RESUMO
Despite improvements in prevention and acute management, stroke remains a common condition and a major cause of permanent disability. For patients who have had a stroke, an effective rehabilitation program is critical to maximize functional recovery and quality of life. Rehabilitation can occur in a number of different physical settings and is often coordinated by a comprehensive interdisciplinary team of professionals. Rehabilitation includes retraining to regain loss of function and teaching compensatory strategies when that is not possible. A number of interesting training approaches have been developed in recent years to supplement more traditional rehabilitation programs. A variety of adaptive devices is available to improve mobility and performance of self-cares, and these devices should be prescribed for appropriate patients. Physicians caring for patients during stroke rehabilitation must be aware of potential medical complications, as well as a number of special problems that may complicate recovery, including dysphagia, urinary incontinence, shoulder pain, spasticity, falls, and poststroke depression. Involvement of the patient and caregivers in the rehabilitation process is essential. It is important to train and educate these individuals in the physical aspects of poststroke care, the expectations for recovery, and secondary stroke prevention. Issues related to community reintegration, including driving and vocational aspects, should be addressed in appropriate patients. Stroke rehabilitation is an important part of the "stroke continuum of care," which includes prevention, acute management, rehabilitation, and secondary prevention.
RESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Decompressive craniectomy has demonstrated efficacy in reducing morbidity and mortality in critically ill patients with massive hemispheric cerebral infarction. However, little is known about the patterns of functional recovery that exist in patients after decompressive craniectomy, and controversy still exists as to whether craniotomy and infarct resection ("strokectomy") are appropriate alternatives to decompression alone. We therefore used functional magnetic resonance imaging (f-MRI) to assess the extent and location of functional recovery in patients after decompressive craniectomy for massive ischemic stroke. METHODS: f-MRI was obtained in three patients with massive nondominant cerebral infarction who had undergone decompressive craniectomy for severe cerebral edema 13 to 26 months previously. Brain activation was triggered by hand-gripping or foot- movement tasks. Imaging results were combined with periodic clinical follow-up to determine the extent of neurological recovery. RESULTS: Activation of the contralateral hemisphere was seen in the sensorimotor cortex, premotor, and supplementary motor areas. Lesser activation patterns were seen in equivalent regions of the infarcted hemisphere. Peri-infarct activation foci were seen in two of the three patients, but no activation occurred within the area of infarction as defined by the initial stroke seen on diffusion-weighted MRI. All three patients demonstrated some corresponding neurological improvement. CONCLUSION: After massive hemispheric cerebral infarction requiring decompressive craniectomy, patients may experience functional recovery as a result of activation in both the infarcted and contralateral hemispheres. The evidence of functional recovery in peri-infarct regions suggests that decompression alone may be preferable to strokectomy where the risk of damage to adjacent nonischemic brain may be greater.