[Methods for traditional Chinese medicine syndrome-based efficacy evaluation: a review].

Traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) syndrome-based efficacy is an evaluation index which is unique to TCM and can reflect the advantages of TCM. The development of the methods and measurement tools for evaluating TCM syndrome-based efficacy can provide objective and quantitative evidence for the clinical efficacy evaluation of TCM and the development of new Chinese medicine preparations, being the exploration direction of innovative methods and technologies for evaluating TCM efficacy. The conventional evaluation methods are subjective and limited to the mitigation of symptoms and the improvement of physical signs, which make it difficult to form a unified evaluation standard. In addition, the evaluation methods lack unity, objectivity, and quantitative research. The scientific connotation, evaluation ideas and methods, and key technologies of the evaluation for the therapeutic effect on syndromes remain unclear, which leads to diverse evaluation modes, methods, and indexes. The syndrome-based efficacy scale provides a new idea for the objective quantification and standardization of TCM syndromes. This review systematically summarizes the methods and problems, introduces the research progress in the evaluation scales, and puts forward some thoughts on the characteristics of TCM syndrome-based efficacy evaluation, aiming to provide insights for the research in this field.

Hydrophilic nanofibers with aligned topography modulate macrophage-mediated host responses via the NLRP3 inflammasome.

Successful biomaterial implantation requires appropriate immune responses. Macrophages are key mediators involved in this process. Currently, exploitation of the intrinsic properties of biomaterials to modulate macrophages and immune responses is appealing. In this study, we prepared hydrophilic nanofibers with an aligned topography by incorporating polyethylene glycol and polycaprolactone using axial electrospinning. We investigated the effect of the nanofibers on macrophage behavior and the underlying mechanisms. With the increase of hydrophilicity of aligned nanofibers, the inflammatory gene expression of macrophages adhering to them was downregulated, and M2 polarization was induced. We further presented clear evidence that the inflammasome NOD-like receptor thermal protein domain associated protein 3 (NLRP3) was the cellular sensor by which macrophages sense the biomaterials, and it acted as a regulator of the macrophage-mediated response to foreign bodies and implant integration. In vivo, we showed that the fibers shaped the implant-related immune microenvironment and ameliorated peritendinous adhesions. In conclusion, our study demonstrated that hydrophilic aligned nanofibers exhibited better biocompatibility and immunological properties.

Brassica carinata genome characterization clarifies U's triangle model of evolution and polyploidy in Brassica.

Ethiopian mustard (Brassica carinata) in the Brassicaceae family possesses many excellent agronomic traits. Here, the high-quality genome sequence of B. carinata is reported. Characterization revealed a genome anchored to 17 chromosomes with a total length of 1.087 Gb and an N50 scaffold length of 60 Mb. Repetitive sequences account for approximately 634 Mb or 58.34% of the B. carinata genome. Notably, 51.91% of 97,149 genes are confined to the terminal 20% of chromosomes as a result of the expansion of repeats in pericentromeric regions. Brassica carinata shares one whole-genome triplication event with the five other species in U's triangle, a classic model of evolution and polyploidy in Brassica. Brassica carinata was deduced to have formed ∼0.047 Mya, which is slightly earlier than B. napus but later than B. juncea. Our analysis indicated that the relationship between the two subgenomes (BcaB and BcaC) is greater than that between other two tetraploid subgenomes (BjuB and BnaC) and their respective diploid parents. RNA-seq datasets and comparative genomic analysis were used to identify several key genes in pathways regulating disease resistance and glucosinolate metabolism. Further analyses revealed that genome triplication and tandem duplication played important roles in the expansion of those genes in Brassica species. With the genome sequencing of B. carinata completed, the genomes of all six Brassica species in U's triangle are now resolved. The data obtained from genome sequencing, transcriptome analysis, and comparative genomic efforts in this study provide valuable insights into the genome evolution of the six Brassica species in U's triangle.

Boosting the Activity of Single-Atom Pt1/CeO2 via Co Doping for Low-Temperature Catalytic Oxidation of CO.

