Binge drinking associated with mean temperature: a cross-sectional study among Mexican adults living in cities.

BACKGROUND: The association between environmental temperature and alcohol consumption has not been widely explored despite the potential that increasing temperatures could promote the consumption of alcoholic beverages and the alcohol-related burden of disease. We aimed to explore the association between temperature and binge drinking in Mexican adults from urban cities, overall, and by alcoholic beverage type. METHODS: Data on 10,552 adults ≥ 18 years was obtained from the 2016 National Survey on Drug, Alcohol, and Tobacco Consumption. The mean annual temperature at the municipality was obtained from the Mexican National Weather Service using monthly temperatures from 2015 to 2016. We analyzed binge drinking for all alcoholic beverages in the last year and by type of alcohol as beer, liquor, wine, and coolers. Associations between mean temperature over the past year and binge drinking over the past year among current drinkers were estimated using multilevel Poisson models with robust standard errors adjusted for age, sex, education level, marital status, and household socioeconomic status, with a fixed effect by region. RESULTS: We observed a non-significant increase in the prevalence of binge drinking for every difference of 1 °C between municipalities of the same region. By alcohol type, a 1 °C increase in mean annual temperature across municipalities of the same region increased the prevalence of beer binge drinking in the past year by 0.9% (PR = 1.009, 95%CI 1.005, 1.013) among beer consumers and the prevalence of coolers' binge drinking by 3.0% (PR = 1.030, 95%CI 1.003, 1.057) in coolers consumers. We observed non-significant results for liquor binge drinking (PR = 1.047, 95%CI 0.994, 1.102) and wine binge drinking (PR = 1.047, 95% 0.944, 1.161). CONCLUSION: People living in municipalities with higher temperatures reported a higher beer binge drinking in Mexican cities. This could account for 196,000 cases of beer binge drinking in 2016. The context of each country needs to be considered when generalizing these findings, and they need to be further explored with longitudinal data as there might be implications for climate change. If our findings are confirmed given the forecasted rising temperatures, we could expect an increase in binge drinking and therefore, in the alcohol burden of disease.

Population Prevalence and Trends of Oral Clefts in Colombia: Analysis by Departments.

Determine the population prevalence and trends of cleft lip and/or palate (CL/P) by department for Colombia in the period 2009 to 2015.Prevalence study based on Individual Registry of Health Services in general population from 2009 to 2015. All people diagnosed with CL/P were included for all ages, type of diagnosis, and any type of health services in the mentioned period. The prevalence was calculated by period and point for each year, for each department and according to the type of cleft. Stationarity on time series was evaluated using (Dickey-Fuller) and (Phillips-Perron). A trend test was applied to estimate whether the increase in prevalence was significant in the period. The trend test used was a Poisson regression.A total 15 225 people with CL/P were identified, where 53.3% were men. The national period prevalence of CL/P is 3.37 per 10 000 with upward trend (prevalence ratio = 1.34, P = .05) and nonstationary behavior. The national period prevalence of cleft lip is 0.93 per 10 000, cleft palate 1.17 per 10 000, and cleft lip and palate (CLP) 1.26 per 10 000, where CLP is subclassify into unilateral CLP (0.83 per 10 000) and bilateral CLP (0.43 per 10 000). At the departmental level, the highest CL/P prevalence is Guaviare (11.2), followed by Guainía (8.4) and the lowest Quindío (0.49).In Colombia, the national period prevalence of CL/P is 3.37 per 10 000 with upward trend at national level indicates an increase in prevalence from 2009 to 2015. The 77% of the total CL/P population are infant or adolescent. Geographically, the central region has the highest availability of technologies.

Cambios en los patrones de consumo de alcohol y tabaco antes y durante la pandemia de Covid-19. Ensanut 2018 y 2020.

