How does artificial intelligence master urological board examinations? A comparative analysis of different Large Language Models' accuracy and reliability in the 2022 In-Service Assessment of the European Board of Urology.

PURPOSE: This study is a comparative analysis of three Large Language Models (LLMs) evaluating their rate of correct answers (RoCA) and the reliability of generated answers on a set of urological knowledge-based questions spanning different levels of complexity. METHODS: ChatGPT-3.5, ChatGPT-4, and Bing AI underwent two testing rounds, with a 48-h gap in between, using the 100 multiple-choice questions from the 2022 European Board of Urology (EBU) In-Service Assessment (ISA). For conflicting responses, an additional consensus round was conducted to establish conclusive answers. RoCA was compared across various question complexities. Ten weeks after the consensus round, a subsequent testing round was conducted to assess potential knowledge gain and improvement in RoCA, respectively. RESULTS: Over three testing rounds, ChatGPT-3.5 achieved RoCa scores of 58%, 62%, and 59%. In contrast, ChatGPT-4 achieved RoCA scores of 63%, 77%, and 77%, while Bing AI yielded scores of 81%, 73%, and 77%, respectively. Agreement rates between rounds 1 and 2 were 84% (κ = 0.67, p < 0.001) for ChatGPT-3.5, 74% (κ = 0.40, p < 0.001) for ChatGPT-4, and 76% (κ = 0.33, p < 0.001) for BING AI. In the consensus round, ChatGPT-4 and Bing AI significantly outperformed ChatGPT-3.5 (77% and 77% vs. 59%, both p = 0.010). All LLMs demonstrated decreasing RoCA scores with increasing question complexity (p < 0.001). In the fourth round, no significant improvement in RoCA was observed across all three LLMs. CONCLUSIONS: The performance of the tested LLMs in addressing urological specialist inquiries warrants further refinement. Moreover, the deficiency in response reliability contributes to existing challenges related to their current utility for educational purposes.

Evaluating the Efficacy of AI Chatbots as Tutors in Urology: A Comparative Analysis of Responses to the 2022 In-Service Assessment of the European Board of Urology.

INTRODUCTION: This study assessed the potential of Large Language Models (LLMs) as educational tools by evaluating their accuracy in answering questions across urological subtopics. METHODS: Three LLMs (ChatGPT-3.5, ChatGPT-4, and Bing AI) were examined in two testing rounds, separated by 48-hours, using 100 Multiple-Choice Questions (MCQs) from the 2022 European Board of Urology (EBU) In-Service Assessment (ISA), covering five different subtopics. The correct answer was defined as "formal accuracy" (FA) representing the designated single best answer (SBA) among four options. Alternative answers selected from LLMs, which may not necessarily be the SBA but are still deemed correct, were labeled as "extended accuracy" (EA). Their capacity to enhance the overall accuracy rate when combined with FA was examined. RESULTS: In two rounds of testing, the FAs scores were achieved as follows: ChatGPT-3.5: 58% and 62%, ChatGPT-4: 63% and 77%, and BING AI: 81% and 73%. The incorporation of EA did not yield a significant enhancement in overall performance. The achieved gains for ChatGPT-3.5, ChatGPT-4, and BING AI were as a result 7% and 5%, 5% and 2%, and 3% and 1%, respectively (p>0.3). Within urological subtopics, LLMs showcased best performance in Pediatrics/Congenital and comparatively less effectiveness in Functional/BPS/Incontinence. CONCLUSION: LLMs exhibit suboptimal urology knowledge and unsatisfactory proficiency for educational purposes. The overall accuracy did not significantly improve when combining EA to FA. The error rates remained high ranging from 16 to 35%. Proficiency levels vary substantially across subtopics. Further development of medicine specific LLMs is required before integration into urological training programs.

