Use of Submental Intubation in the Full-Face Makeover (Orthognathic Surgery, Facial Prosthesis Combined With Rhinoplasty).

BACKGROUND: Submental intubation is an intubation technique used for the management of airways in patients who suffered from complex maxillofacial trauma. Few studies focused on the role of submental intubation during Full-Face Makeover, like orthognathic surgery, facial prothesis, and rhinoplasty. METHODS: Authors describe a case series of 5 patients who underwent to Full-Face Makeover with submental intubation to manage the airways. The authors started with the Le Fort I subspinal osteotomy. The maxillary repositioning was guided through a 3D printed intermediate splint in all cases (previously simulated with Dolphin software).Subsequentially, the bilateral sagittal split osteotomy was performed. The mandibular repositioning was guided through a 3D printed final splint. The genioplasty was performed with a horizontal osteotomy after a labial mucosa incision. After the genioplasty, the authors used the incision previously used for the Le Fort I osteotomy to bluntly dissect the tissues in order to insert a custom-made polyether ether ketone zygomatic prosthesis. Lastly, an open rhinoplasty was performed. RESULTS: All the surgery lasted a mean less 6 hours. The submental intubation was removed in the operating room, at the end of the surgery. The patients were then discharged from the hospital 2 days after the surgery in all cases. CONCLUSIONS: Submental intubation is a valid method for the airway management in maxillofacial trauma and can be extended in case of Full-Face Makeover like orthognathic surgery combined with rhinoplasty. The absence of nasal traumatism during surgery leads to a more accurate rhinoplasty, with a greater satisfaction for the patient.

The Caudal Septum Pivot Technique for Short Nose Correction.

The short nose represents one of the greatest challenges in rhinoplasty. It is characterized by a reduced distance from the nasal radix to the tip-defining points, often associated with inadequate tip projection. Several techniques have been described for correction of short nose with the common objective of replacing and rebuilding the osteocartilaginous framework. One of the most effective method to correct the short nose is the septal extension graft. The authors describe the caudal septum pivot (CSP) technique, a simple method to elongate short noses by using a graft inserted in the dorsal septum after its division using as pivot the caudal portion, without detaching it from its natural anchorage to the anterior nasal spine. A retrospective analysis was performed reviewing the clinical charts and the operative records of 315 patients who underwent revision rhinoplasty from January 2015 to June 2019; among this group, 34 were considered eligible for the study. The patients (8 men, 26 women; mean age: 25.4 years; age range: 22-53 years) were divided into two groups: in 12 patients (Group 1) the CSP technique was performed, while Group 2 was composed of 22 patients who received a more classic treatment with a septal extension graft. To evaluate the outcomes, nasal length, tip projection, and tip rotation were measured pre- and 1 year postoperatively on digital photographs of each patient. Nasal anthropometric measurements revealed, at 12-month visit follow-up, an improvement in nasal length, tip projection, and nasolabial angle was achieved in all the patients. The comparison of the pre- and postoperative values showed a statistically significant reduction in the nasolabial angle (p < 0.05) and an increase in the tip projection (p < 0.05) and in the nasal lengthening (p < 0.05) in both groups. In authors' experience, the CSP technique could be considered a safe, reliable, and effective alternative technique in selected patients.

Captain America's Shield Genioplasty.

ABSTRACT: The chin represents one of the most important determinants of the facial aesthetics. Like many aesthetic parameters, the "ideal" chin has changed in history regarding projection and prominence. From the retrusive profiles of the Renaissance, stronger and more defined mandibular contour are nowadays desired both by masculine and feminine population.This change in the ideal references plays an important role in diagnosis and treatment planning. Various techniques for chin augmentation have been described, using both alloplastic materials and osteotomies.An interesting osteotomy variant, so-called chin shield osteotomy, has been described by Triaca et al to avoid a deep mentolabial fold. The authors describe herein the use of a shield plate, very similar in his form to Captain America's shield, that can at the same time provide bone fixation and soft tissues sustain in the mentolabial fold region, preventing the invasion of the gap between the bone fragments by the connective tissue, as it happens in a guided bone regeneration procedure.

The Pyramid Chin Augmentation: A New Technique.

