RESUMO
Two syntopic morphotypes of the genus Hypostomus - H. nigromaculatus and H. cf. nigromaculatus (Atlântico Stream, Paraná State) - were compared through the allozyme electrophoresis technique. Twelve enzymatic systems (AAT, ADH, EST, GCDH, G3PDH, GPI, IDH, LDH, MDH, ME, PGM and SOD) were analyzed, attributing the score of 20 loci, with a total of 30 alleles. Six loci were diagnostic (Aat-2, Gcdh-1, Gpi-A, Idh-1, Ldh-A and Mdh-A), indicating the presence of interjacent reproductive isolation. The occurrence of few polymorphic loci acknowledge two morphotypes, with heterozygosity values He = 0.0291 for H. nigromaculatus and He = 0.0346 for H. cf. nigromaculatus. F(IS) statistics demonstrated fixation of the alleles in the two morphotypes. Genetic identity (I) and distance (D) of Nei (1978) values were I = 0.6515 and D = 0.4285. The data indicate that these two morphotypes from the Atlântico Stream belong to different species.
RESUMO
Two allopatric morphotypes of the genus Rinelocaria were compared through the allozyme electrophoresis technique: one morphotype, R. pentamaculata, from the Keller River in the middle stretch of the Ivaí River basin and the other, R. aff. pentamaculata, from the São João River in the upper portion of the Ivaí River basin. The morphotype from the São João River was collected upstream from the São João waterfall, which is about 80 m deep. Twelve enzymatic systems (AAT, ADH, EST, GCDH, G3PDH, GPI, IDH, LDH, MDH, ME, PGM and SOD) were analyzed, which allowed to score 22 loci. Only lociAat-2, Est-3 and Mdh-C showed polymorphism. The two samples differed in allele frequencies at the three polymorphic loci. The average expected heterozygosity for all loci was 0.0806 ± 0.0447 in the Keller River sample. For the São João River morphotype, this value was 0.0489 ± 0.0350. Nei' s genetic identity and distance between the two populations were respectively 0.9789 and 0.0213. Wright's F(IS) , F(IT) and F(ST) over all loci were estimated as 0.3121, 0.4021 and 0.1309, respectively. We consider that the two morphotypes represent species in statunascendi.
RESUMO
The taxonomy of the genus Hypostomus in the upper Rio Paraná basin presents some very complex issues. For this reason, an allozyme electrophoresis survey of 10 populations of Hypostomus from the Rio Corumbá basin was performed, revealing 25 loci from 14 enzyme systems. Allozyme data revealed diagnostic genetic markers for the four nominal species analyzed (Hypostomus ancistroides, H. iheringi, H. margaritifer, and H. regani) and for six possible undescribed species. The mean expected heterozygosity of the populations ranged from 0.009 in H. iheringi to 0.099 in Hypostomus sp. 4. The genetically most similar populations (I = 0.954) were H. iheringi and Hypostomus sp. 2; the most divergent (D = 0.839) were H. iheringi and H. ancistroides.
Assuntos
Peixes-Gato/classificação , Isoenzimas/genética , Animais , Brasil , Peixes-Gato/genética , Heterozigoto , Isoenzimas/metabolismo , Especificidade da EspécieRESUMO
Hemiodus orthonops is a small fish of the Hemiodontidae family, order Characiformes, with a maximum of 25 cm standard length. Until recently, H. orthonops was an endemic species from the Paraná-Paraguay basin and it was absent from the upper Paraná River basin. Since 2008, it has started to be collected in the upper Paraná River, representing up to 10% of catches. Two population samples of H. orthonops from two localities of the upper Parana River basin (Porto Camargo and Porto Figueira) were analyzed using the allozymes electrophoresis technique. Twenty-one enzymatic loci were detected. The population sample from Porto Camargo displayed a genetic variability (He = 0.1061) higher than that from Porto Figueira (He = 0.0580) and homozygote excess in both of them. The FST value (0.2081) indicated genetic structure. The excess of homozygotes in both samples was probably due to founder effect in the population.