The properties of supports have a significant effect on the activity of noble metal single atoms. In this work, Co-doped CeO2-supported single-atom Pt catalysts (Pt1/Co-CeO2) have been acquired by a synchronous pyrolysis/deposition route and demonstrated to promote low-temperature oxidation of CO. Revealed by a model reaction of 1% CO + 1% O2 + 98% He at a space velocity of 12,000 mL/gcat/h, CO conversion (100 °C) acquired on a (0.5% Pt)/(10% Co-CeO2) catalyst (36.6%) was 3.6 and 4.9 times those of 0.5% Pt/CeO2 (10.0%) and 10% Co-CeO2 (7.4%) catalysts and 2.1 times that of their conversion sum (17.4%), confirming the positive role of the Co dopant in boosting the low-temperature oxidation of CO. The consistent results are also verified in the comparison of Pt1/Co-ZnO with Pt1/ZnO and Pt1/Co-Al2O3 with Pt1/Al2O3. In addition, the activity of single-atom Pt1/Co-CeO2 catalysts can be facilely modified by changing the loading of Pt and/or doping amount of Co. These reasonable data will provide a methodology to access more applicable catalysts for CO oxidation at low temperature.

Highly Sensitive Adsorption and Detection of Iodide in Aqueous Solution by a Post-Synthesized Zirconium-Organic Framework.

Effective methods of detection and removal of iodide ions (I-) from radioactive wastewater are urgently needed and developing them remains a great challenge. In this work, an Ag+ decorated stable nano-MOF UiO-66-(COOH)2 was developed for the I- to simultaneously capture and sense in aqueous solution. Due to the uncoordinated carboxylate groups on the UiO-66-(COOH)2 framework, Ag+ was successfully incorporated into the MOF and enhanced the intrinsic fluorescence of MOF. After adding iodide ions, Ag+ would be produced, following the formation of AgI. As a result, Ag+@UiO-66-(COOH)2 can be utilized for the removal of I- in aqueous solution, even in the presence of other common ionic ions (NO2-, NO3-, F-, SO42-). The removal capacity as high as 235.5 mg/g was calculated by Langmuir model; moreover, the fluorescence of Ag+@UiO-66-(COOH)2 gradually decreases with the deposition of AgI, which can be quantitatively depicted by a linear equation. The limit of detection toward I- is calculated to be 0.58 ppm.

Ultrastable Thorium Metal-Organic Frameworks for Efficient Iodine Adsorption.

Two novel thorium-based metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), namely Th-SINAP-7 and Th-SINAP-8, have been synthesized via the solvothermal reactions of thorium nitrate and 1,4- or 2,6-naphthalenedicarboxylic acid in the presence of acid modulators. Bearing the rigid aromatic architectures, Th-SINAP-7 and Th-SINAP-8 exhibit exceptional chemical (from pH 1 to 12) and thermal stabilities (up to 520 °C), as well as ionizing radioresistance (2 × 105 Gy ß and γ irradiations). The highly porous nature and conjugated π-electrons of naphthalene on the organic linkers endow high affinity of both MOFs toward I2 molecules owning to the charge transfer between π-electrons of the host networks and the guest iodine molecules, as evidenced by combined techniques including of FTIR, PXRD, SEM-EDS, UV-vis spectroscopy, XPS, and Raman spectroscopy. Particularly, Th-SINAP-8 can efficiently remove >99% I2 from cyclohexane solution and exhibit guest uptake of iodine vapor with an adsorption capacity of 473 mg/g.

Metal-Free Synthesis of Unsymmetrical Ureas and Carbamates from CO2 and Amines via Isocyanate Intermediates.

A mild and metal-free synthesis of aryl isocyanates from arylamines under an atmosphere of CO2 was developed. The carbamic acid intermediate, derived from the arylamine starting material and CO2 in the presence of DBU, is dehydrated by activated sulfonium reagents to generate the corresponding isocyanate. The latter can be detected by in situ IR and trapped by various amines and alcohols to make unsymmetrical ureas and carbamates, respectively. Dicarbamates can also be prepared in good yields via the mild dehydration of the corresponding dicarbamic acids.

Influence of macroscopic defects on the corrosion behavior of U-0.79 wt%Ti alloy in sodium chloride solution.