ABSTRACT: The surgical approach to chin for esthetical purpose can be isolated or in a combination with other treatments like maxillomandibular surgery. Both possibilities include sliding genioplasty or implants of autologous or alloplastic materials. In this article, the authors present their new technique, the Pyramid Chin Augmentation.In January 2020, a 40-year-old male patient came to authors' observation asking for a great augmentation in the sagittal dimension of the chin, a better pronunciation of mandibular angles and of his cheekbones. The surgical treatment consisted in three different procedures at the same time: a chin wing osteotomy, a Pyramid Chin Augmentation and zygomatic PEEK custom-made malar implants. The pyramid was created on the body of the chin wing with a cortical bone graft from the oblique line of the ascending ramus of the mandible. The harvested bone was cut into strips of rectangular shape gradually shorter to be superimposed on the wing forming a pyramid. A fixation with 2 screws was performed and then was necessary to smoothen the edges of the bone layers.The result immediately after the end of the surgery was in line with the set goals. The mandibular angles were more prominent, the chin was more sagittal pronounced, and there was no evidence of depression in the symphysial region.The Pyramid Chin Augmentation Technique can be a valid tool in chin augmentation surgery and can also represent an effective procedure in the finishing touch of other facial surgery techniques.

The Deviated Nasal Tip: A Personal Technique for Correction Using Monolateral Crural Overlay and Monolateral Dome Truncation.

This study aimed to present a novel approach to correct nasal tip deviation with monolateral crural overlay or monolateral dome truncation, presenting as an isolated deformity or in complex nose deviations. Nasal tip deviation can be congenital or posttraumatic, due to a dislocated septum or cartilaginous septal or lower lateral cartilage malformations. Although some treatment strategies have been introduced, appropriate treatment remains a challenge because of the complexity and variability of such deformities. It had been assumed that in most nasal tip deviations, a lower lateral cartilage was longer than the contralateral one. The authors analyzed 158 patients from January 2015 to October 2019 with nasal tip deviation and corrected the deviated tip by using a monolateral interruptive technique (lateral crural overlay or monolateral dome truncation) on the lower lateral cartilage. Photographic comparison between preoperative and at least 1-year follow-up for nasal axis deviation variable was analyzed and a self-assessment questionnaire was administrated to the patients at 1-year follow-up. The mean nasal deviation was 6.59° (±3.1°) preoperatively and 1.56° (±0.26°) postoperatively (p < 0.05). The range of differences between pre and postoperative deviations was 2.7° to 15.1°, and the mean difference was 6.1° (±3.21°). Of the 84 patients, 47 (55.95%) were very satisfied, 33 (39.28%) were satisfied, and 4 (4.76%) were unsatisfied with surgical the results and required revision surgery. In authors' hands, monolateral interruptive techniques (lateral crural overlay or monolateral dome truncation) are a viable and feasible option to restore nasal tip symmetry. These techniques achieved high satisfaction rates among patients and resulted in reliable and reproducible symmetry immediately visible after surgery and stable over time (1-year postsurgery controls).

Security Hi-Tech Individual Extra-Light Device Mask 3.0: A Continuous Evolution.

In 2008, the authors presented their Security Hi-tech Individual Extra-Light Device Mask (SHIELD), a customizable protective shield based on the (soccer) player's face cast.In 2017, the authors presented an update in the realization process, based on computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing technology, and called it SHIELD 2.0.Now, the authors present a further update in the realization process.

Unilateral Condylar Hyperplasia: A Comparison With Two Open-Source Softwares.

Unilateral condylar hyperplasia (UCH) is a condyle disorder that arises due to osteoblastic hyperactivity, resulting in facial asymmetry, malocclusion and dysfunction. Authors, in this retrospective study, compared "gold standard" manual-segmentation with a "semi-manual one" using 2 kinds of open-source software (Horos and ITK-SNAP; Penn Image Computing and Science Laboratory) to calculate volume of 80 UCH condyles (40 patients). Moreover, volumetric differences between affected condyle and unaffected 1, between males and females, ages, and classification type were also analyzed. Fifteen patients (37.5%) were male and 25 (62.5%) were female. The gender ratio was 5:2, not far from the ratio 2:1 shown in literature. The mean age was 24 (SD 8.6) years; 22.9 (SD 6.6) for males and 24.6 (SD 9.6) for females according with the mean age derived from the Raijmakers et al meta-analysis and the Nitzan et al study. Right side (60%, 24 patients) was more often affected than the left side (40%, 16 patients). The 67.5% (27 patients) were classified as trasversal type, 25% (10 patients) as vertical types and 7.5% (3 patients) as combined. Despite Horos and ITK-SNAP values presenting some differences, the data follows the same tendency. The relationship is stronger for healthy condyles than affected condyles.