Hemiodus orthonops é um pequeno peixe da família Hemiodontidade da Ordem Characiformes com um comprimento padrão máximo de 25 cm. Até recentemente, H. orthonops estava ausente da bacia do alto rio Paraná. Desde 2008 ele passou a ser coletado na bacia do alto rio Paraná, representando até 10% das coletas. Duas amostras populacionais de H. orthonops provenientes de duas localidades da bacia do alto rio Paraná (Porto Camargo e Porto Figueira) foram analisadas pela técnica de eletroforese de aloenzimas. Vinte um loci enzimáticos foram detectados. A amostra proveniente de Porto Camargo revelou uma variabilidade genética (He = 0,1017) superior à amostra de Porto Figueira (He = 0,0558) e excesso de homozigotos em ambas as amostras. O valor de F ST entre elas (0,2081) indica que há estruturação genética. O excesso de homozigotos nas duas amostras é provavelmente devido ao efeito do fundador.
Assuntos
Peixes/genética , Perda de Heterozigosidade , Polimorfismo GenéticoRESUMO
Allozyme electrophoresis was used to examine 12 enzymatic systems in two populations of the genus Neoplecostomus from the Paraná River basin. Samples of Neoplecostomus sp. 1 were collected in Paraitinguinha stream of the Tietê River basin, in the municipality of Salesópolis, São Paulo State, and those of Neoplecostomus sp. 2 from São Domingos stream of the Rio Grande River basin, in the municipality of Muzambinho, Minas Gerais State. The genetic variability of the two populations was estimated by Nei's expected heterozygosity and was considered lower than average for populations of freshwater fish. The proportion of polymorphic loci was low (only 5.26% for the locus Idh). The low frequency of heterozygosity for both populations revealed a high fixation of alleles for each locus. Homozygote excess was observed in both populations. The values of Nei's genetic identity and the presence of loci with different allele frequencies in both populations may imply that the two populations belong to different species. The genetic variability between populations was compared to other data for loricariids.
RESUMO
Beetles of the species Sitophilus oryzae and S. zeamais are pests of great economic importance since they attack not only rice and maize but also several other cereals. In fact, these beetles are one of the most visible threats to sustainable food production. Current study estimated the genetic variability of S. oryzae in two samples, one from the State of Paraná (PR), Brazil, and another from the state of Rio Grande do Sul (RS), Brazil, and a sample of S. zeamais from the State of Santa Catarina (SC), Brazil. Isozyme electrophoresis in starch gel technique was employed to analyze eight enzyme systems (AAT, ACP, GDH, GPI, IDH, MDH, PGM and ME). Average heterozygosity rates were 0.0091, 0.0100 and 0.0000 and expected heterozygosity rates were 0.0419, 0.0452 and 0.0000 respectively for the samples of PR, SC and RS samples. The percentage of polymorphic loci was 30% in the PR sample, 0% in the RS sample and 30% in the SC sample. Genetic identity rates were I=0.9983 between samples from PR and RS; I = 0.6892 between PR and SC, and I = 0.6925 between SC and RS. Nei´s (1978) genetic distance rates were 0.0017, 0.3722 and 0.3675. Samples presented low genetic variability.
Os besouros Sitophilus oryzae e S. zeamais são considerados pragas de grande importância econômica. Além do arroz e do milho, eles atacam outros diversos cereais. São uma das ameaças mais visíveis para a produção sustentável de alimentos. Este trabalho teve como objetivo estimar a variabilidade genética de S. oryzae em duas amostras, uma do Estado do Paraná (PR), e outra do Rio Grande do Sul (RS) e uma amostra de S. zeamais de Santa Catarina (SC). Utilizou-se a técnica de eletroforese de isozimas em gel de amido para a análise de oito sistemas enzimáticos (AAT, ACP, GDH, GPI, IDH, MDH, ME e PGM). A heterozigosidade média observada foi de 0,0091, 0,0100 e 0,0000 e a esperada foi de 0,0419, 0,0452 e 0,0000 para as amostras do PR, SC e RS, respectivamente. A porcentagem de locos polimórficos foi de 30, 0 e 30% nas amostras do PR, RS e SC, respectivamente. Os valores para identidade genética foram de I = 0,9983 entre as amostras do PR e RS; I = 0,6892 entre PR e SC e I = 0,6925 entre SC e RS, e os valores da distância genética de Nei (1978) foram 0,0017, 0,3722 e 0,3675, respectivamente. As amostras apresentaram pouca variabilidade genética.
