RESUMO
BACKGROUND: High dose N acetylcysteine (NAC), a mucolytic, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant agent has been shown to significantly reduce exacerbations, and improve quality of life in placebo controlled, double blind randomised (RCT) studies in patients with COPD, and in an open, randomised study in bronchiectasis. In this pilot, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study, we wished to investigate the feasibility of a larger clinical trial, and the anti-inflammatory and clinical benefits of high dose NAC in bronchiectasis. AIMS: Primary outcome: to assess the efficacy of NAC 2400 mg/day at 6 weeks on sputum neutrophil elastase (NE), a surrogate marker for exacerbations. Secondary aims included assessing the efficacy of NAC on sputum MUC5B, IL-8, lung function, quality of life, and adverse effects. METHODS: Participants were randomised to receive 2400 mg or placebo for 6 weeks. They underwent 3 visits: at baseline, week 3 and week 6 where clinical and sputum measurements were assessed. RESULTS: The study was stopped early due to the COVID pandemic. In total 24/30 patients were recruited, of which 17 completed all aspects of the study. Given this, a per protocol analysis was undertaken: NAC (n = 9) vs placebo (n = 8): mean age 72 vs 62 years; male gender: 44% vs 50%; baseline median FEV11.56 L (mean 71.5 % predicted) vs 2.29L (mean 82.2% predicted). At 6 weeks, sputum NE fell by 47% in the NAC group relative to placebo (mean fold difference (95%CI: 0.53 (0.12,2.42); MUC5B increased by 48% with NAC compared with placebo. Lung function, FVC improved significantly with NAC compared with placebo at 6 weeks (mean fold difference (95%CI): 1.10 (1.00, 1.20), p = 0.045. Bronchiectasis Quality of life measures within the respiratory and social functioning domains demonstrated clinically meaningful improvements, with social functioning reaching statistical significance. Adverse effects were similar in both groups. CONCLUSION: High dose NAC exhibits anti-inflammatory benefits, and improvements in aspects of quality of life and lung function measures. It is safe and well tolerated. Further larger placebo controlled RCT's are now warranted examining its role in reducing exacerbations.
Assuntos
Acetilcisteína , Bronquiectasia , Adulto , Humanos , Masculino , Idoso , Acetilcisteína/efeitos adversos , Qualidade de Vida , Projetos Piloto , Bronquiectasia/tratamento farmacológico , Inflamação/tratamento farmacológico , Anti-Inflamatórios/efeitos adversos , Método Duplo-CegoRESUMO
Organ shortage is the major limitation to kidney transplantation in the developed world. Conversely, millions of patients in the developing world with end-stage renal disease die because they cannot afford renal replacement therapy-even when willing living kidney donors exist. This juxtaposition between countries with funds but no available kidneys and those with available kidneys but no funds prompts us to propose an exchange program using each nation's unique assets. Our proposal leverages the cost savings achieved through earlier transplantation over dialysis to fund the cost of kidney exchange between developed-world patient-donor pairs with immunological barriers and developing-world patient-donor pairs with financial barriers. By making developed-world health care available to impoverished patients in the developing world, we replace unethical transplant tourism with global kidney exchange-a modality equally benefitting rich and poor. We report the 1-year experience of an initial Filipino pair, whose recipient was transplanted in the United states with an American donor's kidney at no cost to him. The Filipino donor donated to an American in the United States through a kidney exchange chain. Follow-up care and medications in the Philippines were supported by funds from the United States. We show that the logistical obstacles in this approach, although considerable, are surmountable.
