Associations of clinical and inflammatory biomarker clusters with juvenile idiopathic arthritis categories.

OBJECTIVE: To identify discrete clusters comprising clinical features and inflammatory biomarkers in children with JIA and to determine cluster alignment with JIA categories. METHODS: A Canadian prospective inception cohort comprising 150 children with JIA was evaluated at baseline (visit 1) and after six months (visit 2). Data included clinical manifestations and inflammation-related biomarkers. Probabilistic principal component analysis identified sets of composite variables, or principal components, from 191 original variables. To discern new clinical-biomarker clusters (clusters), Gaussian mixture models were fit to the data. Newly-defined clusters and JIA categories were compared. Agreement between the two was assessed using Kruskal-Wallis analyses and contingency plots. RESULTS: Three principal components recovered 35% (three clusters) and 40% (five clusters) of the variance in patient profiles in visits 1 and 2, respectively. None of the clusters aligned precisely with any of the seven JIA categories but rather spanned multiple categories. Results demonstrated that the newly defined clinical-biomarker lustres are more homogeneous than JIA categories. CONCLUSION: Applying unsupervised data mining to clinical and inflammatory biomarker data discerns discrete clusters that intersect multiple JIA categories. Results suggest that certain groups of patients within different JIA categories are more aligned pathobiologically than their separate clinical categorizations suggest. Applying data mining analyses to complex datasets can generate insights into JIA pathogenesis and could contribute to biologically based refinements in JIA classification.

Clinical and associated inflammatory biomarker features predictive of short-term outcomes in non-systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis.

OBJECTIVE: To identify early predictors of disease activity at 18 months in JIA using clinical and biomarker profiling. METHODS: Clinical and biomarker data were collected at JIA diagnosis in a prospective longitudinal inception cohort of 82 children with non-systemic JIA, and their ability to predict an active joint count of 0, a physician global assessment of disease activity of ≤1 cm, and inactive disease by Wallace 2004 criteria 18 months later was assessed. Correlation-based feature selection and ReliefF were used to shortlist predictors and random forest models were trained to predict outcomes. RESULTS: From the original 112 features, 13 effectively predicted 18-month outcomes. They included age, number of active/effused joints, wrist, ankle and/or knee involvement, ESR, ANA positivity and plasma levels of five inflammatory biomarkers (IL-10, IL-17, IL-12p70, soluble low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 and vitamin D), at enrolment. The clinical plus biomarker panel predicted active joint count = 0, physician global assessment ≤ 1, and inactive disease after 18 months with 0.79, 0.80 and 0.83 accuracy and 0.84, 0.83, 0.88 area under the curve, respectively. Using clinical features alone resulted in 0.75, 0.72 and 0.80 accuracy, and area under the curve values of 0.81, 0.78 and 0.83, respectively. CONCLUSION: A panel of five plasma biomarkers combined with clinical features at the time of diagnosis more accurately predicted short-term disease activity in JIA than clinical characteristics alone. If validated in external cohorts, such a panel may guide more rationally conceived, biologically based, personalized treatment strategies in early JIA.

The risk and nature of flares in juvenile idiopathic arthritis: results from the ReACCh-Out cohort.

OBJECTIVE: To describe probabilities and characteristics of disease flares in children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) and to identify clinical features associated with an increased risk of flare. METHODS: We studied children in the Research in Arthritis in Canadian Children emphasizing Outcomes (ReACCh-Out) prospective inception cohort. A flare was defined as a recurrence of disease manifestations after attaining inactive disease and was called significant if it required intensification of treatment. Probability of first flare was calculated with Kaplan-Meier methods, and associated features were identified using Cox regression. RESULTS: 1146 children were followed up a median of 24 months after attaining inactive disease. We observed 627 first flares (54.7% of patients) with median active joint count of 1, physician global assessment (PGA) of 12 mm and duration of 27 weeks. Within a year after attaining inactive disease, the probability of flare was 42.5% (95% CI 39% to 46%) for any flare and 26.6% (24% to 30%) for a significant flare. Within a year after stopping treatment, it was 31.7% (28% to 36%) and 25.0% (21% to 29%), respectively. A maximum PGA >30 mm, maximum active joint count >4, rheumatoid factor (RF)-positive polyarthritis, antinuclear antibodies (ANA) and receiving disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) or biological agents before attaining inactive disease were associated with increased risk of flare. Systemic JIA was associated with the lowest risk of flare. CONCLUSIONS: In this real-practice JIA cohort, flares were frequent, usually involved a few swollen joints for an average of 6 months and 60% led to treatment intensification. Children with a severe disease course had an increased risk of flare.

