Effect of Escitalopram on Serum GDNF and BDNF Levels and 5-HT Level of Brain Tissue of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Rats.

The present study aims to discuss the effect of escitalopram in glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels, and 5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) in obsessive-compulsive disorder rats. A total of 42 rats were divided into three groups randomly: control group (n = 14), model group (n = 14) (obsessive-compulsive disorder group), and escitalopram group (n = 14) (model + obsessive-compulsive disorder group + escitalopram treatment). The open-field method was used to test the rat behavior, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to determine the serum GDNF and BDNF levels. In addition, Western blot was used to determine the brain tissue protein levels of GDNF and BDNF and high-performance liquid chromatography + electrochemistry method to determine the 5-HT level of brain tissue. Visiting place was changed, rotational frequency and fixed duration enhanced in escitalopram group compared to model group (P < 0.05). Besides, GDNF and BDNF levels of serum and brain tissue were decreased in model group and escitalopram group compared to control group (P < 0.05), while GDNF and BDNF levels of serum and brain tissue were increased in escitalopram group compared to model group (P < 0.05). Moreover, the 5-HT level of brain tissue in escitalopram group was higher than that in model group (P < 0.05). Escitalopram could increase GDNF and BDNF levels and 5-HT content in serum and brain tissue in obsessive-compulsive disorder rats, which contributes to a function on the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder.

A study on diffusion tensor imaging in patients with untreated first-episode obsessive-compulsive disorder.

OBJECTIVE: The present study provides an overview of studies investigating white matter (WM) integrity in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). Furthermore, it studies the correlation of fractional anisotropy (FA) in abnormal cerebral WM areas with the course and clinical signs of the disease. METHODS: The study subjects were divided into two groups, the OCD group (n=38) and the control group (n=40), based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 5 (DSM-5) diagnostic criteria for OCD. Patients with untreated first-episode OCD were assigned to the OCD group, while healthy volunteers were assigned to the control group. The study group was evaluated in accordance with the Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS), Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS) and Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS). Subjects who met the inclusion criteria underwent whole-brain scanning via 3.0 T structural magnetic resonance imaging (sMRI). The WM FA values in different brain areas were compared between the two groups using voxel-based analysis (VBA). Subsequently, the correlations of the patient Y-BOCS score and disorder course with the FA values in significantly improved encephalic areas were analyzed. RESULTS: (I) The FA values of the right precentral gyrus (PreCG.R), left insular lobe, left inferior frontal gyrus and right inferior occipital gyrus (Occipital_Inf_R) WM were significantly lower in the OCD group than in the control group (P<0.05). Elevated FA values were not observed in the OCD group. (II) FA values of PreCG.R, left insular lobe/left inferior frontal gyrus, and Occipital_Inf_R were not found in relation to the total Y-BOCS score (P=0.122; P=0.401; P=0.134), obsessional thoughts score (P=0.299; P=0.760; P=0.062), compulsive activities checklist (P=0.487; P=0.420; P=0.431), and disease course (P=0.604; P=0.380; P=0.182). CONCLUSIONS: Multiple microstructural cerebral WM changes were observed in the frontal lobe, occipital lobe, and insula in patients with untreated first-episode OCD, presenting the correlation of these changes with OCD occurrence.

Changes in the psychological defense mechanism and clinical features of patients with OCD - A four-year follow-up study.

OBJECTIVE: The present study aims to (1) follow up with 4-year changes in the efficacy outcome, defense style questionnaire (DSQ) score, and clinical features of patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and (2) analyze the relationship between different levels of efficacy and changes in the patients' psychological defense mechanisms. METHODS: The following data collection and 4-year follow-up were completed for 153 patients with OCD: (1) the treatment process, efficacy outcome, course of disease, and clinical features of OCD were collected using a self-made general information questionnaire and (2) the control method was used to analyze the changes in clinical symptoms (Yale-Brown obsessive compulsive scale [YBOCS], Hamilton anxiety score [HAMA], and Hamilton depression scale [HAMD]) in patients with OCD. Moreover, the changes in the psychological defense mechanism (measured by DSQ) and the relation between the prognosis and DSQ score were investigated. RESULTS: (1) The HAMA score (8.7 ±â€¯4.8 points), HAMD score (12.0 ±â€¯6.6 points) and YBOCS score (16.4 ±â€¯8.4 points) were significantly lower during the follow-up than at the time of enrollment (p < 0.01). In the two DSQ evaluations, there were no significant differences in the factors, with the exception of a significant decrease in the use of "reaction formation" (t = 2.533, p = 0.015). The changes of mature defense factors in the significant efficacy group significantly increased (p < 0.01). Which was mainly manifested in the significant increase in the score of "sublimation" item, and the difference was extremely significant (t = -3.093, p = 0.006). CONCLUSION: An abnormal psychological defense mechanism plays an important role in OCD, and the use of a mature defense mechanism is significantly related to the treatment efficacy.

The effectiveness of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy combined with medication therapy in preventing recurrence of major depressive disorder in convalescent patients.

Objective: This study aims to investigate the effectiveness of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) combined with medication therapy in preventing the recurrence of major depressive disorder (MDD) in convalescent patients. Methods: A total of 130 patients with convalescent MDD were enrolled in this prospective study. Sixty-five patients were assigned to the experimental group and received medication therapy combined with MBCT, and 65 patients were assigned to the control group and treated with medication alone. The recurrence rate and related hormonal changes were compared between the two groups. Results: After 1 year of MBCT intervention, eight patients experienced recurrence in the experimental group, a recurrence rate of 12.31%, and 19 patients experienced recurrence in the control group, a recurrence rate of 29.23%. The Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D) and the World Health Organization Quality of Life Scale (WHOQOL-BREF) scores in both the experimental and the control groups were significantly improved after treatment (P < 0.05). The difference in the HAM-D scores before and after treatment in the experimental group was 16.74 ± 4.54; this was significantly higher than that of the control group (8 ± 3.89, P < 0.0001). The WHOQOL-BREF scores in the experimental group were significantly improved compared with those of the control group (P < 0.0001). The differences in the levels of corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH), adrenocorticotropic hormone, and cortisol before and after treatment in the experimental group and the control group were statistically significant (P < 0.05). The difference in CRH before and after treatment in the experimental group was 16.8 ± 7.2, which was higher than that of the control group (2.75 ± 9.27, P < 0.0001). The intervention with MBCT had a significant impact on the recurrence of MDD [ß = 1.206, P = 0.039, 95% (confidence interval) CI = 0.0790-1.229]. The difference in the HAM-D scores also had a significant impact on the recurrence of MDD (ß = 1.121, P = 0.0014, 95% CI = 0.805-0.976). Conclusion: Compared with medication therapy alone, the use of MBCT combined with medication therapy can effectively prevent the recurrence of MDD in convalescent patients.