Uranium alloys containing a low concentration of titanium have received wide attention due to their greatly enhanced corrosion resistance and outstanding mechanical performances. Herein, we investigated the effect of macroscopic defects on the corrosion behavior of U-0.79 wt%Ti (denoted as U-Ti) alloy in 0.01 M NaCl solution using traditional electrochemical testing technologies and a novel scanning electrochemical composite probe (SECP). The results demonstrate that pitting corrosion occurs rapidly on the alloy surface due to macroscopic defects. Moreover, macroscopic defects led to a decrease in corrosion potential and polarization resistance, and an increase in corrosion current density. Furthermore, the potential and pH value distributions were detected in the same region using the composite probe. The results show that the region around the macroscopic defects become corrosion-active positions and the potential difference (vs. the average potential of the alloy surface) in this area is significantly higher than that at positions without macroscopic defects, while the opposite was observed for the pH value distribution. In addition, the distribution of the vertical direction (Z) potential at the active point was clearly different from that at the inactive point. A possible reason for this could lie in the difference in the electric field distribution and electrode reaction type between the active point and inactive point on the alloy surface.

Efficacy and safety of triamcinolone acetonide alone and in combination with 5-fluorouracil for treating hypertrophic scars and keloids: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Pathological scars, such as keloids and hypertrophic scars, readily cause physical and psychological problems. Combination 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) with triamcinolone acetonide (TAC) is presumed to enhance the treatment of pathological scars, although supportive evidence is lacking. We aimed to compare the efficacy and safety of TAC alone and in combination with 5-FU for the treatment of hypertrophic scars and keloids. Five databases (PubMed, Medline, Cochrane databases, Embase and CNKI) were searched with the limitations of human subjects and English-language text. Mean differences (MDs), odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated. The Cochrane Collaboration's Risk of Bias Tool was used to assess the risk of bias. The control group received intralesional TAC alone, and the experimental group received TAC combined with 5-FU injection. A pooled analysis of the effectiveness based on patient self-assessment after treatment showed that the experimental group achieved better results than the control group (OR = 2·92, 95% CI = 1·63-5·22, P = 0·0003). Similarly, a pooled analysis of the effectiveness based on observer assessment following treatment produced the same conclusion (OR = 4·03, 95% CI = 1·40-11·61, P = 0·010). A meta-analysis of scar height after treatment showed that the experimental group performed better than the control group (MD = -0·14, 95% CI = -0·23-0·05, P = 0·002). The erythema score of the experimental group after treatment was superior (MD = -0·20, 95% CI = -0·34-0·06, P = 0·004). The heterogeneity test showed no heterogeneity among the studies (P > 0·1, I2 = 0%). TAC combined with 5-FU is more suitable for the treatment and prevention of hypertrophic scars and keloids, with greater improvement in scar height and patient satisfaction as well as fewer side effects.

GIT-Mol: A multi-modal large language model for molecular science with graph, image, and text.

Large language models have made significant strides in natural language processing, enabling innovative applications in molecular science by processing textual representations of molecules. However, most existing language models cannot capture the rich information with complex molecular structures or images. In this paper, we introduce GIT-Mol, a multi-modal large language model that integrates the Graph, Image, and Text information. To facilitate the integration of multi-modal molecular data, we propose GIT-Former, a novel architecture that is capable of aligning all modalities into a unified latent space. We achieve a 5%-10% accuracy increase in properties prediction and a 20.2% boost in molecule generation validity compared to the baselines. With the any-to-language molecular translation strategy, our model has the potential to perform more downstream tasks, such as compound name recognition and chemical reaction prediction.

Cytokine expression patterns: A single-cell RNA sequencing and machine learning based roadmap for cancer classification.

Cytokines are small protein molecules that exhibit potent immunoregulatory properties, which are known as the essential components of the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME). While some cytokines are known to be universally upregulated in TIME, the unique cytokine expression patterns have not been fully resolved in specific types of cancers. To address this challenge, we develop a TIME single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) dataset, which is designed to study cytokine expression patterns for precise cancer classification. The dataset, including 39 cancers, is constructed by integrating 684 tumor scRNA-seq samples from multiple public repositories. After screening and processing, the dataset retains only the expression data of immune cells. With a machine learning classification model, unique cytokine expression patterns are identified for various cancer categories and pioneering applied to cancer classification with an accuracy rate of 78.01%. Our method will not only boost the understanding of cancer-type-specific immune modulations in TIME but also serve as a crucial reference for future diagnostic and therapeutic research in cancer immunity.

