Spectroscopic, electrochemical and molecular docking studies of dothiepin and doxepin with bovine serum albumin and DNA base.

The interaction of dothiepin (DOT) and doxepin (DOX) with bovine serum albumin (BSA) and a DNA base (adenine) was studied using UV-visible, fluorescence, attenuated total reflection-infra-red (ATR-IR), cyclic voltammetry and molecular docking methods. Strong fluorescence quenching was observed upon interaction of DOT and DOX with BSA/adenine and the mechanism suggested static quenching. Hydrophobic and hydrogen bonding interactions were the predominant intermolecular forces needed to stabilize the copolymer. Upon addition of the drugs: (i) the tautomeric equilibrium structure of the adenine was changed; and (ii) the oxidation and the reduction peaks of the adenine/BSA interaction shifted towards high and low potentials, respectively. In ATR-IR, the band shift of amides I and II indicated a change in secondary structure of BSA upon binding to DOT and DOX drugs. The reduction in voltammetric current in the presence of BSA/adenine was attributed to slow diffusion of BSA/adenine binding with DOX/DOT. The docking method indicated that the drug moiety interacted with the BSA molecule. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Excimer emission in norepinephrine and epinephrine drugs with α- and ß-cyclodextrins: spectral and molecular modeling studies.

The inclusion complexation behavior of norepinephrine (NORE) and epinephrine (EPIN) with native cyclodextrins (α-CD and ß-CD) were investigated by UV-visible, fluorimetry, time-resolved fluorescence, SEM, TEM, FT-IR, (1)H NMR, DSC, powder XRD and PM3 methods. Single emission was observed in aqueous solution where as dual emission (excimer) noticed in the CD solutions. Both drugs form 1:1 drug-CD complexes in lower CD concentrations and 1:2 CD-drug2 complexes in the higher CD concentrations. Time-resolved fluorescence studies indicated that both drugs showed single exponential decay in water and biexponential decay in CD. Nano-sized self-aggregated particles of drug-CD were found by TEM studies. Molecular modeling studies indicated that aliphatic chain part of the drug was entrapped in the CD cavity. Thermodynamic parameters and binding affinity of complex formation of the CD were determined according to PM3 method. The PM3 results were in good agreement with the experimental results.

Spectral and molecular modeling studies on hydroxybenzaldehydes with native and modified cyclodextrins.

The inclusion complexation of 2-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde (2HMB), 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde (4HMB), 3,4-dimethoxybenzaldehyde (DMB) and 4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxybenzaldehyde (HDMB) with α-CD, ß-CD, HP-α-CD and HP-ß-CD were carried out by UV-Visible, steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence and PM3 methods. All the benzaldehydes shows dual fluorescence in aqueous and CD mediums and 1:1 inclusion complexes were formed with CDs. PM3 geometry optimizations results indicate that the HDMB/CD complex is significantly more favorable than the other complexes. The negative enthalpy changes suggest that the inclusion complexation processes are spontaneous. The geometry of the most stable complex shows that methoxy/OH group of HMBs is entrapped in the less polar CD cavities, while the aldehyde group present in the upper part of the CDs cavities.

Encapsulation of labetalol, pseudoephedrine in ß-cyclodextrin cavity: spectral and molecular modeling studies.

The absorption and fluorescence spectra of labetalol and pseudoephedrine have been studied in different polarities of solvents and ß-cyclodextrin (ß-CD). The inclusion complexation with ß-CD is investigated by UV-visible, steady state and time resolved fluorescence spectra and PM3 method. In protic solvents, the normal emission originates from a locally excited state and the longer wavelength emission is due to intramolecular charge transfer (TICT). Labetalol forms a 1:2 complex and pseudoephedrine forms 1:1 complex with ß-CD. Nanosecond time-resolved studies indicated that both molecules show triexponential decay. Thermodynamic parameters (ΔG, ΔH, ΔS) and HOMO, LUMO orbital investigations confirm the stability of the inclusion complex. The geometry of the most stable complex shows that the aromatic ring is deeply self included inside the ß-CD cavity and intermolecular hydrogen bonds were established between host and guest molecules. This suggests that hydrophobic effect and hydrogen bond play an important role in the inclusion process.