OBJETIVO: Examinar los cambios en la prevalencia de con-sumo de alcohol y tabaco antes y durante la pandemia de Covid-19 en México. Material y métodos. Se utilizaron datos de las Ensanut 2018 y 2020 para adolescentes y adultos y se obtuvieron prevalencias de consumo actual y excesivo de alcohol y de fumadores actuales y exfumadores. Resul-tados. El consumo de alcohol en mujeres incrementó de 33.5% en 2018 a 42.5% en 2020, mientras que en los hom-bres no hubo cambios significativos. En el mismo periodo, la prevalencia de consumo excesivo de alcohol disminuyó de 11.1 a 5.5% en mujeres y de 36.7 a 18.3% en hombres. La prevalencia de mujeres fumadoras disminuyó de 9.5 a 7.2%. En adolescentes, no se encontraron diferencias significativas en la prevalencia de consumo de alcohol y tabaco. Conclusión. El consumo de alcohol y tabaco continúa siendo elevado en adolescentes y adultos mexicanos. Urge la implementación de las medidas SAFER y MPOWER para abatir sinérgicamente estas epidemias.

Analysis of the Prevalence and Incidence of Cleft Lip and Palate in Colombia.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the population prevalence and birth prevalence of oral clefts in Colombia from 2009 to 2017. METHODS: A cross-sectional study using information from the National Administrative Records of Colombia. The data came from 2 types of administrative records (Surveillance System and the Individual Registry of Service Provision) and the oral health national survey. Population prevalence and birth prevalence by type of cleft lip and/or cleft (CL/P) ratios were calculated using Poisson distribution for count data and to assess stationary tests on time series (Dickey-Fuller) and (Phillips-Perron) was used. RESULTS: Population prevalence in Colombia was 3.27 per 10 000 inhabitants (95% confidence interval [CI], 3.21-3.32) and birth prevalence was 6.0 per 10 000 live births (95% CI, 5.67-6.35). Bogotá have the highest population prevalence with CL/P. In the analysis of trends for the prevalence proportion by type of clefts in newborn babies with cleft, it was observed that the highest proportion was for babies with CLP. Cleft lip (CL) has increased from 17.4% in 2014 to 34.2% in 2017, cleft palate (CP) has decreased from 32.9% to 20.2%; and CLP changed from 49.6% to 45.5% in the same period. CONCLUSIONS: The population prevalence was 3.27 per 10 000 inhabitants. Births prevalence was 6.0 per 10 000 live births, and Orinoquia and Amazonia have higher rates than the national average. The administrative registers are adequate systems to know the behavior of oral clefts. The CL/P had a nonstationary trend during the period 2014 to 2017.

Frailty in Older Adults and Internal and Forced Migration in Urban Neighborhood Contexts in Colombia.

Objective: We investigated the association between the density of internal human migration, in the urban neighborhood, on frailty in the older adult population in Colombia. Methods: The data used in this study are from four Colombian population surveys. We analyzed 633 census tracts with a sample of 2,194 adults 60 years and over for frailty (measured using the Fried criteria). We considered the proportion of inhabitants in a census tract with a history of internal migration as the exposure variable considering three temporalities. For contextual forced migration, we identified two types: 5-year, and 1-year. Poisson multivariable regression models with two hierarchical levels (individual and census tracts) were estimated. Results: The prevalence of pre-fragile/frailty was 80.63% [CI 95%: 77.67, 83.28]. The prevalence ratio were significantly higher for the older adults who live in neighborhoods where a higher proportion of internal migrants reside. Conclusion: We conclude that older adults who lived in neighborhoods with a high proportion of internal migrants experience more frailty. Potential explanations are that neighborhoods with high internal migration could experience social (l increase in cultural heterogeneity, in the perception of insecurity, violence and physical conditions (pressure on local economies and services, leading elderly residents to compete for neighborhood resources), translated into social stress.

Cambios en los patrones de consumo de alcohol y tabaco antes y durante la pandemia de Covid-19. Ensanut 2018 y 2020 / Changes in alcohol and tobacco consumption patterns before and during the Covid-19 pandemic. Ensanut 2018 and 2020

Resumen: Objetivo: Examinar los cambios en la prevalencia de consumo de alcohol y tabaco antes y durante la pandemia de Covid-19 en México. Material y métodos: Se utilizaron datos de las Ensanut 2018 y 2020 para adolescentes y adultos y se obtuvieron prevalencias de consumo actual y excesivo de alcohol y de fumadores actuales y exfumadores. Resultados: El consumo de alcohol en mujeres incrementó de 33.5% en 2018 a 42.5% en 2020, mientras que en los hombres no hubo cambios significativos. En el mismo periodo, la prevalencia de consumo excesivo de alcohol disminuyó de 11.1 a 5.5% en mujeres y de 36.7 a 18.3% en hombres. La prevalencia de mujeres fumadoras disminuyó de 9.5 a 7.2%. En adolescentes, no se encontraron diferencias significativas en la prevalencia de consumo de alcohol y tabaco. Conclusión: El consumo de alcohol y tabaco continúa siendo elevado en adolescentes y adultos mexicanos. Urge la implementación de las medidas SAFER y MPOWER para abatir sinérgicamente estas epidemias.

