Findings and inferences from full autopsies, minimally invasive autopsies and biopsy studies in patients who died as a result of COVID19 - A systematic review.

Many articles on COVID19 deaths have been published since the pandemic has occurred. On reviewing the articles published until June 2021, the findings were very heterogeneous. Adding to the existing knowledge, there were also some unique observations made in the pathogenesis of COVID19. This review was done to determine the findings obtained and inferences drawn from various studies published globally among patients who died due to COVID19. PRISMA guidelines were used to conduct this systematic review. A search of databases like PubMed, ScienceDirect and Epistemonikos was done. The articles focusing on postmortem sample studies involving full autopsies, minimally invasive autopsies and tissue biopsy studies were screened and searched. The studies included were all the case reports, case series, narrative reviews and systematic reviews obtained in full text and in the English language containing study information, and samples obtained postmortem. The information obtained was tabulated using Microsoft excel sheets. The duplicates were removed at the beginning of the tabulation. Zotero referencing software was used for article sorting and citation and bibliography. Two authors independently reviewed the articles throughout the process to prevent bias. Adding to the heterogeneity of COVID19, the concept of lethality in preexisting disease conditions, the occurrence of secondary bacterial and fungal infections, and other pathogenetic mechanisms uniquely encountered are to be considered in treating the patients. Also, the presence of SARS-CoV-2 postmortem is established and should be considered a hazard.

Global trends of suicidal thought, suicidal ideation, and self-harm during COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic review.

Background: Suicide is one of the leading causes of death. The current systematic review is done to know the trend of suicidal thoughts, suicidal ideation, and self-harm during COVID-19 pandemic. Main text: The search was done by using PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar databases. With the help of Mendeley portal, articles were retrieved on the basis of inclusion criteria like to know the risk factors, vulnerable group, complete article PDFs, prevention strategies, aims, results, and limitations. The shortlisted data from search was tabulated, and the PRISMA chart was framed based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Result: Sixteen studies that satisfied the inclusion criteria were organized and selected. The variables and global scenario were considered in databases. It has been noticed that trends of suicidal thoughts, suicidal ideation, and self-harm remains the same in some countries like Japan, whereas in some countries like Bangladesh and France, trends of suicides had increased during the pandemic period. The probable cause could be lockdown, social isolation, and stoppage of recreational activities. Conclusions: The trends of suicidal ideation, suicidal thoughts, and self-harm are more in vulnerable categories like health care professionals, university students, elderly individuals, and psychiatrically ill patients. In health care professional, it is due to the increased risk of contagion and watching deaths closely. In university students, it is due to the lack of recreational activities and social isolation. Among elderly, it is due to thinking themselves as overburden. The increase in suicidality in psychiatric ill patient admitted during COVID-19 pandemic is due to unknown cause.

Use of role play in undergraduate teaching of ethics - an experience.

Lecture is the traditional way of teaching adopted in our routine. Learning about medical ethics used to be done by lecture. All of us felt that learning some aspects of ethics requires a deeper understanding of the topics especially those areas involving feelings and emotions. So the role play method was chosen. We taught the topics consent and euthanasia by both the didactic method and by role play to the students of second year MBBS during the period June-July 2012 and then we compared the results. We have tried to evaluate role play vis-a vis lecture by analyzing the feedback from the students. The affective component analysis requires a different method of teaching and assessment as shown by our experience.