The outcomes of juvenile idiopathic arthritis in children managed with contemporary treatments: results from the ReACCh-Out cohort.

OBJECTIVE: To describe clinical outcomes of juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) in a prospective inception cohort of children managed with contemporary treatments. METHODS: Children newly diagnosed with JIA at 16 Canadian paediatric rheumatology centres from 2005 to 2010 were included. Kaplan-Meier survival curves for each JIA category were used to estimate probability of ever attaining an active joint count of 0, inactive disease (no active joints, no extraarticular manifestations and a physician global assessment of disease activity <10 mm), disease remission (inactive disease >12 months after discontinuing treatment) and of receiving specific treatments. RESULTS: In a cohort of 1104 children, the probabilities of attaining an active joint count of 0 exceeded 78% within 2 years in all JIA categories. The probability of attaining inactive disease exceeded 70% within 2 years in all categories, except for RF-positive polyarthritis (48%). The probability of discontinuing treatment at least once was 67% within 5 years. The probability of attaining remission within 5 years was 46-57% across JIA categories except for polyarthritis (0% RF-positive, 14% RF-negative). Initial treatment included joint injections and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for oligoarthritis, disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) for polyarthritis and systemic corticosteroids for systemic JIA. CONCLUSIONS: Most children with JIA managed with contemporary treatments attain inactive disease within 2 years of diagnosis and many are able to discontinue treatment. The probability of attaining remission within 5 years of diagnosis is about 50%, except for children with polyarthritis.

Clinical characteristics, treatment and outcome of children with Lyme arthritis in Nova Scotia.

BACKGROUND: Lyme disease is an emerging problem in Nova Scotia. Lyme arthritis is a late manifestation of Lyme disease. OBJECTIVE: To describe the demographic characteristics, referral patterns and clinical course of children diagnosed with Lyme arthritis in a tertiary care pediatric rheumatology clinic in Nova Scotia. METHODS: In the present retrospective chart review, subjects diagnosed with Lyme arthritis between 2006 and 2013 were identified through the clinic database. Demographic variables, referral patterns, clinical presentation and information regarding treatment course and outcome were collected. RESULTS: Seventeen patients were identified; 76% presented in 2012 and 2013. In 37.5% of cases, the referring physician suspected Lyme disease. Most patients presented with one or more painful and/or swollen joints; 94% had knee involvement. Only three of 17 patients had a history of erythema migrans and four of 17 recalled a tick bite. Five patients had a history of neurological manifestations consistent with Lyme disease, although, none had a diagnosis made at the time. Arthritis usually resolved after treatment with standard antibiotics; however, at last follow-up, two patients had antibiotic refractory Lyme arthritis, with one having joint damage despite aggressive arthritis treatment. CONCLUSION: A significant increase in cases of Lyme arthritis has recently been recognized in a pediatric rheumatology clinic in Nova Scotia. A history of a tick bite or erythema migrans were not sensitive markers of Lyme arthritis, and this diagnosis was often not considered by the referring physician. Educational initiatives should be undertaken to increase local awareness of this treatable cause of arthritis in children.