Assuntos
Besouros/genética , Eletroforese em Gel de Amido , InsetosRESUMO
The genetic variability of Oligosarcus paranensis was estimated from a population collected in São Francisco river, Prudentópolis county in Paraná State (Brazil) using the electrophoresis in starch gel technique. Eleven enzymatic systems were analyzed: Aspartate aminotransaminase (AAT; E. C. 2.6.1), Alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH; E. C. 1.1.1.1), Esterase (EST; E. C. 3.1.1.1), Glucose-6-phosphate isomerase (GPI; E. C. 5.3.1.9), Glycerol-3-Phosphate dehydrogenase (G3PDH; E. C. 1.1.1), Isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH; E. C. 1.1.1.42), L-lactate dehydrogenase (LDH; E. C. 1.1.1.27), Malate dehydrogenase (MDH; E. C. 1.1.1.37 ), Malate dehydrogenase NADP (ME; E. C. 1.1.1.40), Phosphoglucomutase (PGM; E. C. 5.4.2.2) and Sorbitol dehydrogenase (SORB; E.C. 1.1.1.14). Twenty loci were identified through 15% corn starch gel electrophoresis of which nine (45%) were polymorphic. The average expected heterozygosity was estimated as 0.1229 ± 0.1728, and the observed was 0.0586 ± 0.1069, indicating high genetic variability. The average value of FIS = 0.5145 indicates homozygote excess.
A variabilidade genética de Oligosarcus paranensis foi estimada a partir de uma população coletada no rio São Francisco, município de Prudentópolis no Estado do Paraná (Brasil) utilizando a técnica de eletroforese em gel de amido. Onze sistemas enzimáticos foram analisados: Aspartato aminotransaminase (AAT; E.C. 2.6.1.1), Álcool desidrogenase (ADH; E.C. 1.1.1.1), Esterase (EST; E.C. 3.1.1.1), Glicose-6-fosfato isomerase (GPI; E.C. 5.3.1.9), Glicerol-3-fosfato desidrogenase (G3PDH; E.C. 1.1.1.8), Isocitrato desidrogenase (IDH; E.C. 1.1.1.42), L-Lactato desidrogenase (LDH; E.C. 1.1.1.27), Malato desidrogenase (MDH; E.C. 1.1.1.37), Malato desidrogenase NADP+ (ME; E.C. 1.1.1.40), Fosfoglicomutase (PGM; E.C. 5.4.2.2) e Sorbitol desidrogenase (SORB; E.C. 1.1.1.14). Foram identificados vinte loci por eletroforese em gel de amido de milho 15% dos quais nove (45%) foram polimórficos. A heterozigosidade média esperada foi estimada em 0,1229 ± 0,1728, e a observada foi de 0,0586 ± 0,1069, indicando uma alta variabilidade genética. O valor médio de FIS = 0,5145 indica excesso de homozigotos.
Assuntos
Peixes/genética , Polimorfismo GenéticoRESUMO
Allozyme electrophoresis analysis were performed in four species of Hypostomus (Loricariidae), H. albopunctatus, H. hermanni, H. regani, and Hypostomus sp. 1/NUP 5612 from the Ivaí river, a tributary of the upper Paraná river. The study of 14 loci revealed diagnostic characters and exclusive alleles in a low frequency. The heterozygosity ranged from 0.000 in H. albopunctatus to 0.199 in H. hermanni, which was higher than the heterozygosity in other samples of Hypostomus in literature, as well as in other fish groups. Hypostomus albopunctatus and H. regani revealed higher similarity (I = 0.804), while H. hermanni and Hypostomus sp. 1/NUP 5612 showed the least genetic identity (I = 0.569). All samples were genetically distinguished, despite there were several shared alleles. The FST value was 0.671, showing a high genetic differentiation among the samples. Hypostomus sp. 1/NUP 5612 was genetically distinguished from the three congeners by the loci Adh-A and G3pdh-B and by present rare exclusive alleles in other six enzymatic systems.
Análises aloenzimáticas foram realizadas em quatro espécies de Hypostomus (Loricariidae), H. albopunctatus, H. hermanni, H. regani e Hypostomus sp. 1/NUP 5612 coletadas no rio Ivaí, um tributário da bacia do alto rio Paraná, através da técnica de eletroforese. O estudo de 14 loci gênicos revelou alelos diagnósticos e alelos exclusivos com uma baixa frequência. A heterozigosidade variou de 0,000 em H. albopunctatus a 0,199 em H. hermanni, a qual foi maior que a média para outras espécies de Hypostomus, como também para outros grupos de peixes já estudadas. Hypostomus albopunctatus e H. regani revelaram maior similaridade (I = 0,804), enquanto que H. hermanni e Hypostomus sp. 1/NUP 5612 mostraram a menor identidade genética (I = 0,569). Todas as populações foram geneticamente distintas apesar de apresentarem muitos alelos em comum. O teste de FST resultou em um valor de 0,671, indicando uma diferenciação significativa entre as populações. Hypostomus sp. 1/NUP 5612 foi geneticamente diferenciada das três congêneres pelos loci Adh-A e G3pdh-B e por apresentar alelos raros exclusivos em outros seis sistemas enzimáticos.