Abstract: Objective: To examine the changes in alcohol and tobacco consumption prevalence before and during the Covid-19 pandemic in Mexico. Materials and methods: Data from the Ensanut 2018 and 2020 were used for adolescents and adults, obtaining prevalence of current and excessive alcohol consumption and current and former smokers. Results: Alcohol consumption in women increased from 33.5% in 2018 to 42.5% in 2020. In the same period, the prevalence of excessive alcohol consumption decreased from 11.1 to 5.5% in women and from 36.7 to 18.3% in men. The prevalence of female smokers decreased from 9.5 to 7.2%. In adolescents, we did not find differences in alcohol and tobacco consumption prevalence. Conclusion: Alcohol and tobacco use continues to be high in Mexican adolescents and adults. The implementation of SAFER and MPOWER measures is needed to address the alcohol and tobacco epidemics synergistically.

Habits and oral hygiene status of indigenous people with disabilities from the Misak community, Colombia / Hábitos y estado de higiene bucal en población indígena con discapacidad de la comunidad Misak, Colombia

ABSTRACT Introduction: nearly 15% of the world's population lives with some kind of disability. Colombia has no official reports on indigenous people with disabilities. Being an indigenous person with a disability increases health vulnerabilities and the risk for oral diseases. The objective of this study was to describe the habits and oral hygiene status of people with disabilities living in the Misak (Guambiano) indigenous reserve in Silvia, Department of Cauca (Colombia), in 2016. Methods: a descriptive observational cross-sectional study was conducted. The entire population with some degree of disability in the Misak indigenous community was included, assessing their oral hygiene through Community Plaque Index (CPI) and collecting socio-demographic and oral health habits variables using descriptive analysis to correlate disability type with health habits and plaque index. Results: 46 people with some degree of disability were identified. Of these, 45.7% were women and aged 22.6 years in average. Cognitive disability was the most common, (54.3%). The study showed that 43.4% of people with disabilities brush their teeth at least once a day, with 44% needing help to do so. A bacterial plaque index of 91.8% was found. Conclusion: people with disabilities in the Misak indigenous community have a high community plaque index, which is considered a poor level, with inadequate oral hygiene habits.

RESUMEN Introducción: alrededor del 15% de la población mundial vive con algún tipo de discapacidad. En Colombia no existen reportes oficiales de indígenas con discapacidad. Ser una persona indígena y con discapacidad aumenta la vulnerabilidad en el ámbito de la salud y el riesgo de padecer enfermedades bucodentales. El objetivo del presente estudio consistió en describir los hábitos y el estado de higiene bucal de las personas con discapacidad que residen en la comunidad Misak (Guambiano), resguardo indígena en Silvia-Cauca, Colombia, en el año 2016. Métodos: estudio observacional descriptivo de corte transversal. Se incluyó toda la población con algún grado de discapacidad de la comunidad indígena Misak, a la cual se les evaluó el estado de higiene bucal mediante el Índice de Placa Comunitario (IPC); se recogieron variables sociales, demográficas y de hábitos en salud bucal, con análisis descriptivo, estableciendo relaciones con el tipo de discapacidad, el comportamiento de hábitos de salud y el índice de placa. Resultados: se identificaron 46 personas con algún grado de discapacidad, de las cuales 54,3% eran hombres y 45.6% mujeres, con un promedio de edad de 22,6 años. La mayor discapacidad que se presentó fue la cognitiva con 54.3%. Se puede observar que 43,4% de las personas con discapacidad realiza cepillado al menos una vez al día y 44% necesitan ayuda para hacerlo. Se obtuvo un índice de placa bacteriana de 91.8%. Conclusión: las personas con discapacidad de la comunidad indígena Misak presentan un índice de placa comunitario alto, categorizado como malo, con hábitos de higiene bucal inadecuados.

