c-Jun promotes cellular survival by suppression of PTEN.

Activation of c-Jun, a component of the AP-1 family of transcription factors, leads to either promotion or prevention of apoptosis. However, the molecular determinants of c-Jun-mediated cell survival are still unclear. We show here that inducible expression of c-Jun promotes cellular survival by negatively regulating the expression of the tumor-suppressor PTEN, resulting in the concomitant activation of the Akt survival pathway. Consistently, c-jun-/- fibroblasts, which are sensitive to nutrient deprivation, and human cell lines in which c-Jun expression is silenced, express elevated levels of PTEN. siRNA-mediated silencing of PTEN resulted in the reduction of cell-death owing to c-Jun deficiency. c-Jun was found to suppress PTEN expression by binding to a variant AP-1 site found in the 5' upstream sequences of PTEN promoter. Finally, an inverse correlation between c-Jun and PTEN levels was apparent in a panel of human tumor cell lines, independent of their p53 status. Together, the data demonstrate that c-Jun contributes to the promotion of cellular survival by regulating the expression of PTEN.

Hdm2 is regulated by K-Ras and mediates p53-independent functions in pancreatic cancer cells.

There is emerging evidence that the oncogenic potential of hdm2 (human and/or murine double minute-2 protein) stems not only from its ability to counteract tumor suppressor p53 but also from its less understood p53-independent functions. Surprisingly, little is known about the role and regulation of hdm2 in pancreatic tumors, a large proportion (50-75%) of which contain mutant p53. In this study, we determined that hdm2 was expressed in a Ras-signaling-dependent manner in various pancreatic cancer cell lines. As p53 was mutated and inactive in these cells, the expression of hdm2 was seemingly redundant. Indeed, the proliferation and survival of cell lines such as Panc-1 and Panc-28 could be inhibited by PRIMA-1 (mutant p53 activator) but not by Nutlin-3 (inhibitor of the hdm2-p53 interaction). Unexpectedly, however, the proliferation of both cell lines was strongly inhibited by hdm2-specific RNAi. Our data also revealed cyclin D1, c-Jun and c-Myc to be novel targets of hdm2 and suggested that they might mediate hdm2's role in cellular proliferation and/or survival. We conclude from our results that hdm2 is expressed in pancreatic cancer cells as a result of activated Ras signaling, and that it regulates cellular proliferation and the expression of three novel target genes by p53-independent mechanisms.