Assuntos
Animais , Peixes-Gato/genéticaRESUMO
Allozyme electrophoresis analysis were performed in four species of Hypostomus (Loricariidae), H. albopunctatus, H. hermanni, H. regani, e Hypostomus sp. 1/NUP 5612 from the Ivaí river, a tributary of the upper Paraná river. The study of 14 loci revealed diagnostic characters and exclusive alleles in a low frequency. The heterozygosity ranged from 0.000 in H. albopunctatus to 0.199 in H. hermanni, which was higher than the heterozygosity in other samples of Hypostomus in literature, as well as in other fish groups. Hypostomus albopunctatus and H. regani revealed higher similarity (I = 0.804), while H. hermanni and Hypostomus sp. 1/NUP 5612 showed the least genetic identity (I = 0.569). All samples were genetically distinguished, despite there were several shared alleles. The FST value was 0.671, showing a high genetic differentiation among the samples. Hypostomus sp. 1/NUP 5612 was genetically distinguished from the three congeners by the loci Adh-A and G3pdh-B and by present rare exclusive alleles in other six enzymatic systems.
RESUMO
Allozyme electrophoresis was used to examine 12 enzymatic systems in two populations of the genus Neoplecostomus from the Paraná River basin. Samples of Neoplecostomus sp. 1 were collected in Paraitinguinha stream of the Tietê River basin, in the municipality of Salesópolis, São Paulo State, and those of Neoplecostomus sp. 2 from São Domingos stream of the Rio Grande River basin, in the municipality of Muzambinho, Minas Gerais State. The genetic variability of the two populations was estimated by Nei's expected heterozygosity and was considered lower than average for populations of freshwater fish. The proportion of polymorphic loci was low (only 5.26 percent for the locus Idh). The low frequency of heterozygosity for both populations revealed a high fixation of alleles for each locus. Homozygote excess was observed in both populations. The values of Nei's genetic identity and the presence of loci with different allele frequencies in both populations may imply that the two populations belong to different species. The genetic variability between populations was compared to other data for loricariids.
Assuntos
Animais , Peixes-Gato/genética , Variação Genética , Isoenzimas , Brasil , Frequência do Gene , Homozigoto , RiosRESUMO
In an allozyme electrophoresis survey of 15 hypostomine species from the Itaipu Hydroelectric Reservoir, 25 loci from 14 enzyme systems were scored. Allozyme data allowed recording diagnostic genetic markers for all species analyzed and for some species groups within Hypostomus, a taxon which is taxonomically still unresolved in the Upper Rio Paraná basin. The mean expected heterozygosity of the species was considerably variable and hypotheses to tentatively explain this variation are discussed. A cladogram based upon the allelic frequencies of the species analyzed was produced by the continuous maximum likelihood method: Rhinelepis aspera and M. parananus were separated from the species of Hypostominae by a long branch length. Pterygoplichthys anisitsi was the sister of all the representatives of the genus Hypostomus. Within Hypostomus, two main clades were produced: in the first, H. cochliodon was the sister of the species comprising the H. plecostomus group, and in the second, the tree showed the following relationships: (H. albopunctatus (H. regani + Hypostomus sp. 3) + (H. margaritifer (H. microstomus (Hypostomus sp. 1 (H. ternetzi + Hypostomus sp. 2)). Hypostomus ternetzi and Hypostomus sp. 2 are referred to here as representatives of the H. ternetzi group.