HISTORIQUE: La maladie de Lyme est un problème émergent en Nouvelle-Écosse. L'arthrite de Lyme en est une manifestation tardive. OBJECTIF: Décrire les caractéristiques démographiques, les profils d'aiguillage et l'évolution clinique des enfants recevant un diagnostic d'arthrite de Lyme dans une clinique de soins tertiaires en rhumatologie pédiatrique de la Nouvelle-Écosse. MÉTHODOLOGIE: Dans la présente étude rétrospective des dossiers, les chercheurs ont extrait de la base de données cliniques les sujets qui ont reçu un diagnostic d'arthrite de Lyme entre 2006 et 2013. Ils ont colligé les variables démographiques, les profils d'aiguillage, la présentation clinique et l'information sur l'évolution et les résultats cliniques du traitement. RÉSULTATS: Les chercheurs ont dépisté 17 patients, dont 76 % ont consulté en 2012 et 2013. Dans 37,5 % des cas, le médecin traitant présumait une maladie de Lyme. La plupart des patients avaient au moins une articulation douloureuse ou enflée et 94 %, une atteinte du genou. Seulement trois des 17 patients avaient des antécédents d'érythème migrateur et quatre se rappelaient s'être fait piquer par une tique. Cinq patients avaient des antécédents de manifestations neurologiques évocateurs de la maladie de Lyme, mais aucun n'avait alors reçu de diagnostic. En général, l'arthrite disparaissait après un traitement aux antibiotiques standards, mais au dernier suivi, deux patients souffraient d'une arthrite de Lyme réfractaire aux antibiotiques, dont l'un présentait une atteinte articulaire malgré un traitement vigoureux contre l'arthrite. CONCLUSION: On a récemment constaté une augmentation significative des cas d'arthrite de Lyme dans une clinique de rhumatologie pédiatrique de la Nouvelle-Écosse. Des antécédents de piqûre de tique ou d'érythème migrateur n'étaient pas des marqueurs sensibles de l'arthrite de Lyme, et il n'est pas rare que le médecin traitant ne l'envisage pas. Il fau-drait lancer des initiatives de formation locales pour mieux faire connaître cette cause traitable de l'arthrite chez les enfants.

Enemies of Ethics Equals Environmental Exodus, Part 2.

Bullying and mobbing in the workplace have accelerated at alarming rates around the world in the past decade. Health care workers, nurses, managers, physicians, and owners of organizations, sometimes choose unethical methodology as a means to obtain personal and/or organizational goals. The consequences of these unethical decisions have a profound impact on the victim, bystanders, the organization, as well as the nursing profession. As a result, victims (nurses) often suffer from physiological and psychological distress, posttraumatic stress disorder, suicide, and erosion of professional confidence; patient's quality of care is undermined; nurses exit the profession; and organizations suffer from decreased morale, decline in productivity, financial loss, and a tarnished reputation.

Enemies of ethics equals environmental exodus, part 1.

Nursing is known as a respected profession in society. Nursing is also ranked as a leading career fostering unethical behavior amongst one another. Historically, nurses are known to "eat their young," meaning new graduate nurses may undergo a brief period of hazing conducted by the experienced nurse. In the past two decades, research demonstrates an increasing trend, often acceptable within an organization, of bullying, lateral violence and mobbing amongst nurses. This type of intentional repetitive harassment inflicts physical and psychological harm to nursing colleagues. It is important for nurses to be familiar with signs of bullying, feel confident in sharing the observation with leadership, and possess the knowledge to make an ethical decision. This type of aggression within an organization affects all employees, the organization's finances and reputation, and most importantly, the quality of patient care, all negatively. The culture of an organization reflects the leadership. Transformational management style, open communication, behavioral expectations, policies and procedures, along with a zero-tolerance course of action for bullying behaviors, are necessary when developing a healthy workplace environment. Laws and regulations in certain states are in place supporting healthy workplace environments. Public awareness concerning bullying, mobbing, and harassment within the workplace has increased secondary to the media's publicity on the subject. Nurses should reflect on the theoretical frameworks of the nursing profession and strive to role model virtues of integrity, ethics and civility within their personal and professional life.

High Rates of Symptoms of Major Depressive Disorder and Panic Disorder in a Canadian Sample of Adolescents With Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis.

OBJECTIVE: We aimed to evaluate the rate of depressive and/or anxiety symptoms in adolescents with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) and to explore the association with demographic and disease activity measures. METHODS: Depressive and anxiety symptoms were assessed in adolescents with JIA aged 12 to 18 years at a Canadian tertiary care hospital, using the Revised Child Anxiety and Depression Scale (RCADS). The RCADS includes 6 subscales: separation anxiety, social phobia, generalized anxiety, panic disorder, obsessive-compulsive, and major depressive disorder. Scores above clinical threshold on the RCADS subscales indicate that an individual's responses reflect symptoms similar to those diagnosed with the corresponding mental health disorder. Fisher exact test and Mann-Whitney U test were used to compare demographic and disease-related variables between participants who scored above and below clinical threshold on each of the subscales. RESULTS: There were 32/80 (40%) of participants who scored above clinical threshold on at least 1 subscale. Scores above clinical threshold were most frequent for major depressive disorder (23.8%) and panic disorder (22.5%) subscales. Social phobia and separation anxiety followed with 16.3% and 13.8%, respectively. Females were more likely to have scores above clinical threshold on the panic disorder subscale. Participants with higher self-reported disease activity were more likely to have scores above clinical threshold for all anxiety subscales except separation anxiety. CONCLUSION: We report high rates of symptoms of depression and anxiety (panic in particular) in adolescents with JIA. This highlights the ongoing need for mental health screening protocols and services. The relationships between concomitant mental health disorders, disease activity, and patient-reported outcomes requires further research.