Creencias, conocimientos y prácticas de madres respecto a la salud bucal en Popayán, Colombia / Mothers' beliefs, knowledge, and practices regarding oral health in Popayan, Colombia / Crenças, conhecimentos e práticas das mães sobre saúde bucal em Popayan, Colômbia

Antecedentes: Las madres ejercen influencia frente a hábitos en salud de la familia y de los niños, el estudio de los conocimientos, prácticas y creencias de las madres con respecto a la salud y la enfermedad bucodental de sus hijos es relevante para la salud pública local y regional, situación que ha sido muy poco estudiada. Objetivo: Determinar las creencias, conocimientos y prácticas acerca de la salud bucal que tienen las madres de niños menores de cinco años que asisten a la red pública de salud de la ciudad de Popayán, Colombia. Métodos: Estudio observacional descriptivo analítico, encuesta a 288 madres que llevan a sus hijos al programa de crecimiento y desarrollo, se realizó análisis estadístico según frecuencia y distribución a través del SK Test, Test de Chi Cuadrado, test de Fischer o prueba T Student, considerándolos estadísticamente significativos cuando p ≤ 0,05. Resultados: El promedio de edad de las mujeres encuestadas fue de 28 años, 20,5 % consideró que los dientes solo deben durar algunos años, 76,4 % cree que el riesgo de padecer caries dentales es debido a malos hábitos, 55,9 % manifestó no conocer lo qué es la caries dental, 87,1 % conoce como se evita la caries dental, 35,9 % de los menores duermen en mayor medida con el tetero. Conclusiones: Las madres presentan un nivel adecuado de conocimientos para salud dental, enfermedades de la boca y prevención, Se observó que las madres más jóvenes llevan a sus mayoritariamente a servicios de prevención.

Background: Mothers exert influence on habits in family and children's health, the study of the knowledge, practices and beliefs of mothers regarding the health and oral health of their children is relevant to local and regional public health, a situation that has been very little studied. Purpose: To determine the beliefs, knowledge and practices about the oral health of mothers of children under five years of age who attend the public health network of the city of Popayán, Colombia. Methods: Analytical descriptive observational study, a survey of 288 mothers who took their children to the growth and development program, statistical analysis was performed according to frequency and distribution through SK Test, Chi-square test, Fischer test or Student's T test, considering them statistically significant when p ≤ 0.05. Results: The average age of the women surveyed was 28 years, 20.5% considered that the teeth should only last a few years, 76.4 % believe that the risk of suffering tooth decay is due to bad habits, 55.9 % said they do not know what dental caries is, 87.1 % know how to avoid dental caries, 35.9 % of children sleep to a greater extent with the bottle. Conclusions: Mothers have an adequate level of knowledge for dental health, diseases of the mouth and prevention. It was observed that younger mothers take their majority to preventive services.

Antecedentes: As mães exercem influência sobre os hábitos em saúde da família e das crianças, o estudo dos conhecimentos, práticas e crenças das mães sobre saúde e saúde bucal de seus filhos é relevante para a saúde pública local e regional, situação pouco estudada. Objetivo: Determinar as crenças, conhecimentos e práticas sobre a saúde bucal de mães de crianças menores de cinco anos que frequentam a rede pública de saúde da cidade de Popayán, Colômbia. Métodos: Estudo observacional descritivo analítico, levantamento de 288 mães que levaram seus filhos ao programa de crescimento e desenvolvimento, análise estatística realizada por frequência e distribuição por meio do Teste SK, Qui-quadrado, Fischer ou T, considerando-os estatisticamente significante quando p ≤ 0,05. Resultados: A idade média das mulheres pesquisadas foi de 28 anos, 20,5% consideraram que os dentes deveriam durar apenas alguns anos, 76,4% acreditam que o risco de sofrer cárie dentária é devido a maus hábitos, 55,9% disseram não saber o que cárie dentária é, 87,1% sabem como evitar a cárie dentária, 35,9% das crianças dormem em maior grau com a mamadeira. Conclusões: As mães possuem um nível adequado de conhecimento em saúde bucal, doenças da boca e prevenção. Observou-se que as mães mais jovens levam a maioria para os serviços preventivos.

[Adolescents' sexual and reproductive health knowledge and practice in a provincial Colombian town]. / Conocimientos y prácticas en salud sexual y reproductiva de adolescentes escolares en un municipio colombiano.