Urinary Incontinence, Quality of Life, and Risk Factors in a Geriatric Cohort.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of the study was to evaluate the prevalence of urinary incontinence (UI) and its subtypes, associated clinical factors, and impact on quality of life (QoL) in a geriatric population aged 80 years or older. METHODS: Male and female residents (inclusion criterion: 80 years or older) of three Viennese senior citizen homes were personally interviewed with the aid of a structured questionnaire based on the Bristol Female Lower Urinary Tract Symptom Questionnaire within a 12-month period. UI was defined as any involuntary loss of urine during the past 4 weeks. Several demographic parameters were obtained additionally. RESULTS: 434 participants with a mean age of 86.8 years (women: 87.6 years; men: 86.1 years) were included. UI was present in 52.5% (57% female vs. 23% male, p < 0.001), stress UI affected 36% (41% female vs. 5% male, p < 0.001), urge UI 38% (40.5% female vs. 23% male, p < 0.01), and mixed UI 28% (24% female vs. 5.0% male, p < 0.01). While the overall prevalence of UI remained rather stable in the four age cohorts (80-84 years, 85-89 years, 90-94 years, >94 years), there was a constant decline of SUI paralleled by an increase of UI and - to a lesser extent - of MUI with age. 36.5% (33% female vs. 57% male) participants did not report any negative impact on QoL, while a severe reduction of QoL was present in 31% of cases (35% female vs. 10.0% male). Risk factors for UI and its subtypes included female sex, reduced/no mobility, hysterectomy, and number of births. CONCLUSION: This study provides data on the high prevalence of UI in a low-morbid geriatric cohort and evaluates gender-specific differences in UI prevalence, associated risk factors, and QoL.

The Feasibility, Technique, and Medium-Term Follow-Up of Laparoscopic Transvesical Diverticulectomy.

BACKGROUND: To present our experience and results with the transvesical laparoscopic diverticulectomy, developed by Pansadoro et al. [BJU Int. 2009;103(3):412-24], as treatment of symptomatic bladder diverticula, with a medium-term follow-up. METHODS: Between June 2010 and July 2018, we successfully operated 15 patients (13 male/2 female), aged 32-85 years (mean age 61 years) in 2 centers in Austria, using the aforementioned technique. RESULTS: The median operative time was 297 min (range 83-488 min), and the blood loss was minimal. The median diameter of the diverticula was 94 mm (range 40-110 mm). The transurethral catheter was removed in most patients on day 7 (range 1-26 days), and cystography was performed before catheter removal. Patients were discharged on the ninth postoperative day (range 4-18 days). One case had a Clavien-Dindo grade IIIb complication (ureter injury), and 2 cases had a grade IIIa complication (nephrostomy drainage). After a median follow-up of 19 months, no recurrences were observed. CONCLUSION: The laparoscopic, transvesical diverticulectomy is a feasible and valuable procedure with good outcomes. To avoid complications, the ureter needs to be spared meticulously.

Malignancy rates and diagnostic performance of the Bosniak classification for the diagnosis of cystic renal lesions in computed tomography - a systematic review and meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: To systematically review the literature on the Bosniak classification system in CT to determine its diagnostic performance to diagnose malignant cystic lesions and the prevalence of malignancy in Bosniak categories. METHODS: A predefined database search was performed from 1 January 1986 to 18 January 2016. Two independent reviewers extracted data on malignancy rates in Bosniak categories and several covariates using predefined criteria. Study quality was assessed using QUADAS-2. Meta-analysis included data pooling, subgroup analyses, meta-regression and investigation of publication bias. RESULTS: A total of 35 studies, which included 2,578 lesions, were investigated. Data on observer experience, inter-observer variation and technical CT standards were insufficiently reported. The pooled rate of malignancy increased from Bosniak I (3.2 %, 95 % CI 0-6.8, I2 = 5 %) to Bosniak II (6 %, 95 % CI 2.7-9.3, I2 = 32 %), IIF (6.7 %, 95 % CI 5-8.4, I2 = 0 %), III (55.1 %, 95 % CI 45.7-64.5, I2 = 89 %) and IV (91 %, 95 % CI 87.7-94.2, I2 = 36). Several study design-related influences on malignancy rates and subsequent diagnostic performance indices were identified. CONCLUSION: The Bosniak classification is an accurate tool with which to stratify the risk of malignancy in renal cystic lesions. KEY POINTS: • The Bosniak classification can accurately rule out malignancy. • Specificity remains moderate at 74 % (95 % CI 64-82). • Follow-up examinations should be considered in Bosniak IIF and Bosniak II cysts. • Data on the influence of reader experience and inter-reader variability are insufficient. • Technical CT standards and publication year did not influence diagnostic performance.