Assuntos
Peixes-Gato/genética , Isoenzimas/genética , Animais , Brasil , Peixes-Gato/classificação , Eletroforese , Variação Genética , Heterozigoto , Filogenia , Especificidade da EspécieRESUMO
The genetic variability of three Gymnotus species from the Caracu stream, a small tributary of the left margin of Paraná River (Brazilian upper Paraná River floodplain), was estimated with data of 17 putative allozyme loci, which were obtained by using corn starch gel electrophoresis of 10 enzymatic systems: Aspartate aminotransferase (E. C. 2.6.1.1), Alcohol dehydrogenase (E. C. 1.1.1.1), Esterase (E. C. 3.1.1.1), Glucose dehydrogenase (E. C. 1.1.1.118), Glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (E. C. 1.1.1.8), Isocitrate dehydrogenase (E. C. 1.1.1.42), L-Lactate dehydrogenase (E. C. 1.1.1.27), Malate dehydrogenase (E. C. 1.1.1.37), Superoxide dismutase (E. C. 1.15.1.1) and Sorbitol dehydrogenase (E. C. 1.1.1.14). The genetic diversity was estimated as He = 0.3458 for G. pantanal, He = 0.2481 for G. inaequilabiatus, and He = 0.3152 for G. sylvius. The most divergent species were G. sylvius and G. pantanal (D = 0.117), and the most similar were G. inaequilabiatus and G. pantanal (D = 0.051). The data indicates that the observed genetic variability was very low and the expected variability estimated for these three species is very high, and the genetic differences among them are small. The data suggest that the process of speciation which produced these three species is recent.(AU)
A variabilidade genética de três espécies de Gymnotus do riacho Caracu, um pequeno afluente da margem esquerda do rio Paraná (planície de inundação do alto rio Paraná) foi estimada com base em 17 loci aloenzimáticos, os quais foram obtidosutilizando eletroforese em gel de amido de milho em 10 sistemas enzimáticos: Aspartato aminotransferase (E. C. 2.6.1.1), Álcool desidrogenase (E. C. 1.1.1.1), Esterase (E. C. 3.1.1.1), Glicose desidrogenase (E. C. 1.1.1.118), Glicerol-3-fosfato desidrogenase (E. C. 1.1.1.8), Isocitrato desidrogenase (E. C. 1.1.1.42), L-Lactato desidrogenase (E. C. 1.1.1.27), Malato desidrogenase (E. C. 1.1.1.37), Superóxido dismutase (E. C. 1.15.1.1) e Sorbitol desidrogenase (E. C. 1.1.1.14). A diversidade genética foi estimada em He = 0.3458 para G. pantanal, He = 0,2481 para G. inaequilabiatus, e He = 0,3152 para G. sylvius. As espécies mais divergentes foram G. sylvius e G. pantanal (D = 0,117), e as mais semelhantes foram G. inaequilabiatus e G. pantanal (D = 0,051). Os dados mostram que a variabilidade genética observada é muito baixa, mas a esperada é muito alta e que as diferenças genéticas entre elas são pequenas. Os dados sugerem que o processo de especiação que originou as três espécies é recente.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Variação Genética , Gimnotiformes/classificação , Gimnotiformes/genética , Polimorfismo Genético , Perda de Heterozigosidade/genéticaRESUMO
Two allopatric morphotypes of the genus Rinelocaria were compared through the allozyme electrophoresis technique: one morphotype, R. pentamaculata, from the Keller River in the middle stretch of the Ivaí River basin and the other, R. aff. pentamaculata, from the São João River in the upper portion of the Ivaí River basin. The morphotype from the São João River was collected upstream from the São João waterfall, which is about 80 m deep. Twelve enzymatic systems (AAT, ADH, EST, GCDH, G3PDH, GPI, IDH, LDH, MDH, ME, PGM and SOD) were analyzed, which allowed to score 22 loci. Only loci Aat-2, Est-3 and Mdh-C showed polymorphism. The two samples differed in allele frequencies at the three polymorphic loci. The average expected heterozygosity for all loci was 0.0806 ± 0.0447 in the Keller River sample. For the São João River morphotype, this value was 0.0489 ± 0.0350. Nei' s genetic identity and distance between the two populations were respectively 0.9789 and 0.0213. Wright's F IS, F IT and F STover all loci were estimated as 0.3121, 0.4021 and 0.1309, respectively. We consider that the two morphotypes represent species in statu nascendi.