OBJECTIVE: Identifying the sexual and reproductive health knowledge and practice of adolescents living in the town of Miranda in the Cauca department of Colombia. METHODS: Across-sectional, descriptive, observational study was made. The sample involved 406 adolescents. Sociodemographic, knowledge-related and practice-based variables were explored. RESULTS: The adolescents had high and very high levels of knowledge; 90.5 % of the adolescents had received information about sex and pregnancy; the main source of information came from their parents (67.5 %). Safe sex for 26.7 % of the adolescents meant just using a condom. Regarding their sexuality (practice), 42 % stated that they had had sexual relationships, beginning on average when around 13-years-old. Condom use was the most used protection mechanism. 12.5 % stated that they had used psychoactive substances or alcohol to intensify sexual experience; 87.7 % stated that they would seek counselling or treatment in a hospital or health centre without telling their parents if they contracted a sexually- transmitted infection (STI). CONCLUSIONS: The adolescents involved in this study had high levels of knowledge; however, such knowledge is not enough to stop them beginning their sexual life early and/or increasing the probability of using a condom or contraceptive when beginning their sexual relationships.

Envejecimiento poblacional y desigualdades sociales en la mortalidad del adulto mayor en Colombia ¿Por qué abordarlos ahora y dónde comenzar? / Population aging and social inequalities in the mortality of the elderly in Colombia. Why should we approach it now and where to start? / Envelhecimento populacional e desigualdades sociais na mortalidade de pessoas idosas na Colômbia: por que abordá-los agora e por onde começar?

Resumen Objetivo: analizar la magnitud del envejecimiento poblacional y las desigualdades sociales presentes en la mortalidad del adulto mayor en Colombia. Métodos: estudio ecológico usando datos sub-nacionales de mortalidad, pobreza, barreras de acceso a los servicios de salud y analfabetismo, y de la población adulta mayor para analizar brechas. Se calcularon y compararon tendencias de tres indicadores de impacto: la esperanza de vida (2005-2020), los Índices de envejecimiento y sobre-envejecimiento (2005-2012). Se estimaron tres medidas para resumir la desigualdad absoluta y relativa: el Índice de Desigualdad de la Pendiente (IDP), el Índice Relativo de Desigualdad (IRD) de Kunst y Mackenbach y el Índice de Concentración (IC). Todos los análisis se realizaron usando la biblioteca para medición de desigualdades de Epidat 4.2. Resultados: la proporción de personas mayores será cada vez mayor en Colombia. Las barreras de acceso a los servicios de salud fue la dimensión más inequitativa. Dos patrones de desigualdad fueron identificados: una exclusión marginal en el 60% de los adultos mayores con más ventajas y oportunidades, y un patrón de gradiente lineal presente solo en la incidencia de pobreza. El quintil 3 fue el grupo de departamentos más afectado por la inequidad a lo largo de las dimensiones evaluadas. Discusión: este estudio aporta evidencia sobre patrones de desigualdad en la mortalidad del adulto mayor. A nivel de tendencias, solo fue posible conocer que la brecha ha empeorado en incidencia de pobreza. Conclusiones: las recomendaciones se centran en cinco áreas de acción, para lograr un contexto deseable para el abordaje del envejecimiento poblacional y la reducción de las desigualdades, como desafíos del sistema de salud y de protección social, y que pueden socavar la realización progresiva de la cobertura universal en salud y el logro de los objetivos de desarrollo sostenible para 2030.

Abstract Objective: to analyze the magnitude of population aging and the social inequalities existing in the mortality of the elderly in Colombia. Methodology: an ecological study which analyzed the breaches between the people via sub-national data on mortality, poverty, barriers preventing access to healthcare services, illiteracy and the elderly population. The trends of three impact indicators were calculated and compared: life expectancy (2005-2020), aging and over-aging indices (2005-2012). Furthermore, three measures were estimated to summarize absolute and relative inequality: the slope index of inequality (SII), Kunst and Makenbach's relative index of inequality (RII) and the concentration index (CI). All analyses were performed using the library for measuring inequalities included with Epidat 4.2. Results: the ratio of elderly people will be ever increasing in Colombia. The barriers preventing access to healthcare services were the most inequitable dimension. Two patterns of inequality were identified: a marginal exclusion for 60% of the elderly who had the most advantages and opportunities, and a linear gradient pattern existing only in the incidence of poverty. The third quintile was the group of departments most affected by the inequity throughout the assessed social dimensions. Discussion: this study provides evidence of inequality patterns in the mortality of the elderly. Regarding the trends, it was only possible to know that the breach has become larger in terms of poverty incidence. Conclusions: five areas of action are described in order to achieve a desirable context to address population aging and the reduction of social inequalities as challenges for the healthcare and social protection system. These challenges may undermine the progressive realization of universal healthcare coverage and the achievement of sustainable development goals by 2030.