The Impact of Gender on Tumour Stage in In-House Complications and Choice of Urinary Diversion: Results of the Austrian Cystectomy Registry.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Bladder cancer is characterized by gender-dependent disparities. To further address this issue, we analysed a prospective, multicentre cystectomy registry. METHODS: An online database was developed that included patient demographics, intra/perioperative data, surgical data and in-house complications. RESULTS: Four hundred fifty-eight patients (112 [24.5%] women and 346 [75.5%] men) were analysed. Men and women were comparable regarding age (mean 68 years), body mass index (mean 26.5) and the mean Charlson score (4.8). Women had more advanced tumour-stages (pT3/pT4; women: 57.1%; men: 48.1%). The rate of incontinent urinary diversion was higher in women (83.1%) than in men (60.2%) and in a multivariate analysis, the strongest predictors were M+ status (OR 11.2), female gender (OR 6.9) and age (OR 6.5). Women had a higher intraoperative blood transfusion rate. The overall rate of in-house complications was similar in both genders (men: 32.0%, women: 32.6%). Severe (Clavien-Dindo grade >2) medical (women: 6.3%; men: 5.2%) and surgical (women: 21.5%; men: 14.4%) in-house complications, however, were more frequent in women. CONCLUSIONS: This multicentre registry demonstrates several gender-related differences in patients undergoing radical cystectomy. The higher transfusion rate, the rare use of orthotopic bladder substitutes and the higher in-house complication rate underline the higher complexity of this procedure in women.

Impact of the use of bowel for urinary diversion on perioperative complications and 90-day mortality in patients aged 75 years or older.

OBJECTIVE: A potential strategy to decrease the high complication rate of radical cystectomy (RC) in the elderly is to avoid the use of bowel for urinary diversion. The aim of this study was to address this issue in a multicentre study of patients aged ≥ 75 years. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We performed a retrospective, multicentre study of a consecutive series of patients aged ≥ 75 years who underwent RC for muscle-invasive bladder cancer between 2006 and 2010. Medical, surgical and wound complications were graded according to the modified Clavien-Dindo classification. RESULTS: A total of 256 patients (68% men, mean age 79.6 years) were analysed. 204 (80%) patients received a urinary diversion with use of bowel and 52 (20%) a ureterocutaneostomy (UC). Patients with UC were older (82.0 vs. 78.9 years, p < 0.001) and had a higher ASA score (2.6 vs. 2.3, p = 0.007), while the mean Charlson score was lower (4.2 vs. 5.6, p < 0.001). Patients with UC had a shorter operating time (279 vs. 311 min, p = 0.002) and a shorter period in the intensive care unit (0.9 vs. 2.2 days). The overall rate of severe complications graded as Clavien III-V was significantly lower in the UC group (11.5%) as compared to patients receiving bowel for urinary diversion (25.0%) (p = 0.003). Severe (Clavien grade III-V) medical (3.9 vs. 10.3%) and surgical (2.1 vs. 14.1%) complications were all less frequent in the UC group. Inpatient, 30- and 90-day mortality was 5.8, 7.7 and 17.3% in the UC group as compared to 3.9, 5.9 and 6.9% in the bowel cohort, respectively. CONCLUSION: UC following RC is associated with a lower complication rate in geriatric patients. The constantly increasing cohort of geriatric, multimorbid patients requiring cystectomy might justify reconsideration of this form of diversion.

Perioperative complications and 90-day mortality of radical cystectomy in the elderly (75+): a retrospective, multicentre study.

OBJECTIVE: To assess perioperative complications and 90-day mortality of radical cystectomy (RC) in elderly patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC). MATERIALS AND METHODS: This is a retrospective, multicentre (n = 11) study of a consecutive series of patients ≥75 years who underwent RC for MIBC between 2006 and 2010. Medical, surgical and wound complications were graded according to the modified Clavien-Dindo classification. RESULTS: A total of 256 patients with a mean age of 79.6 years (range 75.0-86.6) were analysed. Urinary diversion with the use of bowel was performed in 79.5% and ureterocutaneostomy in 20.5%, with a higher proportion in the ≥80 cohort (32.2 vs. 14%; p = 0.001). 41.4% of patients had an uneventful postoperative course (Clavien grade 0) and 26.6% developed severe complications (Clavien grade III-V). In a multivariable regression analysis, the Charlson comorbidity index (odds ratio 1.5 per unit increase; p < 0.001) and the body mass index (odds ratio 1.13 per kg/m(2) increase; p = 0.015) were predictors for the development of complications. The 90-day mortality rate was 9% and the independent correlates thereof were the development of severe medical complications (p = 0.004), the American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score (p = 0.03) and age (p = 0.005). CONCLUSIONS: Morbidity and 90-day mortality of RC in the elderly remain substantial. The interrelation between comorbidity, complication rate and 90-day mortality underlines the need for a comprehensive geriatric assessment of elderly patients with MIBC in whom RC is indicated.