TCMM: A unified database for traditional Chinese medicine modernization and therapeutic innovations.

Mining the potential of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) in treating modern diseases requires a profound understanding of its action mechanism and a comprehensive knowledge system that seamlessly bridges modern medical insights with traditional theories. However, existing databases for modernizing TCM are plagued by varying degrees of information loss, which impede the multidimensional dissection of pharmacological effects. To address this challenge, we introduce traditional Chinese medicine modernization (TCMM), the currently largest modernized TCM database that integrates pioneering intelligent pipelines. By aligning high-quality TCM and modern medicine data, TCMM boasts the most extensive TCM modernization knowledge, including 20 types of modernized TCM concepts such as prescription, ingredient, target and 46 biological relations among them, totaling 3,447,023 records. We demonstrate the efficacy and reliability of TCMM with two features, prescription generation and knowledge discovery, the outcomes show consistency with biological experimental results. A publicly available web interface is at https://www.tcmm.net.cn/.

Enabling Wasted A4 Papers as a Promising Carbon Source to Construct Partially Graphitic Hierarchical Porous Carbon for High-Performance Aqueous Zn-Ion Storage.

Considering the superiorities of abundance, easy collection, low cost, and nearly constant composition, the wasted A4 papers are deemed as a recyclable and scalable carbon source to fabricate functional carbon materials for Zn-ion hybrid supercapacitors (ZIHSCs), which integrate the supercapacitors' high-power output and batteries' high energy density. Herein, the wasted A4 papers are efficiently converted into an advanced carbon material owning a hierarchical porous structure with a high surface area and interconnected multiscale channels, a graphitic structure, and a good level of N/O codoping. By taking advantage of these features, an express electron/ion transfer pathway, a large accessible surface interface, and a robust architecture are achieved for swift kinetics, numerous active sites, and excellent steadiness to afford a charming Zn2+ storage capability for the aqueous coin-type ZIHSC device (a high capacity of 244 mAh g-1 at 0.1 A g-1 with a capacity conservation of 116.4 mAh g-1 even amplifying the current density by 200 times, a supreme energy density of 190.4 Wh kg-1, a supreme power output of 18 kW kg-1, and an eminent durability of 93.8% over 10,000 cycles at 10 A g-1). Excitingly, the quasi-solid ZIHSC device also bespeaks an enjoyable capacity of 211.7 mAh g-1, a high energy density of 159.3 Wh kg-1, good mechanical flexibility, and a low self-discharge rate. This work puts forward a simple and scalable strategy to enable the wasted A4 paper as a competitive carbon source to construct advanced cathode material for Zn2+ storage.

Photoreduced Ag+/sodium alginate supramolecular hydrogel as a sensitive SERS membrane substrate for rapid detection of uranyl ions.

BACKGROUND: In the fields of environmental monitoring and nuclear emergency, in order to obtain the relevant information of uranyl-induced environmental pollution and nuclear accident, it is necessary to establish a rapid quantitative analytical technique for uranyl ions. As a new promising technique, surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) is hopeful to achieve this goal. However, uranyl ions are easily desorbed from SERS substrates under acidic conditions, and the structures of SERS substrates will be destroyed in the strong acidic aqueous solutions. Besides, the quantitative detection ability of SERS for uranyl ions needs to be promoted. Hence, it is necessary to develop new SERS substrates for accurate quantitative detection of trace uranyl in environmental water samples, especially in acidic solutions. RESULTS: In this work, we prepared silver ions/sodium alginate supramolecular hydrogel membrane (Ag+/SA SMH membrane), and the Ag+ ions from the membrane were transformed into Ag/Ag2O complex nanoparticles under laser irradiation. The Raman signal of uranyl was strongly enhanced under the synergistic interaction of electromagnetic enhancement derived from the Ag nanoparticles and charge transfer enhancement between uranyl and Ag2O. Utilizing the peak of SA (550 cm-1) as an internal standard, a quantitative detection with a LOD of 6.7 × 10-9 mol L-1 was achieved due to a good linear relation of uranyl concentrations from 1.0 × 10-8 mol L-1 to 2 × 10-6 mol L-1. Furthermore, foreign metal ions hardly affected the SERS detection of uranyl, and the substrate could determine trace uranyl in natural water samples. Particularly, the acidity had no obvious effect on SERS signals of uranyl ions. Therefore, in addition to the detection of uranyl ions in natural water samples, the proposed strategy could also detect uranyl ions in strong acidic solutions. SIGNIFICANCE AND NOVELTY: A simple one-step method was used to prepare an Ag+/SA SMH membrane for rapid quantitative detection of uranyl ions for the first time. The proposed substrate successfully detected uranyl ions under acidic conditions by immobilizing uranyl ion in hydrogel structure. In comparison with the previous studies, a more accurate quantitative analysis for uranyl ions was achieved by using an internal standard, and the proposed strategy could determine trace uranyl in either natural water samples or strong acidic solutions.