Differentially Expressed Inflammation-Regulating MicroRNAs in Oligoarticular Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate microRNA expression in synovial fluid (SF), plasma, and leukocytes from patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA). METHODS: MicroRNA expression in pooled JIA plasma and SF was assessed by absolute quantitative droplet digital PCR array. The results were validated in individual patient samples. MicroRNA content in leukocytes and extracellular vesicles was evaluated by real-time PCR in JIA blood and SF. Blood microRNA expression was compared with healthy controls (HCs). Principal component analysis was used to profile JIA plasma and SF microRNAs, and the potential biological consequences of microRNA dysregulation were investigated by pathway analysis. RESULTS: MiR-15a-5p and miR-409-3p levels were higher in JIA plasma than in HC plasma. JIA SF contained elevated levels of miR-21-5p, miR-27a-3p, miR-146b-5p, miR-155-5p, and miR-423-5p, and decreased miR-192-5p and miR-451a, compared to JIA plasma. Extracellular vesicle analysis demonstrated variable encapsulation among selected microRNAs, with only miR-155-5p being represented substantially in extracellular vesicles. SF leukocytes also had higher expression of miR-21-5p, miR-27a-3p, miR-146b-5p, and miR-155-5p, and lower expression of miR-409-3p and miR-451a, relative to blood. No differences were observed between JIA and HC blood leukocytes. Clusters of microRNAs were commonly altered in JIA joint fluid and leukocytes compared to JIA blood samples. In silico analysis predicted that differentially expressed microRNAs in JIA target the transforming growth factor (TGF)-ß pathway. CONCLUSION: The expression of multiple microRNAs is dysregulated in JIA both locally and systemically, which may inhibit the TGF-ß pathway. These findings advance our knowledge of JIA immunopathogenesis and may lead to the development of targeted therapies.

Unexpectedly high incidence of Kawasaki Disease in a Canadian Atlantic Province- an 11-year retrospective descriptive study.

BACKGROUND: Kawasaki Disease (KD) is the leading cause of acquired heart disease in children in developed countries with a variable incidence worldwide. Previous studies reported an unexpectedly high incidence of KD in the Canadian Atlantic Provinces. The goals of our study were to validate this finding in the province of Nova Scotia and to carefully review patients' characteristics and disease outcomes. METHODS: This was a retrospective review of all children < 16 years old from Nova Scotia diagnosed with KD between 2007-2018. Cases were identified using a combination of administrative and clinical databases. Clinical information was collected retrospectively by health record review using a standardized form. RESULTS: Between 2007-2018, 220 patients were diagnosed with KD; 61.4% and 23.2% met the criteria for complete and incomplete disease, respectively. The annual incidence was 29.6 per 100,000 children < 5 years. The male to female ratio was 1.3:1 and the median age was 3.6 years. All patients diagnosed with KD in the acute phase received intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG); 23 (12%) were refractory to the first dose. Coronary artery aneurysms were found in 13 (6%) patients and one patient died with multiple giant aneurysms. CONCLUSION: We have confirmed an incidence of KD in our population which is higher than that reported in Europe and other regions of North America despite our small Asian population. The comprehensive method to capture patients may have contributed to the detection of the higher incidence. The role of local environmental and genetic factors also deserves further study. Increased attention to regional differences in the epidemiology of KD may improve our understanding of this important childhood vasculitis.