Do differences in clinical symptoms and referral patterns contribute to the gender gap in bladder cancer?

UNLABELLED: WHAT'S KNOWN ON THE SUBJECT? AND WHAT DOES THE STUDY ADD?: Urothelial carcinoma of the bladder (UCB) is more prevalent in men than women; however, in women the tumour stage is generally more advanced at the time of the diagnosis and the prognosis is worse. Possible explanations include anatomical, genetic and socio-economic factors. The study shows that clinical symptoms before the first-time diagnosis of UCB did not differ between the sexes, while primary care and referral patterns did. Women were more likely to receive symptomatic treatment or therapies for alleged UTIs without further investigation or referral to urological evaluation. The study highlights the fact that there may be a diagnostic delay in women which could contribute to the gender-dependent disparities in stage distribution and prognosis of UCB. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate gender-dependent disparities regarding clinical symptoms, referral patterns or treatments before diagnosis of urothelial carcinoma of the bladder (UCB). PATIENTS AND METHODS: A consecutive series of patients with newly diagnosed UCB completed a questionnaire at the time of admission for elective transurethral resection of a bladder tumour (TURBT). The questionnaire surveyed the presence of haematuria, dysuria, urgency and bladder pain as well as the number of consultations and treatments before urological evaluation. Tumour characteristics, clinical symptoms, treatments and referrals were compared between men and women in the patient series. RESULTS: In men (n = 130) the distribution of tumour stages was pTa 62.3%, pT1 23.1% and pT ≥ 2 12.3%. The respective percentages in women (n = 38) were pTa 57.9%, pT1 23.7% and pT ≥ 2 18.4% (P > 0.05). The prevalence of clinical symptoms in men vs women was as follows: gross haematuria 65 vs 68%, dysuria 32 vs 44%, urgency 61 vs 47%, and nocturia 57 vs 66%, respectively (P > 0.05). A total of 78% of men vs 55% of women directly consulted a urologist (P < 0.05). Symptomatic treatment for voiding disorders/pain was given without further evaluation to 19% of men vs 47% of women 1 year before the diagnosis of UCB (P < 0.05). A total of 3.8% of men vs 15.8% of women received three or more treatments for urinary tract infections (UTIs) within the same time period (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: In the present study there were no gender-related differences in clinical symptoms of UCB, but women were more likely to be treated for voiding complaints or alleged UTIs without further evaluation or referral to urology than men. Gender-dependent disparities in referral patterns exist and might delay definitive diagnosis of UCB in women.

Periarterial papaverine improves early postoperative renal function after retroperitoneoscopic partial nephrectomy.

OBJECTIVE: To study the impact of periarterial papaverine application on the postoperative glomerular filtration rate (GFR) after retroperitoneoscopic partial nephrectomy (PN). MATERIALS AND METHODS: A consecutive series of patients underwent retroperitoneoscopic PN with intraoperative, periarterial application of 50 mg of papaverine. These patients were compared with a group of patients who underwent retroperitoneoscopic PN at this institution prior to this protocol. Patients were matched for preoperative GFR, tumor size, ischemia time, and operative time. RESULTS: In total, 37 patients who received periarterial papaverine (P) and 37 patients without periarterial papaverine, who served as controls (C), were included in this analysis and matched according to preoperative GFR (P: 98.2, C: 97.8 ml/min/1.72 m(2)), tumor size (P: 2.5 cm, C: 2.5 cm), ischemia time (P: 22 min, C: 23 min), and operative time (P: 86 min, C: 85 min). Postoperative GFR was 86.4 ml/min/1.72 m(2) in controls (C) and 91.8 ml/min/1.72 m(2) in the papaverine group. The pre- to postoperative decrease in GFR was reduced by 56.9% in the papaverine group compared with controls (relative decrease in GFR: P: 5.3% vs. C: 12.5%; P = 0.02). Intra- and postoperative complications were pneumothorax (P: n = 2, C: n = 3), urinary fistula (P: n = 0, C: n = 2), and one suture-fixed drainage (P: n = 1, C: n = 0). No papaverine-related side effects were observed, and the surgical procedure was not hampered by the periarterial application of papaverine. CONCLUSION: As with laparoscopic donor nephrectomy, periarterial papaverine seems to improve postoperative renal function after retroperitoneoscopic partial nephrectomy. This nephroprotective effect might be particularly advantageous for patients with an impaired renal function preoperatively.