Azonium-ammonium tautomerism and inclusion complexation of 1-(2,4-diamino phenylazo) naphthalene and 4-aminoazobenzene.

Spectral characteristics of 1-(2,4-diamino phenylazo) naphthalene (FBRR, fat brown RR) and 4-aminoazobenzene (AAB) have been studied in various solvents, varying hydrogen ion concentrations and in ß-cyclodextrin (ß-CD). The inclusion complex of FBRR and AAB with ß-CD were analysed by UV-visible, fluorometry and CAche-DFT methods. Solvent study reveals that only azo tautomer is present in both compounds and the large red shifted absorption and emission maxima of FBRR indicate naphthalene ring effectively increases the π-π* transition. Unusual red shift is observed in acid solutions suggests azonium-ammonium tautomer is present in both molecules. In ß-CD solutions, the large hypsochromic shift is observed in S(0) and S(1) states indicates ortho amino group of FBRR molecule is entrapped in the ß-CD cavity and the large bathochromic shift for AAB in the S(1) state indicates 1:1 inclusion complex is formed.

Unusual spectral shifts of imipramine and carbamazepine drugs.

The absorption and fluorescence spectra of imipramine and carbamazepine have been recorded in solvents of different polarity and ß-cyclodextrin (ß-CD). The inclusion complexes for both drugs are investigated by UV-visible, fluorimetry and DFT. Solvents study shows isotropic polarizability structure is present in imipramine while the amide group inhibits the above structure in carbamazepine. The band width half a maximum of carbamazepine decreased in polar solvents suggest that different species present in non-polar solvents and among that one of this species is affected in protic solvents. Both drugs form two different 1:2 inclusion complexes with ß-CD. The structured longer wavelength emission in ß-CD solution suggests viscosity plays major roles in the inclusion complex. This study also confirms van der Waals forces and hydrophobic interactions are the driving forces in imipramine and hydrogen bonding interactions play major roles in carbamazepine.

Azo-hydrazo tautomerism and inclusion complexation of 1-phenylazo-2-naphthols with various solvents and beta-cyclodextrin.

Spectral characteristics of sudan I (SDI), sudan II (SDII) and mordant violet-5 (MV5) have been studied in various solvents and beta-cyclodextrin (beta-CD). The inclusion complex of the above molecules with beta-CD was analyzed by UV-visible, fluorometry, and DFT methods. The solvent study shows that azo-hydrazo tautomer is present in these molecules. The increase in the fluorescence intensity and a large bathochromic shift in the S(1) state indicate these molecules forms 1:1 inclusion complex with beta-CD.

Intramolecular charge transfer effects on flutamide drug.

Spectral characteristics of flutamide drug have been studied in various solvents and beta-cyclodextrin (beta-CD). The inclusion complex of flutamide with beta-CD is analysed by UV-visible, fluorimetry, FT-IR, 1H NMR, SEM, DSC and AM1 methods. In all solvents, flutamide exhibits a dual fluorescence. The longer wavelength emission (A band approximately 380 nm) is due to intramolecular charge transfer state (ICT) and the shorter wavelength emission (B band approximately 285 nm) originates from a locally excited state. In beta-CD, the increase in the fluorescence intensity of 'A' band indicates ICT emission enhanced in the beta-CD medium. beta-CD studies shows isopropyl group is present in the interior part of the beta-CD cavity whereas amino and CF(3) groups are present in the outside of the beta-CD cavity. A mechanism is proposed to explain the 1:1 inclusion process.

Intramolecular proton transfer effects on 2,6-diaminopyridine.