Coexpression of chemokine receptors CCR5, CXCR3, and CCR4 and ligands for P- and E-selectin on T lymphocytes of patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate P- and E-selectin ligand coexpression with chemokine receptors (CKRs) on T cells in the synovial fluid (SF) and blood of children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA). METHODS: Sixteen patients with polyarticular or persistent oligoarticular JIA (ages 5.3-15.1 years) were studied. SF and venous blood were collected, and immunostaining for the expression of CCR4, CCR5, CXCR3, and P- or E-selectin ligands was performed. RESULTS: Compared to blood, SF was greatly enriched for CD4+ T cells bearing CCR5, CCR4, CXCR3, and both P- and E-selectin ligand. Twenty-five percent of the CD4+ T cells in SF expressed both CCR5 and CCR4, some also coexpressing CXCR3. Such cells were rare in blood. Half of the few CCR5+ T cells in blood coexpressed P- or E-selectin ligand, a phenotype that was enriched up to 50-fold in SF. A minority of CCR4+ and CXCR3+ cells in blood (∼25%) coexpressed selectin ligand; these were enriched 4-8-fold in SF. Most CCR4-expressing CD4+ T cells expressed both E-selectin ligand and cutaneous lymphocyte antigen. CONCLUSION: CCR4-, CCR5-, CXCR3-, and selectin ligand-expressing CD4+ T cells preferentially accumulate in the joints of children with JIA. The marked enrichment of CCR5+ T cells coexpressing P-selectin and/or E-selectin ligand in CD4+ SF T cells suggests that the few such cells in blood selectively migrate to inflamed joints via endothelial P- and E-selectin- and CCR5-activating chemokines. The predominance of CCR4-expressing CD4+ T cells coexpressing E-selectin ligand suggests that such cells migrate not only to areas of cutaneous inflammation, as previously reported, but also to the joints in JIA. Combined targeting of CCR5- and E-selectin-dependent mechanisms may be a relevant treatment strategy.

Higher concentrations of vitamin D in Canadian children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis compared to healthy controls are associated with more frequent use of vitamin D supplements and season of birth.

A number of studies have demonstrated that patients with autoimmune disease have lower levels of vitamin D prompting speculation that vitamin D might suppress inflammation and immune responses in children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA).  The objective of this study was to compare vitamin D levels in children with JIA at disease onset with healthy children. We hypothesized that children and adolescents with JIA have lower vitamin D levels than healthy children and adolescents. Data from a Canadian cohort of children with new-onset JIA (n= 164, data collection 2007-2012) were compared to Canadian Health Measures Survey (CHMS) data (n=4027, data collection 2007-2011). We compared 25-hydroxy vitamin D (25(OH)D) concentrations with measures of inflammation, vitamin D supplement use, milk intake, and season of birth. Mean 25(OH)D level was significantly higher in patients with JIA (79 ± 3.1 nmol/L) than in healthy controls (68 ± 1.8 nmol/L P <.05). Patients with JIA more often used vitamin D containing supplements (50% vs. 7%; P <.05). The prevalence of 25(OH)D deficiency (<30 nmol/L) was 6% for both groups. Children with JIA with 25(OH)D deficiency or insufficiency (<50 nmol/L) had higher C-reactive protein levels. Children with JIA were more often born in the fall and winter compared to healthy children. In contrast to earlier studies, we found vitamin D levels in Canadian children with JIA were higher compared to healthy children and associated with more frequent use of vitamin D supplements. Among children with JIA, low vitamin D levels were associated with indicators of greater inflammation.

Soluble Low-density Lipoprotein Receptor-related Protein 1 in Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to expand knowledge about soluble low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (sLRP1) in juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) by determining associations of sLRP1 levels in nonsystemic JIA patients with clinical and inflammatory biomarker indicators of disease activity. METHODS: Plasma sLRP1 and 44 inflammation-related biomarkers were measured at enrollment and 6 months later in a cohort of 96 newly diagnosed Canadian patients with nonsystemic JIA. Relationships between sLRP1 levels and indicators of disease activity and biomarker levels were analyzed at both visits. RESULTS: At enrollment, sLRP1 levels correlated negatively with age and active joint counts. Children showed significantly higher levels of sLRP1 than adolescents (mean ranks: 55.4 and 41.9, respectively; P = 0.02). Participants with 4 or fewer active joints, compared to those with 5 or more active joints, had significantly higher sLRP1 levels (mean ranks: 56.2 and 40.7, respectively; P = 0.006). At enrollment, considering the entire cohort, sLRP1 correlated negatively with the number of active joints (r = -0.235, P = 0.017). In the entire cohort, sLRP1 levels at enrollment and 6 months later correlated with 13 and 6 pro- and antiinflammatory biomarkers, respectively. In JIA categories, sLRP1 correlations with inflammatory markers were significant in rheumatoid factor-negative polyarticular JIA, oligoarticular JIA, enthesitis-related arthritis, and psoriatic arthritis at enrollment. Higher sLRP1 levels at enrollment increased the likelihood of absence of active joints 6 months later. CONCLUSION: Plasma sLRP1 levels correlate with clinical and biomarker indicators of short-term improvement in JIA disease activity, supporting sLRP1 as an upstream biomarker of potential utility for assessing JIA disease activity and outcome prediction.