How to Produce Cheap and Easy Custom-Made Sterilizable Filtering Facepiece 2/3 Masks for Healthcare Providers During Pandemic COVID-19 Emergency.

On January 8, 2020, a novel coronavirus was officially announced as the causative pathogen of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) by the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention.On February 26, COVID-19 has been recognized in 34 countries, with a total of 80,239 laboratory-confirmed patients and 2700 deaths.Protecting healthcare workers from infectious hazards is paramount to ensuring their safety in delivering health care.In addition, being able to protect healthcare workers, constituting the front-line response against high-threat respiratory pathogens, such as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, is important for reducing secondary transmission in healthcare-associated outbreaks.Authors present a simple, reliable, and cheap protocol to produce a custom-made sterilizable filtering facepiece 2/3 masks for healthcare providers during pandemic COVID-19 emergency.

Treatment of Deformational Plagiocephaly With Physiotherapy.

Non-synostotic plagiocephaly consists in an asymmetry of the skull due to mechanical forces applied in utero or postnatally: main differential diagnosis is with true synostotic asymmetry, which is caused by the premature closure of a suture. The correction of positional forms is mostly conservative, with 3 main strategies: counterpositioning, physiotherapy and helmet therapy. There is no synthesized evidence on which is the most effective. The Authors evaluate the modification of antropometric measurments before and after a pediatric physical therapy program in a sample of patients with non-synostotic skull asymmetry, in order to evaluate the improvements in the skull shape. The hypothesis being tested was that physical therapy alone could improve the antropometric measurments. The authors enrolled in this study 24 patients diagnosed of non-synostotic asymmetry, clinically and with ultrasound, referred to the Maxillo-facial Unit of Policlinico Umberto I, Rome, within 2013 and 2016. A standardized pediatric physical therapy intervention program was designed: it consisted in a combination of excercises and manipulative procedures to reduce positional preference, musculoskeletal disorders and cranial deformity. Infants received 16 sessions of physical therapy, of 40 minutes each, once a week, for four months. The Authors evaluate the variation of four anthropometric measurments, performed before and after the physical therapy program: Argenta scale, Oblique Diameter Difference Index (ODDI), Cranial Proportional Index (CPI) or Cephalic Ratio (CR), Cranial Vault Asymmetry Index (CVAI). Craniometric evaluations were extrapolated by standardized 2D digital photographs of frontal, sagittal and transverse planes, by the same physician to minimize bias. The management of positional cranial deformities is still controversially discussed and especially the effects of physiotherapy and osteopathy have been only marginally researched. Statistical analysis revealed the effectiveness of the protocol: all anthropometric measurements improved with a high rate, major in youngest children (P < 0.5) and in more severe first presentations (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). The results suggest manipulative approach may improve the outcome in the long term follow up of cranial asymmetries.

Synovial Chondromatosis and Calcium Pyrophosphate Deposition of the Temporomandibular Joint: Challenging Diagnosis.

BACKGROUND: The association between the synovial chondromatosis (SC) and the calcium pyrophosphate deposition (pseudogotta) in temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is very rare and has been described just 1 patient in the literature. CLINICAL PRESENTATION: A 64-year-old woman was referred to Dipartimento di Scienze Odontostomatologiche e Maxillo-Facciali, Sapienza Università di Roma after complaining about right temporomandibular pain, limitation in mandibular movements, and tumefaction in the right preauricular region. The patient was hospitalized for the surgery. The microscopic examination of the excised material revealed calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate (CPPD) deposits crystals associated with cartilaginous proliferation. CONCLUSION: The association between the SC and the calcium pyrophosphate deposition (pseudogotta) is a challenging diagnosis among TMJ neoplasms.

Mandibular Condylar Fractures in Children: Morphofunctional Results After Treatment With External Fixation.