RESUMO
Two syntopic morphotypes of the genus Hypostomus - H. nigromaculatus and H. cf. nigromaculatus (Atlântico Stream, Paraná State) - were compared through the allozyme electrophoresis technique. Twelve enzymatic systems (AAT, ADH, EST, GCDH, G3PDH, GPI, IDH, LDH, MDH, ME, PGM and SOD) were analyzed, attributing the score of 20 loci, with a total of 30 alleles. Six loci were diagnostic (Aat-2, Gcdh-1, Gpi-A, Idh-1, Ldh-A and Mdh-A), indicating the presence of interjacent reproductive isolation. The occurrence of few polymorphic loci acknowledge two morphotypes, with heterozygosity values He = 0.0291 for H. nigromaculatus and He = 0.0346 for H. cf. nigromaculatus. F IS statistics demonstrated fixation of the alleles in the two morphotypes. Genetic identity (I) and distance (D) of Nei (1978) values were I = 0.6515 and D = 0.4285. The data indicate that these two morphotypes from the Atlântico Stream belong to different species.
Assuntos
Animais , Enzimas/genética , Variação Genética , Peixes-Gato/genética , Brasil , Isoenzimas/genética , Polimorfismo GenéticoRESUMO
Genetic variability in Hoplias malabaricus, from two localities in the upper Paraná Riverfloodplain, was investigated by starch and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. A total of 52 specimens were analyzed for 14 enzymatic systems. Twenty-three gene loci of 13 enzymatic systems (AAT, ACP, ADH, GDH, G6PDH, GPI, IDH, LDH, MDH, MEP, PGM, PER, and SOD) were analyzed by starch gel electrophoresis (Penetrose-30). The EST system was analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and one polymorphic locus was found (EST-1). Twenty-four loci were detected. The proportion of polymorphic loci was 37.5% in the lagoon and 33.3% in the river. Significant differences in allele frequencies of five loci were found between specimens from the two environments. Expected mean heterozygosity (He = 0.14) is the same in the river and lagoon, however, Nei's genetic distance (D) between the population of the two locations was 0.049.
Assuntos
Enzimas/genética , Peixes/genética , Variação Genética , Isoenzimas/genética , Animais , Brasil , Ecossistema , Eletroforese em Gel de Amido , Peixes/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Água Doce , Isoenzimas/metabolismoRESUMO
Hypostomus hermanni (Ihering, 1905) and three other morphotypes of the genus Hypostomus were collected from the Ribeirão Keller, a small tributary of Rio Ivaí, a tributary of upper Rio Paraná. An allozyme analysis of 25 gene loci revealed diagnostic loci alleles for each population and there were fixed differences between some of them at some loci. Thus all populations were genetically distinct, although there were many common alleles. Heterozygosity (He) ranged from 0.059 in Hypostomus sp. 2 to 0.144 in Hypostomus sp. 1 and was higher than the average for other species of Hypostomus and also for fish in general. H. hermanni and Hypostomus sp. 1 were more similar to each other (I= 0.878) whereas H. hermanni and Hypostomus sp. 2 showed the least genetic identity (I = 0.392).
Assuntos
Peixes-Gato/genética , Enzimas/genética , Variação Genética , Animais , Brasil , Frequência do Gene , Heterozigoto , Isoenzimas/genética , Rios , Especificidade da EspécieRESUMO
Four samples of Neoplecostomus yapo were analyzed through the allozyme electrophoresis technique in corn starch gel. The allozyme pattern was similar to those found in N. paranensis with 24 loci scored. Two samples (ribeirão Atlântico and ribeirão Uraí) showed monomorphic bands for all 24 loci, whereas the other two (rio Verde and rio Fortaleza) showed 8.3 percent of polymorphic loci. The He genetic variability estimates for the rios Verde and Fortaleza populations were 0.0195 and 0.0179, respectively, too much inferior to the mean heterozygosity summed to species from the whole world (0.051). The Wright statistical values F IS = 0.5181, F IT = 0.5681 and F ST = 0.1039 and the genetic distance of Nei values showed that the four samples are genetically very similar to each other and that there is homozygote excess in the polymorphic loci.(AU)
Foram analisadas quatro populações de Neoplecostomus yapo por meio da técnica de eletroforese de aloenzimas em gel de amido de milho. O padrão de bandas obtido foi semelhante ao de N. paranensis, tendo sido detectado um total de 24 loci enzimáticos. Duas populações (ribeirão Atlântico e ribeirão Uraí) apresentaram formas monomórficas para todos os 24 loci, enquanto as outras duas (rio Verde e rio Fortaleza) apresentaram 8,3 por cento de loci polimórficos. As estimativas de variabilidade genética He para as populações dos rios Verde e Fortaleza foram 0,0195 e 0,0179, respectivamente, muito inferiores à média das espécies de peixes no mundo todo (0,051). Os valores das estatísticas de Wright F IS = 0,5181, F IT = 0,5681 e F ST = 0,1039 e os valores de distância genética de Nei mostram que as quatro populações são geneticamente muito semelhantes entre si e que há excesso de homozigotos nos loci polimórficos.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Variação Genética , Peixes-Gato/genética , Rios , Eletroforese/métodosRESUMO
Three Brazilian populations of the armored catfish Hypostomus regani (Ihering, 1905) were sampled, one from the Corumbá Reservoir in Goiás state, another from the Itaipu Reservoir in Paraná state and a third from the Manso Reservoir in Mato Grosso state. Allozyme electrophoresis was used to establish the genetic structure of the species, with the analysis of liver, heart and muscles tissues allowing the scoring of 25 loci from 14 enzymatic systems. Although no diagnostic loci were found, some exclusive rare alleles were recorded for the three populations. The genetically most similar populations were those from Corumbá and Itaipu, and the most distant were the populations from Manso and Corumbá. The allozyme data showed three structured populations belonging to the same species H. regani (F ST = 0.173).