Resumo Objetivo: Analisar a dimensão do envelhecimento populacional e das desigualdades sociais presentes na mortalidade de pessoas idosas na Colômbia. Metodologia: Estudo ecológico que se utiliza de dados regionais de mortalidade, pobreza, barreiras de acesso aos serviços de saúde e analfabetismo, e da população idosa para analisar lacunas. Foram calculadas e comparadas as tendências de três indicadores de impacto: a expectativa de vida (2005-2020), os Índices de envelhecimento e de sobre-envelhecimento (2005-2012). Foram estimadas três medidas para resumir a desigualdade absoluta e relativa: o Índice de Desigualdade da Inclinação (IDP), o Índice Relativo de Desigualdade (IRD) de Kunst e Mackenbach e o Índice de Concentração (IC). Todas as análises foram realizadas com a utilização da biblioteca para medição de desigualdades Epidat 4.2. Resultados: A proporção de pessoas idosas será cada vez maior na Colômbia. As barreiras de acesso aos serviços de saúde foi o aspecto mais desigual. Dois padrões de desigualdade foram identificados: uma exclusão marginal nos 60% de adultos idosos com mais vantagens e oportunidades; e um padrão de gradiente linear presente somente na incidência de pobreza. O quintil 3 foi o estrato mais afetado pela desigualdade no decorrer das dimensões avaliadas. Discussão: Este estudo contribui com a evidência sobre padrões de desigualdade na mortalidade da pessoa idosa. Em termos de tendências, só foi possível reconhecer que a lacuna agrava-se com a incidência de pobreza. Conclusões: As recomendações concentram-se em cinco áreas de ação com o intuito de que se alcance um contexto desejável para a abordagem do envelhecimento populacional e da redução das desigualdades como desafios do sistema de saúde e de proteção social, e que podem enfraquecer a realização progressiva da cobertura universal em saúde e realização dos objetivos de desenvolvimento sustentável para 2030.

Caracterización dental de niños colombianos con hendiduras labio palatinas no sindrómicas / Dental characterization of colombian children with non syndromic cleft lip and palate

Resumen: Introducción: Comparados con la población general, los sujetos con labio y paladar hendido presentan alteraciones en su crecimiento y desarrollo craneofacial y una alta prevalencia de anomalías dentales, que varía según la población estudiada, entre ellas: agenesias, presencia de dientes supernumerarios, morfología coronal anormal y taurodontismo. Objetivo: Evaluar la prevalencia de anomalías dentales encontradas en niños colombianos con secuelas de hendiduras labio palatinas no sindrómicas, atendidos en instituciones prestadoras de salud. Metodología: Se realizó un estudio observacional descriptivo transversal en una muestra de 258 historias clínicas y radiografías panorámicas de niños colombianos de diferentes instituciones prestadoras de salud de la ciudad de Bogotá-Colombia. De los cuales 60.5% (156/258) eran hombres y 39.5% (102/258) mujeres. El promedio de edad fue 9.8 (± 3.3) años. Resultados: De las radiografías evaluadas se determinó que 38.4% (99/258) de los niños presentaban secuelas de labio y paladar hendido unilateral izquierdo completo, 31.0% (80/258) bilateral y 30.6% (79/258) con unilateral derecho. Las principales anomalías dentales encontradas fueron: agenesias dentales, dientes supernumerarios, anomalías de tamaño. La prevalencia encontrada para cada una de ellas fue: agenesias dentales: mayor del 90%. Dientes supernumerarios: 40% y en anomalías de tamaño estuvo alrededor del 30%. Conclusión: Se encontraron altas prevalencias en anomalías dentales en los niños con labio y paladar hendido en Bogotá, similar a lo reportado en la literatura científica.