Best treatment for paediatric patients with mandibular condylar fractures is still debated, and many approaches have been proposed. Closed treatment is the most used, but there is evidence showing long-term problems in patients with dislocated fractures. On the other hand, there are concerns on surgical treatment with open reduction internal fixation, particularly on the implanted hardware during growth. The aim of this study is to evaluate the long-term outcomes of paediatric patients treated surgically with external fixation. A total of 21 paediatric patients were treated. Diagnostic procedures included clinical and radiographic examinations. Of those 21 patients, 16 presented monocondylar fractures, 5 bicondylar fractures. They were treated surgically with open reduction and external fixation. Patients showed good recovery in maximal mouth opening, maximal lateral excursion and in vertical height of ramus, and all returned to preinjury occlusion. No patient presented permanent facial nerve palsy, and none referred pain or stiffness in the operated area. Minimal scars were visible. Just 1 patient referred clicking in the operated temporo-mandibular joint. Surgical approach using external fixation could be considered an option for treatment of mandibular condylar fractures in paediatric patient. Vertical height recovery, early mobilization, and good occlusion can be achieved, minimizing the risk of facial asymmetry.

Fast and Early Mandibular Osteodistraction: The Long-Term Follow-Up of Mandibular Distraction Osteogenesis on Teeth Position.

Pierre Robin Sequence is a congenital pathology defined by the triad micrognathia, glossoptosis and often a U-shaped cleft of soft palate. Newborns affected by airways obstruction may necessitate more invasive options: tongue-lip adhesion, tracheostomy and mandibular distraction osteogenesis. The authors analyzed the effect of fast and early mandibular osteodistraction on deciduous dental development in patients affected by Pierre Robin Sequence. Analysis of the patients treated for severe form was performed by a team composed by maxillofacial surgeons and dentists. Five patients were included for the analysis: before and long term clinical and radiological assessments were considered. All patients underwent fast and early mandibular osteodistraction; two years follow up computed tomography and panorex reconstructions showed bone consolidation, 33 of 35 teeth analyzed before ostedistraction are present after distraction protocol; no positional changes were detected at the follow up analysis either deciduous teeth and molar permanent buds. No deformities regarding molar buds were detected. In conclusion external mandibular distractor devices have been associated with dental injuries and facial scaring. Even though, the dental complications identified can not be unambiguously connected to the external distractor devices.

The use of piezosurgery in cranial surgery in children.

Piezosurgery is an alternative surgical technique, now widely tested, that uses ultrasounds for bone cutting. This device uses ultrasounds to section hard tissues without harming surrounding soft tissues. The authors analyzed their experience in craniomaxillofacial procedures with piezosurgery. A comparison between operation timing and complication rates between piezosurgery and traditional cutting instruments has been performed. A total of 27 patients were examined (15 females and 12 males; average age, of 5.5 months) affected by craniosynostosis. The aim of this study was to analyze the advantages and disadvantages of piezosurgery in pediatric craniofacial procedures. Piezoelectric device in this study has shown being a valid instrument for bone cutting in accurate procedures, because it allows performing a more precise and safer cutting, without the risk of harming surrounding tissues.

Fast and early mandibular osteogenetic distraction in a 24-day-old female newborn with Larsen syndrome.

BACKGROUND: Larsen syndrome (LS) is a rare bone dysplasia characterized by multiple dislocations affecting large and small joints, progressive scoliosis, accessory and early ossifying carpal/tarsal bones, and characteristic craniofacial features. CASE PRESENTATION: A newborn with a clinical diagnosis of LS is presented. Shortly after birth, she had respiratory distress due to retrognathia. Such a life-threatening complication was resolved by mandibular distraction osteogenesis at 24 days of age. CONCLUSION: Fast and early mandibular osteogenetic distraction could represent an optimal tool to avoid tracheostomy and to improve oral feeding in patients with rare conditions, such as LS.

Hypoglossal Nerve Palsy Misdiagnosed as Tongue Tumor: A Rare Case of Calcified Hypoglossal Schwannoma.

The authors hereby present a case of a calcified schwannoma of the hypoglossal nerve, which led to hypoglossal nerve palsy initially misinterpreted as a tongue tumor. This paper reviews the presentation of schwannoma of the hypoglossal nerve and offers a novel perspective on this rare condition. Diagnostic pitfalls and the diagnostic-therapeutic value are also discussed.