Highly sensitive and selective determination of uranyl ions based on Ag/Ag2O-COF composite SERS substrate.

Uranium is an essential nuclear material in civilian and military areas; however, its extensive application raises concerns about the potential safety issues in the fields of environmental protection and nuclear industry. In this study, we developed an Ag/Ag2O-COF (covalent-organic framework) composite SERS substrate to detect uranyl ions (UO22+) in environmental aqueous solutions. Herein, the strong SERS effect of uranyl adsorbed in Ag/Ag2O composite and the high adsorption efficiency of COF TpPa-1 were combined to realize the trace detection of uranyl ions. This method displayed a linear range of 10-8 mol L-1 to 10-6 mol L-1 with the detection limit of 8.9 × 10-10 mol L-1 for uranyl ions. Furthermore, common metal cations and oxo-ions hardly affected the SERS detection of uranyl, which is helpful for the trace analysis of uranyl in natural water samples. Although the proposed strategy is deployed for uranyl detection, the reusable and high-efficiency system may be expanded to trace detection of other substance with Raman activity.

Arthroscopic debridement improves range of motion for heterotopic ossification after total knee replacement: a retrospective cohort study.

The presence of heterotopic ossification (HO) after primary total knee replacement (TKR) is rare and associated with limited mobility and stiffness of the knee. This study aimed to identify if the arthroscopic debridement after TKR could decrease HO and improve the function and range of motion. Thirty HO patients after TKR were retrospectively separated into 2 cohorts. 15 patients of group A accepted the arthroscopic debridement, while 15 patients of group B only had non-operative treatment, mainly including oral nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and rehabilitative treatment. Visual analog scale (VAS) scores, knee society knee scores (KSS), range of motion (knee flexion and knee extension) were obtained before treatment and at 1 month, 3 months, and 6 months after treatment. Radiography of after-treatment was also evaluated to assess the changes in HO. There were 3 males and 27 females with a mean age of 67.4 ± 0.8 years in group A and 68.2 ± 1.3 in group B. The onset time of HO was 3-6 months. The maximum size of the ossification was < 2 cm in 23 knees, 2 cm < heterotopic bone < 5 cm in 6 knees and > 5 cm in 1 knee. The size of HO decreased gradually in all knees by X-ray film at the last follow-up. There were no significant differences in VAS scores after replacement between two groups (p > 0.05). The average range of motion preoperatively in group A was - 15.2-90.6°, which postoperatively increased to - 4.2-110.0°. Meanwhile, the KSS scores and average range of motion of the group A were better than those of the group B at each follow-up time after treatment. Arthroscopic debridement can decrease HO seen from postoperative X-rays, improve the function and range of motion, as well as the pain remission between two groups are comparable. Consequently, arthroscopic resection of HO after TKR is recommended as soon as there is aggravating joint stiffness.