Assuntos
Análise Custo-Benefício , Doação Dirigida de Tecido , Custos de Cuidados de Saúde/legislação & jurisprudência , Falência Renal Crônica/economia , Transplante de Rim/economia , Doadores Vivos/provisão & distribuição , Obtenção de Tecidos e Órgãos/economia , Países em Desenvolvimento , Taxa de Filtração Glomerular , Sobrevivência de Enxerto , Recursos em Saúde , Acessibilidade aos Serviços de Saúde , Humanos , Falência Renal Crônica/cirurgia , Testes de Função Renal , Transplante de Rim/legislação & jurisprudência , Transplante de Rim/métodos , Filipinas , Formulação de Políticas , Prognóstico , Fatores de Risco , Obtenção de Tecidos e Órgãos/métodos , Estados UnidosRESUMO
Incompatible living donor kidney transplantation (ILDKT) has been established as an effective option for end-stage renal disease patients with willing but HLA-incompatible living donors, reducing mortality and improving quality of life. Depending on antibody titer, ILDKT can require highly resource-intensive procedures, including intravenous immunoglobulin, plasma exchange, and/or cell-depleting antibody treatment, as well as protocol biopsies and donor-specific antibody testing. This study sought to compare the cost and Medicare reimbursement, exclusive of organ acquisition payment, for ILDKT (n = 926) with varying antibody titers to matched compatible transplants (n = 2762) performed between 2002 and 2011. Data were assembled from a national cohort study of ILDKT and a unique data set linking hospital cost accounting data and Medicare claims. ILDKT was more expensive than matched compatible transplantation, ranging from 20% higher adjusted costs for positive on Luminex assay but negative flow cytometric crossmatch, 26% higher for positive flow cytometric crossmatch but negative cytotoxic crossmatch, and 39% higher for positive cytotoxic crossmatch (p < 0.0001 for all). ILDKT was associated with longer median length of stay (12.9 vs. 7.8 days), higher Medicare payments ($91 330 vs. $63 782 p < 0.0001), and greater outlier payments. In conclusion, ILDKT increases the cost of and payments for kidney transplantation.
Assuntos
Incompatibilidade de Grupos Sanguíneos/economia , Rejeição de Enxerto/economia , Teste de Histocompatibilidade/economia , Falência Renal Crônica/cirurgia , Transplante de Rim/economia , Doadores Vivos , Complicações Pós-Operatórias/economia , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Feminino , Seguimentos , Taxa de Filtração Glomerular , Rejeição de Enxerto/epidemiologia , Sobrevivência de Enxerto , Humanos , Testes de Função Renal , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Prognóstico , Qualidade de Vida , Estudos Retrospectivos , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
We propose that some deceased donor (DD) kidneys be allocated to initiate nonsimultaneous extended altruistic donor chains of living donor (LD) kidney transplants to address, in part, the huge disparity between patients on the DD kidney waitlist and available donors. The use of DD kidneys for this purpose would benefit waitlisted candidates in that most patients enrolled in kidney paired donation (KPD) systems are also waitlisted for a DD kidney transplant, and receiving a kidney through the mechanism of KPD will decrease pressure on the DD pool. In addition, a LD kidney usually provides survival potential equal or superior to that of DD kidneys. If KPD chains that are initiated by a DD can end in a donation of an LD kidney to a candidate on the DD waitlist, the quality of the kidney allocated to a waitlisted patient is likely to be improved. We hypothesize that a pilot program would show a positive impact on patients of all ethnicities and blood types.
Assuntos
Seleção do Doador , Sobrevivência de Enxerto , Transplante de Rim , Doadores de Tecidos/provisão & distribuição , Obtenção de Tecidos e Órgãos/métodos , Incompatibilidade de Grupos Sanguíneos , Humanos , Listas de EsperaRESUMO
A kidney-paired donation (KPD) pool consists of transplant candidates and their incompatible donors, along with nondirected donors (NDDs). In a match run, exchanges are arranged among pairs in the pool via cycles, as well as chains created from NDDs. A problem of importance is how to arrange cycles and chains to optimize the number of transplants. We outline and examine, through example and by simulation, four schemes for selecting potential matches in a realistic model of a KPD system; proposed schemes take account of probabilities that chosen transplants may not be completed as well as allowing for contingency plans when the optimal solution fails. Using data on candidate/donor pairs and NDDs from the Alliance for Paired Donation, the simulations extend over 8 match runs, with 30 pairs and 1 NDD added between each run. Schemes that incorporate uncertainties and fallbacks into the selection process yield substantially more transplants on average, increasing the number of transplants by as much as 40% compared to a standard selection scheme. The gain depends on the degree of uncertainty in the system. The proposed approaches can be easily implemented and provide substantial advantages over current KPD matching algorithms.