Functional outcomes in bilateral temporomandibular joint ankylosis treated with stock prosthesis.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the functional outcomes in patients affected by bilateral temporomandibular joint (TMJ) ankylosis treated with TMJ total alloplastic reconstruction with stock prosthesis. As a matter of fact, ankylosis of the TMJ may produce the narrowing of the oropharyngeal airway space resulting in the obstructive sleep apnea syndrome, a pathological condition characterized by repetitive upper airway obstructions during sleep, resulting in arousal from sleep, sleep fragmentation, arterial oxygen desaturation. and daytime hypersomnolence.Clinical results demonstrate that total TMJ reconstruction with prosthesis is the surgical modality of choice to obtain the counterclockwise rotation and the advancement of the maxillomandibular complex, which significantly increase the volume of the oropharyngeal airway space in this kind of patients.

Surgical treatment of congenital rhabdoid tumor in a 10-day-old newborn.

BACKGROUND: Malignant rhabdoid tumors are rare and aggressive tumors of pediatric age. The primary tumor can occur in different localizations, but it mainly involves kidney, soft tissue, or central nervous system. It has been associated to a poor diagnosis. METHODS: The authors present the case of a 10-day-old newborn affected by a bulky nasofronto-orbitary neoplasm. The patient underwent radical surgical treatment and further excision of a preauricular metastasis combined with postoperative chemotherapy treatment. RESULTS: The authors adopted a diagnostic and therapeutic protocol according to international guidelines, not without difficulty because the first histological report showed esthesioneuroblastoma. The rarity and aggresivity of rhabdoid tumor and the precocity of onset in our patient presented a difficulty to define prognostic factors and survival rates, as well as therapeutic plan of treatment. CONCLUSIONS: The authors underline the importance of a correct prenatal diagnosis and an early surgical treatment to reach the complete healing of the patient.

Tetris Genioplasty: A New Paradigm for Chin Asymmetries Correction.

The chin plays a crucial role as a fundamental structural component that contributes to the overall aesthetics and harmony of the face. Recognizing its central position, medical science has seen the evolution of numerous surgical techniques over the years, all aimed at correcting the range of structural irregularities that can affect the chin. In this contribution, the authors introduce an innovative osteotomy technique, aimed at cases of chin asymmetry in which the skeletal median diverges from the dental median. This technique, called "Tetris genioplasty", involves performing the classic rectangular osteotomy, but includes an additional vertical osteotomy in order to obtain two distinct segments. Finally, these segments are translocated and repositioned to obtain a realignment between the skeletal median and the dental median. The results were entirely satisfactory for the patients, aligning perfectly with the expected appearance after the operation. Furthermore, no complications were reported, proving the success and safety of the procedure. The Tetris genioplasty aligns itself with this progressive trend by offering a minimally invasive method that nevertheless is able to achieve excellent results with a high impact on the patient's quality of life, presenting a promising path in the pursuit of optimal aesthetic results with minimized patient morbidity and greater overall safety.

Is it necessary to use bone grafts to prevent defects at the lower border of the mandible after mandibular advancement?-a systematic review.

INTRODUCTION: Defects in the lower border of the mandible may represent an aesthetic problem after mandibular advancement in orthognathic surgery. The use of bone grafts has been reported in the literature as a possibility to reduce these defects in the postoperative period. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this systematic review is to answer the following research question: Is it necessary to use bone grafts to prevent defects at the lower border of the mandible after mandibular advancement? METHODS: The literature search was conducted on MEDLINE via PubMed, Scopus, Central Cochrane, Embase, LILACS, and Sigle via Open Gray up until December 2020. Five studies were eligible for this systematic review, considering the previously established inclusion and exclusion criteria. RESULTS: 1340 mandibular osteotomies were evaluated, with a mean advance of 8 mm, being 510 with bone graft (42 defects), 528 without graft (329 defects), and 302 with an alternative technique (32 defects). Regarding the type of bone graft used, three articles used xenogenous or biomaterial grafts and two allogenous bone grafts. The results of the meta-analysis showed a reduction in the presence of defects in the bone graft group: OR 0.04, 95% CI = 0.01, 0.19; p = 0.0005, (I2 = 87%; p < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: The use of bone grafts seems promising in reducing defects in the lower border of the mandible after mandibular advancement. New controlled prospective studies with a larger number of participants are needed to ensure the effectiveness of this procedure.