Vascular risk factors and their association to serum androgen levels in a population-based cohort of 75-year-old men over 5 years: results of the VITA study.

PURPOSE: In contrast to the high prevalence of late onset hypogonadism, little is known regarding correlates for low androgen levels in aging men. METHODS: We investigated participants of the Vienna Transdanube Aging study and assessed the relationship between vascular risk factors and hormonal status over 5 years. RESULTS: A total of 247 men with a mean age of 75.8 years were analyzed. Despite a tendency for lower testosterone levels in men with vascular risk factors and vascular diseases, none of these associations reached statistical significance. Men with low DHEA-S levels had a lower risk of hypercholesterinemia (-55.2%; P = 0.01) yet an increased prevalence of diabetes (+95.7%; P = 0.02) and coronary heart disease (+47.6%; P = 0.05). Testosterone and DHEA-S remained stable over 5 years of follow-up. CONCLUSION: While reduced levels of total testosterone did not show an association to vascular disease, low DHEA-S was linked to hypercholesterinemia, diabetes, and coronary heart disease.

Impact of overactive bladder symptoms on sexuality in both sexes.

OBJECTIVES: To define the epidemiological impact of the overactive bladder syndrome (OAB) on sexual life. We therefore analyzed this issue in a large cohort of individuals participating in a health screening project. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of 2,365 men and women completed the Bristol Female Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms Questionnaire (BFLUTS). OAB was defined according to the International Continence Society (ICS). The impact of OAB on sexual life was assessed by a single question: 'In general, how do your micturition problems affect your sexual life'. RESULTS: A total of 1.199 men and 1.166 women with were analyzed. The overall prevalence of OAB was 13.9% (n = 329): 9.7% had OAB(dry) and 4.2% OAB(wet). A total of 17.6% (n = 58) of individuals with OAB reported a negative impact of OAB on sexual life as compared to 4.7% of those without OAB (p < 0.001). One of 4 with OAB(wet) reported a negative impact on sexual life (25%) as compared to 14.4% in those with OAB(dry) (p < 0.005). CONCLUSION: Sexual dysfunction is frequently reported in individuals with OAB. Individuals with OAB(wet) are experiencing a more profound impact on sexuality. Therefore, patients with OAB should be assessed regarding sexual dysfunction by the urologist.

Emergency nephrectomy due to severe urosepsis: a retrospective, multicentre analysis of 65 cases.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the outcome of emergency nephrectomy in a retrospective, multicentre analysis, as emergency nephrectomy due to life-threatening urosepsis is a rare clinical scenario with a high mortality, and there are few reports of clinical data on this issue. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We assessed retrospectively all patients who had a nephrectomy due to life-threatening urosepsis in three referral centres in Vienna between 1994 and 2007. Patient characteristics, survival and risk factors for a fatal outcome were evaluated. RESULTS: In all 65 patients (44 women and 21 men; mean age 65 years) were analysed. The mean interval from the first medical consultation to hospital admission was 4.3 days. Two-thirds of patients were admitted directly from their homes (63%), the remainder being transferred from other departments or hospitals. The most common pathological mechanism leading to urosepsis was acute pyelonephritis, often combined with nephrolithiasis. In all, 36 patients had a urological intervention before nephrectomy, i.e. percutaneous nephrostomy in 17, ureteric stent in 16 and percutaneous abscess drainage in three. Nephrectomy was performed a mean (range) of 5.7 (0-31) days after hospital admission. Thirteen patients (20%) died from septic multi-organ failure after surgery. This group was almost 20 years older than those who survived (78.6 vs 61.8 years), had a higher comorbidity rate, had undergone endourological interventions more frequently (69% vs 52%), had a longer interval to nephrectomy (6.9 vs 5.4 days), higher C-reactive protein level (294.9 vs 136.0 mg/L) and lower platelet counts (229.5 vs 307.7 million/L) at diagnosis. CONCLUSION: Several factors were identified that influence the outcome after emergency nephrectomy for life-threatening urosepsis. Applied to the decision-making process, these risk factors could have a positive impact on establishing a timely indication for nephrectomy that might ultimately reduce the high mortality rate.

[How to use PSA in 2009]. / Aktueller Einsatz von PSA.