Assuntos
Algoritmos , Técnicas de Apoio para a Decisão , Seleção do Doador/métodos , Transplante de Rim , Doadores Vivos , Incerteza , Simulação por Computador , Seleção do Doador/organização & administração , Humanos , Modelos EstatísticosRESUMO
Failure to convert computer-identified possible kidney paired donation (KPD) exchanges into transplants has prohibited KPD from reaching its full potential. This study analyzes the progress of exchanges in moving from "offers" to completed transplants. Offers were divided into individual segments called 1-way transplants in order to calculate success rates. From 2007 to 2014, the Alliance for Paired Donation performed 243 transplants, 31 in collaboration with other KPD registries and 194 independently. Sixty-one of 194 independent transplants (31.4%) occurred via cycles, while the remaining 133 (68.6%) resulted from nonsimultaneous extended altruistic donor (NEAD) chains. Thirteen of 35 (37.1%) NEAD chains with at least three NEAD segments accounted for 68% of chain transplants (8.6 tx/chain). The "offer" and 1-way success rates were 21.9 and 15.5%, respectively. Three reasons for failure were found that could be prospectively prevented by changes in protocol or software: positive laboratory crossmatch (28%), transplant center declined donor (17%) and pair transplanted outside APD (14%). Performing a root cause analysis on failures in moving from offer to transplant has allowed the APD to improve protocols and software. These changes have improved the success rate and the number of transplants performed per year.
Assuntos
Internet , Transplante de Rim , Obtenção de Tecidos e Órgãos/métodos , Algoritmos , Técnicas de Apoio para a Decisão , Seleção do Doador/métodos , Seleção do Doador/organização & administração , Seleção do Doador/tendências , Humanos , Doadores Vivos , Modelos Estatísticos , Obtenção de Tecidos e Órgãos/organização & administração , Obtenção de Tecidos e Órgãos/tendências , Estados UnidosRESUMO
Incompatible live donor kidney transplantation (ILDKT) offers a survival advantage over dialysis to patients with anti-HLA donor-specific antibody (DSA). Program-specific reports (PSRs) fail to account for ILDKT, placing this practice at regulatory risk. We collected DSA data, categorized as positive Luminex, negative flow crossmatch (PLNF) (n = 185), positive flow, negative cytotoxic crossmatch (PFNC) (n = 536) or positive cytotoxic crossmatch (PCC) (n = 304), from 22 centers. We tested associations between DSA, graft loss and mortality after adjusting for PSR model factors, using 9669 compatible patients as a comparison. PLNF patients had similar graft loss; however, PFNC (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] = 1.64, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.15-2.23, p = 0.007) and PCC (aHR = 5.01, 95% CI: 3.71-6.77, p < 0.001) were associated with increased graft loss in the first year. PLNF patients had similar mortality; however, PFNC (aHR = 2.04; 95% CI: 1.28-3.26; p = 0.003) and PCC (aHR = 4.59; 95% CI: 2.98-7.07; p < 0.001) were associated with increased mortality. We simulated Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services flagging to examine ILDKT's effect on the risk of being flagged. Compared to equal-quality centers performing no ILDKT, centers performing 5%, 10% or 20% PFNC had a 1.19-, 1.33- and 1.73-fold higher odds of being flagged. Centers performing 5%, 10% or 20% PCC had a 2.22-, 4.09- and 10.72-fold higher odds. Failure to account for ILDKT's increased risk places centers providing this life-saving treatment in jeopardy of regulatory intervention.
Assuntos
Anticorpos/imunologia , Incompatibilidade de Grupos Sanguíneos/epidemiologia , Rejeição de Enxerto/etiologia , Antígenos HLA/imunologia , Transplante de Rim/legislação & jurisprudência , Transplante de Rim/estatística & dados numéricos , Doadores Vivos/provisão & distribuição , Adulto , Incompatibilidade de Grupos Sanguíneos/diagnóstico , Incompatibilidade de Grupos Sanguíneos/imunologia , Feminino , Seguimentos , Sobrevivência de Enxerto , Humanos , Incidência , Falência Renal Crônica/mortalidade , Falência Renal Crônica/cirurgia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Complicações Pós-Operatórias/mortalidade , Padrões de Prática Médica/estatística & dados numéricos , Prognóstico , Fatores de Risco , Taxa de SobrevidaRESUMO
While kidney paired donation (KPD) enables the utilization of living donor kidneys from healthy and willing donors incompatible with their intended recipients, the strategy poses complex challenges that have limited its adoption in United States and Canada. A consensus conference was convened March 29-30, 2012 to address the dynamic challenges and complexities of KPD that inhibit optimal implementation. Stakeholders considered donor evaluation and care, histocompatibility testing, allocation algorithms, financing, geographic challenges and implementation strategies with the goal to safely maximize KPD at every transplant center. Best practices, knowledge gaps and research goals were identified and summarized in this document.