The photophysical behaviour of 2,6-diaminopyridine (DAP) has been studied in solvents of different polarity, pH, beta-cyclodextrin (beta-CD) and compared with 2-amino pyridine (2AP). The inclusion complex of both molecules with beta-CD are analysed by UV-visible, fluorimetry, FT-IR, (1)H NMR, SEM and AM1 methods. The solvent studies shows i) DAP gives more red shifted absorption and emission maxima than 2AP molecule and ii) addition of amino group in 2AP effectively increase the resonance interaction in the pyridine ring. A regular red shift observed in acidic pH solutions suggests intramolecular proton transfer (IPT) present in both molecules. beta-CD studies indicates i) in pH approximately 7, a regular red shifted absorption and emission maxima observed in AP molecules suggests pyridine ring encapsulated in to the beta-CD cavity (1:1 inclusion complex formed) and ii) in pH approximately 1, a blue shifted absorption maxima noticed in 2AP, is due to protonated amino group deeply encapsulated in to the hydrophobic part of the beta-CD cavity.

Intramolecular charge transfer effects on 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde.

The absorption and fluorescence spectral characteristics of 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde (HMB) have been studied in different solvents, pH and beta-cyclodextrin (beta-CD) and compared with 4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxybenzaldehyde (HDMB). The inclusion complex of HMB with beta-CD is analysed by UV-vis, fluorimetry, FT-IR, (1)H NMR, SEM and AM1 methods. In HMB, the normal emission (B band) is originates from a locally excited state and the longer emission (A band) is due to intramolecular charge transfer state (ICT). The OH group of HMB is present in the interior part of the beta-CD cavity and aldehyde group present in the upper part of the beta-CD cavity.

Spectroscopic investigations of nanohydroxyapatite powders synthesized by conventional and ultrasonic coupled sol-gel routes.

In the present work, the synthesis and characterization of nano-HAP powders by a novel ultrasonic coupled sol-gel synthesis is reported. The obtained powders were sintered by conventional means at different temperatures. In addition to this, HAP powders prepared through the sol-gel method without the aid of the ultrasonic waves is also studied. The obtained nano-HAP powders were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopic (SEM) techniques. The results have proved that the nano-HAP powders synthesized by ultrasonic coupled sol-gel synthesis showed remarkable reduction in the particle size when compared with the conventional sol-gel method and hence these powders could be used as a coating material in biomedical applications.

Dual fluorescence of N-phenylanthranilic acid: Effect of solvents, pH and beta-cyclodextrin.

Spectral characteristics of N-phenylanthranilic acid (NPAA) have been studied in different solvents, pH and beta-cyclodextrin (beta-CD) and compared with anthranilic acid (2-aminobenzoic acid, 2ABA). In all solvents a dual fluorescence is observed in NPAA, whereas 2ABA gives single emission. Combining the results observed in the absorption, fluorescence emission and fluorescence excitation spectra, it is found that strong intramolecular hydrogen bonding (IHB) interactions present in NPAA molecule. The inclusion complex of NPAA with beta-CD is analysed by UV-vis, fluorimetry, FT-IR, (1)H NMR, scanning electron microscope and AM 1 method. The above spectral studies show that NPAA forms a 1:1 inclusion complex with beta-CD and COOH group present in the beta-CD cavity. A mechanism is proposed to explain the inclusion process.

Dual fluorescence of syringaldazine.

The absorption and fluorescence spectra of syringaldazine (SYAZ) has been recorded in solvents of different polarity, pH and beta-cyclodextrin (beta-CD) and compared with syringaldehyde (SYAL). The inclusion complex of SYAZ with beta-CD is investigated by UV-vis, fluorimetry, AM 1, FT-IR, (1)H NMR and scanning electron microscope (SEM). DeltaG value suggests the inclusion process is an exothermic and spontaneous. In all solvents a dual fluorescence is observed for SYAZ, whereas, SYAL shows a dual luminescence only in polar solvents. The excitation spectra for the 410 nm is different from 340 nm indicate two different species present in this molecule. In pH solutions: (i) a large red shifted maxima is observed in the dianion and is due to large interactions between the aromatic ring and (ii) the large blue shift at pH approximately 4.5, is due to dissociation of azine group and formation of aldehyde. beta-CD studies reveal that, SYAZ forms a 1:2 complex from 1:1 complex with beta-CD.