Clinical and psychosocial stress factors are associated with decline in physical activity over time in children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis.

BACKGROUND: Physical activity (PA) patterns in children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) over time are not well described. The aim of this study was to describe associations of physical activity (PA) with disease activity, function, pain, and psychosocial stress in the 2 years following diagnosis in an inception cohort of children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA). METHODS: In 82 children with newly diagnosed JIA, PA levels, prospectively determined at enrollment, 12 and 24 months using the Physical Activity Questionnaire for Children (PAQ-C) and Adolescents (PAQ-A) raw scores, were evaluated in relation to disease activity as reflected by arthritis activity (Juvenile Arthritis Disease Activity Score (JADAS-71)), function, pain, and psychosocial stresses using a linear mixed model approach. Results in the JIA cohort were compared to normative Pediatric Bone Mineral Accrual Study data derived from healthy children using z-scores. RESULTS: At enrollment, PA z-score levels of study participants were lower than those in the normative population (median z-score - 0.356; p = 0.005). At enrollment, PA raw scores were negatively associated with the psychosocial domain of the Juvenile Arthritis Quality of Life Questionnaire (r = - 0.251; p = 0.023). There was a significant decline in PAQ-C/A raw scores from baseline (median and IQR: 2.6, 1.4-3.1) to 24 months (median and IQR: 2.1, 1.4-2.7; p = 0.003). The linear mixed-effect model showed that PAQ-C/A raw scores in children with JIA decreased as age, disease duration, and ESR increased. The PAQ-C/A raw scores of the participants was also negatively influenced by an increase in disease activity as measured by the JADAS-71 (p <  0.001). CONCLUSION: Canadian children with newly diagnosed JIA have lower PA levels than healthy children. The decline in PA levels over time was associated with disease activity and higher disease-specific psychosocial stress.

Severe cryopyrin-associated periodic syndrome first characterized by early childhood-onset sensorineural hearing loss - Case report and literature review.

Infant-onset bilateral sensorineural hearing loss is a key presenting symptom of the autoinflammatory cryopyrin-associated periodic syndrome. Other symptoms include periodic fever, cold-induced urticaria-like rash, chronic aseptic meningitis, polyarticular arthralgias, and renal AA amyloidosis. Early recognition and treatment with interleukin-1 blockade are critical for preventing disabling or fatal complications. We describe a patient with severe cryopyrin-associated periodic syndrome who presented at age 18 months with macrocephaly and moderate sensorineural hearing loss, later developing systemic sequelae. The pathogenic nature of the de novo NLRP3 gene variant identified was supported by a markedly elevated serum amyloid A level and sustained clinical response to anti-IL-1 therapy.

Health-Related Quality of Life in an Inception Cohort of Children With Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis: A Longitudinal Analysis.

OBJECTIVE: To describe changes in health-related quality of life (HRQoL) over time in children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA), relative to other outcomes, and to identify predictors of unfavorable HRQoL trajectories. METHODS: Children with JIA in the Research in Arthritis in Canadian Children emphasizing Outcomes (ReACCh-Out) cohort were included. The Juvenile Arthritis Quality of Life Questionnaire (JAQQ, a standardized instrument), health-related Quality of My Life (HRQoML, an instrument based on personal valuations), and JIA core variables were completed serially. Analyses included median values, Kaplan-Meier survival curves, and latent trajectory analysis. RESULTS: A total of 1,249 patients enrolled at a median of 0.5 months after diagnosis were followed for a median of 34.2 months. The degree of initial HRQoL impairment and probabilities of reaching the best possible HRQoL scores varied across JIA categories (best for oligoarthritis, worst for rheumatoid factor-positive polyarthritis). Median times to attain best possible HRQoL scores (JAQQ 59.3 months, HRQoML 34.5 months), lagged behind those for disease activity, pain, and disability measures. Most patients followed trajectories with minimal or mild impairment; however, 7.6% and 13.8% of patients, respectively, followed JAQQ and HRQoML trajectories with persistent major impairment in HRQoL. JIA category, aboriginal ethnicity, and baseline disease activity measures distinguished between membership in trajectories with major and minimal impairments. CONCLUSION: Improvement in HRQoL is slower than for disease activity, pain, and disability. Improvement of a measure based on respondents' preferences (HRQoML) is more rapid than that of a standardized measure (JAQQ). Higher disease activity at diagnosis heralds an unfavorable HRQoL trajectory.