[Prevalence and causes of blindness and moderate and severe visual impairment among adults aged 50 years or above in Yongchuan District of Chongqing City: the China Nine-Province survey].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the prevalence and causes of blindness and moderate and severe visual impairment among adults aged 50 years or above in Yongchuan of Chongqing City, China. METHODS: It was a population-based cross-section study.Geographically defined cluster sampling was used in randomly selecting 5663 individuals aged ≥ 50 years in Yongchuan District. The survey was preceded by a pilot study where operational methods were refined and quality assurance evaluation was carried out. All participants were enumerated through village registers followed door-to-door visits.Eligible individuals were invited to receive visual acuity measurement and eye examination. Prevalence of blindness and moderate and severe visual impairment was calculated according to different age, gender or education. And the reasons of blindness were analyzed.Statistical analyses were performed using Stata/SE Statistical Software, release 9.0. Chi-square test was used to investigate the association of age, gender and education with presenting and best corrected visual acuity. RESULTS: Five thousands six hundreds and sixty-three individuals were enumerated and 5390 persons were examined, the response rate was 95.18%. Based on the criteria of World Health Organization visual impairment classification in 1973, the prevalence of blindness and moderate and severe visual impairment defined as best corrected visual acuity was 2.12% (114/5390) and 5.40% (291/5390) respectively. The prevalence of blindness and moderate and severe visual impairment defined as presenting visual acuity was 2.49% (134/5390) and 10.71% (577/5390) respectively. The prevalence of blindness and moderate and severe visual impairment was higher in aged (trend χ(2) = 951.32, P = 0.000) , female (χ(2) = 33.35, P = 0.000) and illiterate (trend χ(2) equals; 141.32, P = 0.000) persons. Cataract was still the first leading cause of blindness and visual impairment.Un-corrected refractive error also was the main cause of visual impairment. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of blindness and moderate and severe visual impairment is relatively higher among older adults aged 50 years or above in Yongchuan District. The first leading cause of blindness and visual impairment is still cataract.

LiDAR-aid Inertial Poser: Large-scale Human Motion Capture by Sparse Inertial and LiDAR Sensors.

We propose a multi-sensor fusion method for capturing challenging 3D human motions with accurate consecutive local poses and global trajectories in large-scale scenarios, only using single LiDAR and 4 IMUs, which are set up conveniently and worn lightly. Specifically, to fully utilize the global geometry information captured by LiDAR and local dynamic motions captured by IMUs, we design a two-stage pose estimator in a coarse-to-fine manner, where point clouds provide the coarse body shape and IMU measurements optimize the local actions. Furthermore, considering the translation deviation caused by the view-dependent partial point cloud, we propose a pose-guided translation corrector. It predicts the offset between captured points and the real root locations, which makes the consecutive movements and trajectories more precise and natural. Moreover, we collect a LiDAR-IMU multi-modal mocap dataset, LIPD, with diverse human actions in long-range scenarios. Extensive quantitative and qualitative experiments on LIPD and other open datasets all demonstrate the capability of our approach for compelling motion capture in large-scale scenarios, which outperforms other methods by an obvious margin. We will release our code and captured dataset to stimulate future research.

One-pot low temperature synthesis of monodisperse silver nanoparticles.

A facile one-pot route for the synthesis of monodisperse Ag nanocrystals with a narrow size distribution is described. Uniform Ag nanoparticles with the size of around 12 nm were obtained by reduction of AgNO3 in the presence of oleylamine and polymer polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) at low temperature. It is found that temperature has a significant effect on the sizes and the size distributions of the nanoparticles. Because irregular Ag nanoparticles are produced easily due to Ostwald ripening or kinetic control at both high temperature and low temperature, respectively, uniform nanocrystals can be obtained at an appropriate temperature (70 degrees C).

The influence of protease hydrolysis of lactic acid bacteria on the fermentation induced soybean protein gel: Protein molecule, peptides and amino acids.

The purpose explored the influence of protease hydrolysis of lactic acid bacteria and its hydrolysates on the fermentation induced soybean protein gel. The changes of protein molecule, peptides and amino acids after hydrolysis were analyzed. With the extension of fermentation time, the molecules (≤30 kDa) of L. paracasei-gel and L. plantarum-gel increased to 68.8% and 63%, the surface hydrophobicity of protein was increased, internal sulfhydryl groups and soluble proteins were reduced. These results indicated physicochemical properties of protein molecules were changed, small molecular proteins produced by hydrolysis were aggregated through intermolecular forces to promote gel formation. Peptide profiles and amino acid profiles showed that the peptides (≤10AA) of L. casei-gel increased by 3.32%, the peptides derived from 7S protein increased by more than 5%, the hydrophobic peptides and hydrophobic amino acids increased, these enzymatic hydrolysates may form insoluble aggregate through intermolecular forces to promote gel formation.