Spectral and molecular modeling investigations of supramolecular complexes of mefenamic acid and aceclofenac with α- and ß-cyclodextrin.

Inclusion complexes of mefenamic acid (MFA) and aceclofenac (ALF) with α- and ß-cyclodextrins (CDs) in aqueous medium were investigated by absorption, fluorescence, time-resolved fluorescence methods. The solid inclusion complexes between drugs and CDs were characterized by SEM, TEM, FT-IR, 1H NMR, DSC and powder XRD techniques. Spectral studies indicated that both CDs form 1:1 inclusion complex with MFA and ALF. The experimental results revealed that the inclusion process is a spontaneous process. Time-resolved fluorescence studies suggested that ALF exhibited biexponential decay in aqueous and triexponential decay in CD whereas significant enhancement of lifetime of decay components of MFA was observed. Morphologies of drug-CD complexes observed by TEM demonstrate that self-aggregates of MFA/α-CD, ALF/α-CD and ALF/ß-CD were nano-sized particles while vesicles were observed for MFA/ß-CD. A spatial arrangement of inclusion complex is proposed based on 1H NMR and PM3 results. Investigations of thermodynamic and electronic properties confirmed the stability of the inclusion complex.

Effects of solvent, pH and beta-cyclodextrin on the photophysical properties of 4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxybenzaldehyde: intramolecular charge transfer associated with hydrogen bonding effect.

The photophysical properties of 4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxybenzaldehyde (HDMB) in various solvents, pH and in aqueous beta-cyclodextrin (CD) have been investigated. In non-polar solvents, HDMB gives only one emission maxima; whereas, in polar solvents it shows a dual luminescence. The increase in Stokes shift with increase in polarity is much more for longer wavelength (LW) than for a shorter wavelength (SW) band. This behaviour indicates the formation of an intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) state through relaxation from the normal excited state. Especially in water, the ICT emission is further red shifted to 430 nm with the normal emission band at 330 nm and the relative fluorescence intensities between 330 nm and 430 nm emission bands are affected by the excitation wavelength. However, this excitation wavelength dependence is not large in aqueous beta-CD solutions. These results suggest that the ICT state in polar solvents/water is stabilized through exciplex formation by the hydrogen-bonding interaction between the carbonyl group and polar solvents/water. The ground and excited state pK(a) values for the neutral-monoanion equilibrium have been measured and discussed. HDMB forms a 1:1 inclusion complex with beta-CD. A mechanism is proposed to explain the inclusion process.

Dual fluorescence of diphenyl carbazide and benzanilide: effect of solvents and pH on electronic spectra.

The absorption and fluorescence spectra of benzanilide (BA) and diphenyl carbazide (DPC) in solvents of different polarities and pH have been analysed. The spectral characteristics of DPC and BA are compared with diphenyl amine molecule. In water and methanol, a dual fluorescence is observed for both DPC and BA molecules. The normal stokes shifted emission originates from a locally excited pi* electronic state and the large stokes shifted band is due to emission from a twisted intramolecular charge transfer (TICT) state. pH studies show that both monocations and monoanions are non-fluorescent. The excited state acidity constants determined by fluorimetric titration and Förster cycle methods, have been reported and discussed.

Spectral characteristics of ortho, meta and para dihydroxy benzenes in different solvents, pH and beta-cyclodextrin.