Assuntos
Seleção do Doador/métodos , Transplante de Rim/métodos , Doadores Vivos , Insuficiência Renal/terapia , Algoritmos , Canadá , Teste de Histocompatibilidade , Humanos , Estados UnidosRESUMO
Extracorporeal porcine liver perfusion is being developed as a bridge to liver allotransplantation for patients with fulminant hepatic failure. This strategy is limited by porcine Kupffer cell destruction of human erythrocytes, mediated by lectin binding of a sialic acid motif in the absence of antibody and complement. Sialoadhesin, a macrophage restricted lectin that binds sialic acid, was originally described as a sheep erythrocyte binding receptor. Given similarities between sialoadhesin and the unidentified macrophage lectin in our model, we hypothesized porcine sialoadhesin contributed to recognition of human erythrocytes. Two additional types of macrophages were identified to bind human erythrocytes-spleen and alveolar. Expression of sialoadhesin was confirmed by immunofluorescence in porcine tissues and by flow cytometry on primary macrophages. A stable transgenic cell line expressing porcine sialoadhesin (pSn CHO) bound human erythrocytes, while a sialoadhesin mutant cell line did not. Porcine macrophage and pSn CHO recognition of human erythrocytes was inhibited approximately 90% by an antiporcine sialoadhesin monoclonal antibody and by human erythrocyte glycoproteins. Furthermore, this binding was substantially reduced by sialidase treatment of erythrocytes. These data support the hypothesis that porcine sialoadhesin is a xenogeneic receptor that mediates porcine macrophage binding of human erythrocytes in a sialic acid-dependent manner.
Assuntos
Eritrócitos/metabolismo , Macrófagos Alveolares/metabolismo , Receptores Imunológicos/metabolismo , Lectina 1 Semelhante a Ig de Ligação ao Ácido Siálico/metabolismo , Transplante Heterólogo/imunologia , Animais , Western Blotting , Células Cultivadas , Eritrócitos/imunologia , Eritrócitos/virologia , Citometria de Fluxo , Humanos , Técnicas Imunoenzimáticas , Células de Kupffer/imunologia , Células de Kupffer/metabolismo , Células de Kupffer/virologia , Macrófagos Alveolares/imunologia , Macrófagos Alveolares/virologia , Ácido N-Acetilneuramínico/imunologia , Ácido N-Acetilneuramínico/metabolismo , Síndrome Respiratória e Reprodutiva Suína/imunologia , Síndrome Respiratória e Reprodutiva Suína/virologia , Vírus da Síndrome Respiratória e Reprodutiva Suína/fisiologia , SuínosRESUMO
We propose a Medicare Demonstration Project to develop a standard acquisition charge for kidney paired donation. A new payment strategy is required because Medicare and commercial insurance companies may not directly pay living donor costs intended to lead to transplantation of a beneficiary of a different insurance provider. Until the 1970s, when organ procurement organizations were empowered to serve as financial intermediaries to pay the upfront recovery expenses for deceased donor kidneys before knowing the identity of the recipient, there existed similar limitations in the recovery and placement of deceased donor organs. Analogous to the recovery of deceased donor kidneys, kidney paired donation requires the evaluation of living donors before identifying their recipient. Tissue typing, crossmatching and transportation of living donors or their kidneys represent additional financial barriers. Finally, the administrative expenses of the organizations that identify and coordinate kidney paired donation transplantation require reimbursement akin to that necessary for organ procurement organizations. To expand access to kidney paired donation for more patients, we propose a model to reimburse paired donation expenses analogous to the proven strategy used for over 30 years to pay for deceased donor solid organ transplantation in America.
