pathway leads to either closed-shell fragments with CH(2) end groups, internal fragments with 2-3 repeat units, or truncated benzylic b(n*)/z(n*) radical ions that can undergo anew backbiting. The same internal fragments are produced in all backbiting steps; hence, these fragments and small benzylic radical ions (which cannot undergo backbiting) dominate the low-mass region of the CAD spectra, while the less abundant closed-shell fragments with CH(2) end groups (a(n)/y(n)) dominate the medium- and high-mass regions. The latter fragments are suitable for determining the individual initiating and terminating end groups, whereas the internal ions could be valuable in sequence analyses of styrene copolymers.

Tandem mass spectrometry characteristics of silver-cationized polystyrenes: internal energy, size, and chain end versus backbone substituent effects.

The Ag(+) adducts of polystyrene (PS) oligomers with different sizes (6-19 repeat units) and initiating (alpha) or terminating (omega) end groups mainly decompose via free radical chemistry pathways upon collisionally activated dissociation. This reactivity is observed for ions formed by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization as well as electrospray ionization. With end groups lacking weak bonds (robust end groups), dissociation starts with random homolytic C-C bond cleavages along the PS chain, which lead to primary and benzylic radical ions containing either of the chain ends. The primary radical ions mainly depolymerize by successive beta C-C bond scissions. For the benzylic radical ions, two major pathways are in competition, namely, depolymerization by successive beta C-C bond scissions and backbiting via 1,5-H rearrangement followed by beta C-C bond scissions. The extent of backbiting decreases with internal energy. With short PS chains, the primary radical ions also undergo backbiting involving 1,4- and 1,6-H rearrangements; however, this process becomes negligible with longer chains. If the polystyrene contains a labile substituent at a chain end, this substituent is eliminated easily and, thus, not contained in the majority of observed fragments. Changes in the PS backbone structure can have a dramatic effect on the resulting dissociation chemistry. This is demonstrated for poly(alpha-methylstyrene), in which backbiting is obstructed due to the lack of benzylic H atoms; instead, this backbone connectivity promotes 1,2-phenyl shifts in the primary radical ions formed after initial C-C bond homolyses as well as H atom transfers between the incipient primary and benzylic radicals emerging from these homolyses.

Temperature-induced reversible morphological changes of polystyrene-block-poly(ethylene oxide) micelles in solution.

Temperature-induced reversible morphological changes of polystyrene-block-poly(ethylene oxide) micelles with degrees of polymerization of 962 for the PS and 227 for the PEO blocks (PS962-b-PEO227) in N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF)/water, in which water is a selective solvent for the PEO block, were observed. For a system with 0.2 wt % copolymer concentration and 4.5 wt % water concentration in DMF/water, the micelle morphology observed in transmission electron microscopy changed from vesicles at room temperature to worm-like cylinders and then to spheres with increasing temperature. Mixed morphologies were also formed in the intermediate temperature regions. Cooling the system back to room temperature regenerated the vesicle morphology, indicating that the morphological changes were reversible. No hysteresis was observed in the morphological changes during heating and cooling. Dynamic light scattering revealed that the hydrodynamic radius of the micelles decreased with increasing temperature. Combined static and dynamic light scattering results supported the change in morphology with temperature. The critical micellization temperatures and critical morphological transition temperatures were determined by turbidity measurements and were found to be dependent on the copolymer and water concentrations in the DMF/water system. The morphological changes were only possible if the water concentration in the DMF/water system was low, or else the mobility of the PS blocks would be severely restricted. The driving force for these morphological changes was understood to be mainly a reduction in the free energy of the corona and a minor reduction in the free energy of the interface. Morphological observations at different time periods of isothermal experiments indicated that in the pathway from one equilibrium morphology to another, large compound micelles formed as an intermediate or metastable stage.

Nonquiescent relaxation in entangled polymer liquids after step shear.

Large step shear experiments revealed through particle tracking velocimetry that entangled polymeric liquids display either internal macroscopic movements upon shear cessation or rupturelike behavior during shear. Visible inhomogeneous motions were detected in five samples with the number of entanglements per chain ranging from 20 to 130 at amplitudes of step strain as low as 135%.

Transition from mushroom to brush during formation of a tethered layer.

Tethering of monodisperse, chain-end-functionalized polymer from dilute solution to a solid surface shows three regimes of kinetics. This paper presents support for the hypothesis that the experimentally observed third regime is indeed the transition from mushroom to brush and that it occurs in a spatially nonuniform manner. Both time-step snapshots generated by a Monte Carlo simulation of the tethering process and atomic force microscopy images of actual surfaces during the process show that the third regime is characterized by nonuniform surface texture, while the surface texture is uniform prior to and after the third regime.