Trajectories of pain severity in juvenile idiopathic arthritis: results from the Research in Arthritis in Canadian Children Emphasizing Outcomes cohort.

We studied children enrolled within 90 days of juvenile idiopathic arthritis diagnosis in the Research in Arthritis in Canadian Children Emphasizing Outcomes (ReACCh-Out) prospective inception cohort to identify longitudinal trajectories of pain severity and features that may predict pain trajectory at diagnosis. A total of 1062 participants were followed a median of 24.3 months (interquartile range = 16.0-37.1 months). Latent trajectory analysis of pain severity, measured in a 100-mm visual analogue scale, identified 5 distinct trajectories: (1) mild-decreasing pain (56.2% of the cohort); (2) moderate-decreasing pain (28.6%); (3) chronically moderate pain (7.4%); (4) minimal pain (4.0%); and (5) mild-increasing pain (3.7%). Mean disability and quality of life scores roughly paralleled the pain severity trajectories. At baseline, children with chronically moderate pain, compared to those with moderate-decreasing pain, were older (mean 10.0 vs 8.5 years, P = 0.01) and had higher active joint counts (mean 10.0 vs 7.2 joints, P = 0.06). Children with mild-increasing pain had lower joint counts than children with mild-decreasing pain (2.3 vs 5.2 joints, P < 0.001). Although most children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis in this cohort had mild or moderate initial levels of pain that decreased quickly, about 1 in 10 children had concerning pain trajectories (chronically moderate pain and mild-increasing pain). Systematic periodic assessment of pain severity in the months after diagnosis may help identify these concerning pain trajectories early and lay out appropriate pain management plans. Focused research into the factors leading to these concerning trajectories may help prevent them.

JAK1/2 inhibition with baricitinib in the treatment of autoinflammatory interferonopathies.

BACKGROUND: Monogenic IFN-mediated autoinflammatory diseases present in infancy with systemic inflammation, an IFN response gene signature, inflammatory organ damage, and high mortality. We used the JAK inhibitor baricitinib, with IFN-blocking activity in vitro, to ameliorate disease. METHODS: Between October 2011 and February 2017, 10 patients with CANDLE (chronic atypical neutrophilic dermatosis with lipodystrophy and elevated temperatures), 4 patients with SAVI (stimulator of IFN genes-associated [STING-associated] vasculopathy with onset in infancy), and 4 patients with other interferonopathies were enrolled in an expanded access program. The patients underwent dose escalation, and the benefit was assessed by reductions in daily disease symptoms and corticosteroid requirement. Quality of life, organ inflammation, changes in IFN-induced biomarkers, and safety were longitudinally assessed. RESULTS: Eighteen patients were treated for a mean duration of 3.0 years (1.5-4.9 years). The median daily symptom score decreased from 1.3 (interquartile range [IQR], 0.93-1.78) to 0.25 (IQR, 0.1-0.63) (P < 0.0001). In 14 patients receiving corticosteroids at baseline, daily prednisone doses decreased from 0.44 mg/kg/day (IQR, 0.31-1.09) to 0.11 mg/kg/day (IQR, 0.02-0.24) (P < 0.01), and 5 of 10 patients with CANDLE achieved lasting clinical remission. The patients' quality of life and height and bone mineral density Z-scores significantly improved, and their IFN biomarkers decreased. Three patients, two of whom had genetically undefined conditions, discontinued treatment because of lack of efficacy, and one CANDLE patient discontinued treatment because of BK viremia and azotemia. The most common adverse events were upper respiratory infections, gastroenteritis, and BK viruria and viremia. CONCLUSION: Upon baricitinib treatment, clinical manifestations and inflammatory and IFN biomarkers improved in patients with the monogenic interferonopathies CANDLE, SAVI, and other interferonopathies. Monitoring safety and efficacy is important in benefit-risk assessment. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01724580 and NCT02974595. FUNDING: This research was supported by the Intramural Research Program of the NIH, NIAID, and NIAMS. Baricitinib was provided by Eli Lilly and Company, which is the sponsor of the expanded access program for this drug.