Assuntos
Transplante de Rim , Doadores de Tecidos , Obtenção de Tecidos e Órgãos/economia , HumanosRESUMO
Since 2008, kidney exchange in America has grown in part from the incorporation of nondirected donors in transplant chains rather than simple exchanges. It is controversial whether these chains should be performed simultaneously 'domino-paired donation', (DPD) or nonsimultaneously 'nonsimultaneous extended altruistic donor, chains (NEAD). NEAD chains create 'bridge donors' whose incompatible recipients receive kidneys before the bridge donor donates, and so risk reneging by bridge donors, but offer the opportunity to create more transplants by overcoming logistical barriers inherent in simultaneous chains. Gentry et al. simulated whether DPD or NEAD chains would produce more transplants when chain segment length was limited to three transplants, and reported that DPD performed at least as well as NEAD chains. As this finding contrasts with the experience of several groups involved in kidney-paired donation, we performed simulations that allowed for longer chain segments and used actual patient data from the Alliance for Paired Donation. When chain segments of 4-6 transplants are allowed in the simulations, NEAD chains produce more transplants than DPD. Our simulations showed not only more transplants as chain length increased, but also that NEAD chains produced more transplants for highly sensitized and blood type O recipients.
Assuntos
Transplante de Rim/métodos , Doadores Vivos/provisão & distribuição , Obtenção de Tecidos e Órgãos/organização & administração , Sistema ABO de Grupos Sanguíneos , Algoritmos , Altruísmo , Incompatibilidade de Grupos Sanguíneos/imunologia , Simulação por Computador , Seleção do Doador , Humanos , Rim/imunologia , Transplante de Rim/imunologia , Doadores de Tecidos/provisão & distribuição , Transplante Homólogo/métodos , Listas de EsperaAssuntos
Seleção do Doador , Doadores Vivos , Humanos , Transplante de Rim , Obtenção de Tecidos e ÓrgãosRESUMO
Optimizing the possibilities for kidney-paired donation (KPD) requires the participation of donor-recipient pairs from wide geographic regions. Initially it was envisaged that donors would travel to the recipient center; however, to minimize barriers to participation and simplify logistics, recent trends have involved transporting the kidneys rather than the donors. The goal of this study was to review outcomes of this practice. KPD programs throughout the United States were directly queried about all transplants involving live donor kidney transport. Early graft function was assessed by urine output in the first 8 h, postoperative serum creatinine trend, and incidence of delayed graft function. Between April 27, 2007 and April 29, 2010, 56 live donor kidneys were transported among 30 transplant centers. Median CIT was 7.2 h (IQR 5.5-9.7, range 2.5-14.5). Early urine output was robust (>100 cc/h) in all but four patients. Creatinine nadir was <2.0 mg/dL in all (including the four with lower urine output) but one patient, occurring at a median of 3 days (IQR 2-5, range 1-49). No patients experienced delayed graft function as defined by the need for dialysis in the first week. Current evidence suggests that live donor kidney transport is safe and feasible.
Assuntos
Doação Dirigida de Tecido , Transplante de Rim/métodos , Doadores Vivos , Meios de Transporte , Adulto , Idoso , Creatinina/sangue , Função Retardada do Enxerto/etiologia , Feminino , Humanos , Transplante de Rim/fisiologia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Preservação de Órgãos , Fatores de Tempo , Obtenção de Tecidos e Órgãos , Estados UnidosRESUMO
UNLABELLED: Herein we report a case of postreperfusion syndrome (PRS) occurring during renal transplant. PRS, which is defined as a drop in mean arterial blood pressure by at least 30% for a minimum of 1 minute within 5 minutes of reperfusion and classically includes braydycardia and high pulmonary filling pressures, was first described in liver transplantation. Surprisingly, no case of PRS has been previously reported during renal transplantation. CASE REPORT: A 66-year-old woman underwent a living-related renal transplant. Upon completing the vascular anastomosis, arterial and venous clamps were removed to restore kidney perfusion. Subsequently, the patient developed persistent sinus bradycardia at 30 bpm with simultaneous hypotension that lasted for approximately 2 minutes. Although saline boluses, ephedrine, atropine, and 100 microg of epinephrine were administered, the patient's hemodynamics were not restored until an additional 300 microg of epinephrine were administered. CONCLUSION: This case confirms the hypothesis of previous authors who predicted that PRS likely occurs in non-liver transplantation.