PSA is without any doubt the most frequently used marker in urology due to its helpful information regarding various aspects of diagnosis, therapy and prognosis in men with prostate cancer. On the other hand, many controversies still exist about the various indications for PSA-determination. The following overview is aimed to analyse the current status of PSA in the management of men undergoing screening, therapy or follow-up of prostate cancer. Anyhow, a detailed knowledge of how to use and interpret PSA and PSA-kinetics is considered to play a crucial role in prostate cancer patients. Current strategies are aimed to start and stop PSA-use earlier.

Adjustable continence therapy for female urinary incontinence: a minimally invasive option for difficult cases.

AIM: To assess the role of Adjustable Continence Therapy (ACT) as a minimally invasive treatment for women with urinary incontinence (UI) after failed previous incontinence surgery or when conventional surgical treatment was considered problematic. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The ACT device consists of two balloons implanted at the level of the bladder neck using a paraurethral/vaginal approach with the aim of coapting the urethra. Balloon filling can be adjusted postoperatively via a port placed in the labia majora. RESULTS: 41 women with a mean age of 73 (range 42-93) years were evaluated. 15 (38%) women had failed previous UI surgery with 83% having undergone prior pelvic surgery. Mean follow-up was 25 (5-60) months. Adjustment of the ACT balloons was necessary in 28 women (69%). Overall, 44% of women became fully continent, 15% reported a significant improvement of UI, a further 29% had a slight improvement, while 12% indicated no change. ACT-related complications occurred in 16 (39%) patients, including balloon migration, transient urinary obstruction and balloon leakage. CONCLUSIONS: ACT is an attractive minimally invasive option for women with UI with previous failed incontinence surgery or when conventional incontinence surgery carries a high risk of failure.

[Chemotherapy for prostate cancer]. / Chemotherapie beim Prostatakarzinom.

For many years the benefit of chemotherapy in patients with prostate cancer was thought to be limited to palliation of late-stage disease, and thus this treatment option only became involved in patient care towards the end of the disease process, if at all. However, two landmark phase-III trials with docetaxel-based therapy (TAX 327 and Southwest Oncology Group, SWOG, 9916) have shown a survival benefit for patients with hormone refractory prostate cancer (HRPC) thus prompting a change in patterns of care. With raising interest for chemotherapeutic options and clinical trials for new drugs and new indications (neoadjuvant therapy, adjuvant therapy, increasing PSA levels after local treatment, and hormone sensitive cancer) under way our goal was to review within the context of a multidisciplinary team the available evidence and explore the standard for the medical treatment of prostate cancer outside of clinical trials. We are carefully evaluating the current treatment recommendations based on the available evidence and highlight potential future treatment options but also discuss important clinical topics (treatment until progression versus the advantage of chemo holidays, definition of particular patient subgroups and potential second line options) for which there are no clear cut answers to date. The role and importance of radiotherapy, biphosphonate treatment and the medical management of pain and side effects is also discussed. The multitude of treatment options for patients with advanced prostate cancer clearly asks for a close collaboration between urologists, medical oncologists and radiation therapists.

Association of uterine leiomyoma and overactive bladder syndrome.

OBJECTIVE: To assess associations between anterior and/or fundal uterine leiomyoma and overactive bladder syndrome. METHODS: The present cohort study recruited women diagnosed with fundal/anterior uterine leiomyoma by standardized transvaginal ultrasonography at the Medical University of Vienna, Austria, between January 1, 2010, and December 31, 2013, in addition to an age-matched control group of women without uterine leiomyoma. The International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire Overactive Bladder Module (ICIQ-OAB) was mailed to all eligible participants. The main outcome was the ICIQ-OAB sum score. RESULTS: Among 304 questionnaires sent out, 129 were returned. After the exclusion of incomplete datasets, 80 women were included in the analysis (uterine leiomyoma group, 43; control group, 37). The mean ± SD ICIQ-OAB sum score was 9.7 ± 10.2 for women with uterine leiomyoma and 4.2 ± 5.3 for women in the control group; thus, the ICIQ-OAB sum score was on average 5.5 points higher in the uterine leiomyoma group (P=0.003). The Spearman correlation coefficient between the total volume of leiomyoma per woman and the ICIQ-OAB sum score was 0.072 (P=0.645). CONCLUSION: The study found a significant association between anterior and/or fundal leiomyoma and overactive bladder syndrome. The presence of uterine leiomyoma should be ruled out during the evaluation of overactive bladder.

