Anatomical analysis of the developmental effects of aneuploidy in man--the 18-trisomy syndrome: II. Anomalies of the upper and lower limbs.

We report the anatomical variations of the limbs in eight infants with the trisomy-18 syndrome that were dissected and studied in detail. In each case, the upper limbs showed defects which further define the specific influence of this aneuploidy on the development of its preaxial (radial) component, and the tendency towards reduction defects. Abnormalities included muscle variations concentrated along the radial margin of the forearm and hand, the absence of the definitive musculocutaneous nerve in all of the limbs, and reductions of the radial artery in four of the bodies. Pathogenetic mechanisms explaining the observed defects are discussed, and include: 1) a defect in peripheral nerve development; or 2) tissue necrosis. The characteristic flexion deformities of the fingers seem to be due to a displacement of the tendons of extensors digitorum and digiti minimi. The lower limbs did not show a consistent pattern of defects, except for the absence of some muscles (psoas minor, the tendon of flexor digitorum brevis to digit V), and the presence of several supernumerary muscles. These variations are discussed as possible nonspecific effects of 18-trisomy on development. The additional anatomical data from this and the first paper in this series [Bersu and Ramirez-Castro, 1977] provide a more detailed picture of the trisomy-18 phenotype which may be useful in corroborating an unconfirmed clinical diagnosis of the syndrome.

Anatomical analysis of the developmental effects of aneuploidy in man--the 18-trisomy syndrome: I. Anomalies of the head and neck.

This paper describes the anatomical variations observed in the head and neck in eight infants with the 18-trisomy syndrome that were dissected and studied in detail. Of the usual muscles of facial expression, occipitofrontalis and the auricular and nasal muscles were hypolastic in all eight bodies and each subject showed extensive fusion of the muscles around the corner of the mouth. In each body there was a supernumerary muscle band that extended from the region near the corner of the mouth to the occipital attachment of trapezius. The otomandibular region in each body showed a variable spectrum of muscular, skeletal, arterial, and salivary gland variations bilaterally. Three of the bodies had infrahyoid muscle variations. The sum of these observations provides a more complete delineation of the variations that occur in the 18-trisomy syndrome. Tentative pathogenetic hypotheses for several of the defects are discussed, based on observations from human descriptive embryology. Poswillo's teratological model [1973] implicating hemorrhaging as a causal mechanism in human first and second branchial arch malformations is suggested as a possible mechanism to explain the bilateral otomandibular defects.

Mutations in FOXL2 underlying BPES (types 1 and 2) in Colombian families.

We report the genetic characterization of one family with blepharophimosis-ptosis-epicanthus inversus syndrome (BPES) type 1 and two families with BPES type 2 from a historically isolated population in northwest Colombia. Linkage and haplotype analyses indicate that BPES in these families is linked to 3q23. Mutation screening of FOXL2 in the family with BPES type 1 revealed a novel 394C --> T nonsense mutation which deletes the forkhead DNA binding domain. The two families with BPES type 2 both carry an in-frame 30 bp duplication that leads to the elongation of a polyalanine tract. This duplication has been previously reported in Europe, where recurrent mutation has been demonstrated in unrelated familial and sporadic BPES cases. The recurrent nature of this duplication seems to relate to the secondary structure of this DNA region. The genotype-phenotype correlation seen in the Colombian families is consistent with the recent proposal that BPES type 1 is caused by truncating mutations leading to haploinsufficiency, while BPES type 2 is due to mutations generating elongated protein products.