Assuntos
Epinefrina/uso terapêutico , Falência Renal Crônica/cirurgia , Transplante de Rim/efeitos adversos , Complicações Pós-Operatórias/tratamento farmacológico , Traumatismo por Reperfusão/diagnóstico , Idoso , Família , Feminino , Hemodinâmica/efeitos dos fármacos , Humanos , Hipotensão/diagnóstico , Hipotensão/tratamento farmacológico , Doadores Vivos , SíndromeAssuntos
Emigração e Imigração , Tuberculose , Humanos , Austrália/epidemiologia , Incidência , Tuberculose/epidemiologia , OcupaçõesRESUMO
The present study has attempted to elucidate the cellular mechanisms by which long-term established fetal pancreas allografts are rejected. We used an experimental model in which H-2b nude mice were made hyperglycemic by streptozotocin treatment and then engrafted with allogeneic fetal pancreas grafts. These grafts were functional in that engrafted animals returned to near normoglycemia while all animals left unengrafted subsequently died. The fetal pancreas grafts were allowed to reside in the immunoincompetent nude host for 6-9 months prior to T cell reconstitution, at which time animals were reconstituted with either negatively selected CD4+ or CD8+ H-2b T cell subpopulations. We found that a 6-9 month residence in an immunoincompetent host did not lead to a change in the immunogenicity of fetal pancreatic grafts in that both CD4+ and CD8+ T cell subsets were capable of rejecting these long-term established fetal pancreas grafts. The finding that isolated CD8+ spleen T cell subpopulations, which are only activated by antigen-presenting cells of donor origin bearing MHC class I alloantigen, were capable of effecting graft rejection suggested that APC of donor origin persisted in these long-term fetal pancreas allografts.
Assuntos
Antígenos de Diferenciação de Linfócitos T/imunologia , Antígenos CD4/imunologia , Rejeição de Enxerto/imunologia , Transplante de Pâncreas/imunologia , Linfócitos T/imunologia , Adaptação Fisiológica/imunologia , Animais , Antígenos CD8 , Feto , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Camundongos Nus , Linfócitos T/citologiaRESUMO
The NOD mouse develops immune-mediated diabetes mellitus characterized by T cell infiltration and destruction of pancreatic islet tissue. We wished to determine whether one contributing factor was an abnormality of the NOD pancreas that caused it to elicit an attack by NOD T cells. Therefore we constructed mice that had an NOD immune system and a non-NOD host pancreas. We found that these animals with only an NOD immune system developed both insulitis and diabetes in their non-NOD pancreas. We conclude that the NOD pancreas is not unique in its ability to elicit an autoimmune attack from NOD T cells.
Assuntos
Doenças Autoimunes/etiologia , Ilhotas Pancreáticas/imunologia , Pancreatite/imunologia , Timo/citologia , Animais , Feminino , Imunoterapia Adotiva , Ilhotas Pancreáticas/citologia , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Células-TroncoRESUMO
CT Scan, MR Imaging Scan, and Pedal Lymphangiography. Patients with a PSA greater than 25 ng/mL, a Gleason score greater than 6, and a positive DRE should undergo CT scan with FNA of lymph nodes at least 6 mm in size. Otherwise, CT scan, MR imaging scan, and pelvic lymphangiogram are not indicated. This should eliminate use of these staging studies in over 90% of patients with newly diagnosed adenocarcinoma of the prostate. Pelvic Lymph-Node Dissection. Pelvic lymph-node dissection can be safely eliminated in patients who meet the following predictive criteria: 1. PSA not more than 5 ng/mL or 2. Gleason score not more than 5 or 3. A combination of the following: PSA not more than 25 ng/mL, Gleason score not more than 7, and negative DRE. Following these criteria should eliminate the need for pelvic lymphadenectomy in 60% of patients with newly diagnosed prostate cancer.