Capecitabine in the treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma failing immunotherapy.

Capecitabine is a novel fluoropyrimidine carbamate, orally administered and selectively activated to fluorouracil by a sequential triple-enzyme pathway in liver and tumor cells. This prospective trial aims to evaluate the therapeutic effects and systemic toxicities of capecitabine in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma in which immunotherapy failed. Twenty-six patients (median age, 58 years; range, 47 to 76 years) with disease in which first- or second-line immunotherapy treatment failed entered the trial. Median time of observation was 13+ months (range, 3 to 25+ months). Capecitabine was administered in the outpatient setting orally at a dose of 2,500 mg/m2/d divided into two daily doses for 14 days, followed by 7 days of rest. This schedule was repeated in 3-week intervals. Twenty-six patients are now assessable for toxicity, and 23 patients, for response. We observed a partial response to treatment in 2 patients (8.7%), minor response in 5 patients (21.7%), stable disease in 13 patients (56.5%), and continued disease progression despite treatment in only 3 patients (13.1%). Outpatient capecitabine therapy was well tolerated, and World Health Organization (WHO) grade III toxicity in these 26 patients consisted of hand-foot syndrome in 2 patients (7.7%) and anemia in 1 patient (3.8%). We did not observe WHO grade IV toxicity. Oral capecitabine appears to be a promising treatment with a favorable toxicity profile in patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma and should be evaluated in first- and second-line treatment schedules as monotherapy, as well as in combination with immunotherapy agents.

[Therapy of castration-resistant prostate cancer]. / Therapie des kastrationsrefraktären Prostatakarzinoms.

Within the last two years the therapy of castration resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) has made major advances. Both the COU-AA-301 phase III trial and the TROPIC trial showed a survival benefit for patients after docetaxel failure treated with abiraterone or cabazitaxel, respectively. With rising interest for chemotherapeutic options and novel drugs, our goal was to review within the context of a multidisciplinary team the available evidence and explore the standards for medical treatment of prostate cancer outside of clinical trials. From this background, we are carefully evaluating the current treatment recommendations, based on the available evidence, and highlight potential future treatment options but also discuss important clinical topics like treatment until progression versus the advantage of chemo holidays and definition of particular patient subgroups. Additionally, we focus on novel molecular entities, which will most likely be available in the near future, such as MDV3100 and Sipuleucel T. The role and importance of palliation with radiotherapy and proactive medical management of pain is also discussed, as well as new options for bone directed therapy. The multitude of treatment options for patients with advanced prostate cancer clearly asks for a close collaboration between urologists, medical oncologists and radiation therapists.

Is there an association between lower urinary tract symptoms and cardiovascular risk in men? A cross sectional and longitudinal analysis.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association between lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) and both coronary vascular disease (CVD) and stroke in men in a cross-sectional and longitudinal setting. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Men aged 30-92 years underwent a free health investigation and completed the International Prostate Symptom Score questionnaire. In the cross-sectional part, the 10-year CVD and stroke risks were estimated according to the Framingham risk score. In the follow-up period (mean 6.1 years) the CVD and stroke events were recorded. RESULTS: Two-thousand ninety-two men aged 47.8 years (SD 11.5) were analyzed. No to mild LUTS were present in 1,738 men, 337 men had moderate LUTS, and 17 had severe LUTS. The 10-year risk (cross-sectional design) for CVD or stroke in men with no to mild, moderate, and severe LUTS was 8.8%, 10.6%, and 15.9% (P <.01) and 6.9%, 7.5%, and 11.7% (P <.01), respectively. Adjusted for age, diabetes, total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, the odds ratios for CVD and stroke risk were 0.98 (P = .58) and 0.99 (P = .72) for moderate and 1.28 (P = .03) and 1.66 (P <.01) for severe LUTS. During follow-up, 96 events (CVD or stroke) were recorded: Men with no to mild, moderate, and severe LUTS had 76 (4.4%), 15 (4.5%), and 5 (29.4%) events, respectively. The adjusted (see above) hazard ratios were 0.63 (P = .16) for moderate and 3.82 (P = .01) for severe LUTS. CONCLUSION: Although moderate LUTS do not seem to be a risk factor for CVD and stroke, men with severe LUTS were at increased risk for both according to a cross-sectional and longitudinal analysis. Studies with a larger group of men with severe LUTS are warranted to further substantiate these observations.