RESUMO
We estimated the genetic variability of nine fish species from the Brazilian upper Paraná River floodplain (Astyanax altiparanae, Hoplias malabaricus, Leporinus lacustris, Loricariichthys platymetopon, Parauchenipterus galeatus, Pimelodus maculatus, Rhaphiodon vulpinus, Roeboides paranensis and Serrasalmus marginatus) based on data for 36 putative allozyme loci obtained using corn starch gel electrophoresis of 13 enzymatic systems: aspartate aminotransferase (EC 2.6.1.1), acid phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.2), esterase (EC 3.1.1.1), glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.8), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.49), glucose-6-phosphate isomerase (EC 5.3.1.9), Iditol dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.14), isocitrate dehydrogenase - NADP+ (EC 1.1.1.42), L-lactate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.27), malate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.37), malate dehydrogenase-NADP+ (EC 1.1.1.40), phosphoglucomutase (EC 5.4.2.2) and superoxide dismutase, (EC 1.15.1.1). The mean expected heterozygosity varied from zero to 0.147. When data from the literature for 75 species of tropical fish were added to the nine species of this study, the heterozygosity values differed significantly among the groups of different reproductive strategies. The highest mean heterozygosity was for the non-migratory without parental care, followed by the long-distance migratory, and the lowest mean was for the non-migratory with parental care or internal fecundation.
RESUMO
A Leporinus lacustris population from the floodplain of Upper Paraná River was analyzed for genetic diversity by allozyme data. Specimens were sampled in Southern Brazil, at Lagoa do Carão (22o44S/53o17W) in the floodplain of Upper Paraná River. A total of thirty loci were identified in sixteen enzymatic systems (AAT, ACP, ADH, EST, GDH, G3PDH, G6PDH, GPI, IDHP, L-IDDH, LDH, MDH, MDHP, PER, PGM, and SOD), on 15% corn starch gel electrophoresis. Proportions of polymorphic loci were estimated as 26.67%. Expected heterozygosity was estimated as 0.0806 ± 0.0313, which was lower than previous estimates for L. friderici, L. elongates and L. obtusidens from the Tibagi River, a tributary of the Paraná River basin. The low heterozygosity of the L. lacustris analyzed population could be attributed to the sedentary habit of this species
A variabilidade genética de Leporinus lacustris foi estimada a partir de uma população coletada na lagoa do Carão (22o44S/53o17W), na planície de inundação do alto rio Paraná. Foram identificados trinta locos em dezesseis sistemas enzimáticos analisados (AAT, ACP, ADH, EST, GDH, G3PDH, G6PDH, GPI, IDHP, L-IDDH, LDH, MDH, MDHP, PER, PGM, e SOD), por eletroforese em gel de amido de milho 15%. A proporção de loci polimórficos foi estimada em 26,67%. A heterozigosidade média esperada foi estimada em 0,0806 ± 0,0313, a qual foi menor que as estimadas anteriormente para L. friderici, L. elongatus e L. obtusidens do rio Tibagi, um tributário da bacia do rio Paraná. A baixa heterozigosidade da população de L. lacustris analisada pode ser atribuída aos hábitos sedentários desta espécie