Spectral characteristics of ortho, meta and para dihydroxy benzenes (DHB's) have been studied in different solvents, pH and beta-cyclodextrin. Solvent study shows that: (i) the interaction of OH group with the aromatic ring is less than that of amino group both in the ground and excited states, (ii) in absorption, the charge transfer interaction of OH group in para position is larger than ortho and meta positions. pH studies reveals that DHB's are more acidic than phenol. The higher pK(a) value of oDHB (monoanion-dianion) indicates that the formed monoanion is more stabilized by intramolecular hydrogen bonding. DHB's forms a 1:1 inclusion complex with beta-CD. In beta-CD medium, absorption spectra of DHB's mono and dianions shows unusual blue shifts, whereas in the excited state, the spectral characteristics of DHB's follow the same trend in both aqueous and beta-CD medium.

Micrometer size rod formed by secondary self assembly of omeprazole with α- and ß-cyclodextrins.

Self assembly of α-cyclodextrin (α-CD) and ß-cyclodextrin (ß-CD) micro rods induced by omeprazole (OMP) were observed by SEM and TEM. OMP/CD inclusion complexes have formed the secondary self assembly micro meter size rod like structure. This structure was driven by the intermolecular hydrogen bonding as well as van der Waals forces. Both forces induced the ordered assembly and arrangement of OMP/CD inclusion complexes, whereas CD molecules acted as molecular bricks. The OMP/CD inclusion complexes primary assembled form individual nanorods and then secondary self aggregate nanorods were form a micro meter rod structure. The results indicate that inter-nanotubular hydrogen bonding plays a crucial role in the formation of the self assembled micro rods. The inclusion complexes were also characterized using FT-IR, DSC, powder XRD, (1)H NMR, absorption, fluorescence, life time measurements and molecular modeling methods.

Interaction of sulfanilamide and sulfamethoxazole with bovine serum albumin and adenine: spectroscopic and molecular docking investigations.

Interaction between sulfanilamide (SAM) and sulfamethoxazole (SMO) with BSA and DNA base (adenine) was investigated by UV-visible, fluorescence, cyclic voltammetry and molecular docking studies. Stern-Volmer fluorescence quenching constant (Ka) suggests SMO is more quenched with BSA/adenine than that of SAM. The distance r between donor (BSA/adenine) and acceptor (SAM and SMO) was obtained according to fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET). The results showed that hydrophobic forces, electrostatic interactions, and hydrogen bonds played vital roles in the SAM and SMO with BSA/adenine binding interaction. During the interaction, sulfa drugs could insert into the hydrophobic pocket, where the non-radioactive energy transfer from BSA/adenine to sulfa drugs occurred with high possibility. Cyclic voltammetry results suggested that when the drug concentration is increased, the anodic electrode potential deceased. The docking method indicates aniline group is interacted with the BSA molecules.

Encapsulation of 4-hydroxy-3-methoxy benzoic acid and 4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxy benzoic acid with native and modified cyclodextrins.

Inclusion complex formation of 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzoic acid (HMBA) and 4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxybenzoic acid (HDMBA) with α-CD, ß-CD, HP-α-CD and HP-ß-CD were studied by absorption, steady state fluorescence, time resolved fluorescence, FT-IR, (1)H NMR and molecular modeling methods. The effect of the CDs with HMBA and HDMBA were studied in pH∼1, pH∼7 and pH∼10 buffer solutions. The study revealed that both hydroxybenzoic acids formed 1:1 complex with the four CDs. The theoretical values suggest that both guests are partially encapsulated into the CDs cavity. The hydroxy group is present in the interior part of the CD cavity and carboxyl group is present in the hydrophilic part of the CD cavity. Molecular modeling studies proved that (i) the negative Gibbs energy and enthalpy changes for the inclusion complexes indicated that the formation of these complexes were spontaneous and exothermic, (ii) hydrogen bonding interactions played a major role in the inclusion process, (iii) the dipole moment values for guests increased when they entered into the CDs cavities which is an indication of the increase of the polarity and the formation of complex and (iv) differences in binding energy and enthalpy change suggest that the ß-CD formed more stable complex than α-CD.