Abstract: Introduction: When compared to general population, subjects afflicted with cleft lip and palate present alterations in craniofacial growth and development as well as high incidence of dental anomalies which vary according to studied population; agenesis, presence of supernumerary teeth, abnormal crown morphology and taurodontism can be counted amongst them. Objective: To assess prevalence of dental anomalies found in Colombian children with non syndromic cleft lip and palate sequels, being treated at health providing institutions. Methodology: A cross-sectioned descriptive, observational study was conducted on a sample of 258 medical histories and panoramic X-rays of Colombian children treated at different health providing institutions in the city of Bogota, Colombia. The sample was composed of 156/258 males (60.55%) and 102/258 (39.5%) females. Average age was 9.8 years (± 3.3 years). Results: Based on studied X-rays, it was determined that 38.4% (99/258) children presented full left unilateral cleft lip and palate sequels, 31.0% (80/258) exhibited bilateral cleft and 30.6% (79/258) suffered right unilateral cleft lip and palate. Most frequent dental anomalies found were; dental agenesis, supernumerary teeth and size anomalies. Prevalence for said anomalies were: dental agenesis, over 90%; supernumerary teeth: 40% and size anomalies: 30%. Conclusion: High prevalence of dental anomalies was found in children with cleft lip and palate in Bogota in concordance with information reported in scientific literature.

[Inequalities in oral health services in Cali, Colombia]. / Inequidades en la Atención Odontológica en una Red de Salud en Cali, Colombia.

OBJECTIVE: Assessing the presence of inequity in access to dental care in a health network in the city of Cali in Colombia. METHODS: This was a descriptive, retrospective study. The study area was located in the area of influence of Cali's largest health-service provider's network (accounting for 70 % of the city's geographical extension). The study population dealt with the poor and vulnerable, consisting of both the insured and uninsured population. A survival rate analysis was carried for determining the likelihood of each population finishing treatment or abandoning it during treatment. RESULTS: The subsidised population had an 11.12 Decayed, Missing, and Filled Teeth (DMFT) index while that of the subsidised population was 9.41. In the area of dental operation, 63.7 % treatments were completed in the subsidised population and 33.3 % in the unsubsidised population; 63.3 % of the population in area of oral surgery were subsidised and 36.6 % were people without subsidy. It was noted that the likelihood of the subsidised population completing the first 30 days treatment was 85.5 % (0.8-0.9, 80 % CI) and 78 % (0.4-0.8, 80 % CI) for the population lacking insurance. CONCLUSIONS: Inequities were found in both populations' oral health status. Inequity were also shown in oral health care, in the percentage of patients being likely to finish treatment or being likely to abandon it, this being higher in the subsidised population (emphasis being placed on the first month of attention).

Conocimientos y prácticas en salud sexual y reproductiva de adolescentes escolares en un municipio colombiano / Adolescents’ sexual and reproductive health knowledge and Practice in a provincial Colombian town

Objetivo: Identificar los conocimientos y prácticas en salud sexual y reproductiva de adolescentes del municipio de Miranda - Cauca en Colombia. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional descriptivo de corte transversal. La muestra fue de 406 adolescentes. Se exploraron variables en tres áreas o categorías: sociodemográficas, de conocimiento y de prácticas. Resultados: Se presentaron conocimientos en niveles altos y muy alto, donde 90,5 % de adolescentes habían recibido información sobre sexo y embarazo. La mayor fuente de información proviene de parte de los padres (67,5 %). Para el 26,7 % (107) de los adolescentes el sexo seguro significa solo usar preservativo. En cuanto a las practicas en sexualidad: 42 % expresaron haber tenido relaciones sexuales, con edad de inicio promedio de 13 años. El condón se presenta como el mecanismo de protección más utilizado. El uso de sustancias psicoactivas o licor para intensificar las experiencias sexuales fue afirmativo en 12,5 % . 87,7 % afirman que en caso de tener una infección de transmisión sexual (ITS) buscarían consejo o tratamiento en el hospital o centro de salud sin acudir a sus padres. Conclusiones: Los adolescentes presentan conocimientos en niveles altos, más éste conocimiento no es suficiente para impedir que inicien su vida sexual tempranamente y/o aumenten la probabilidad de usar condón o anticonceptivos cuando empiezan sus relaciones sexuales.

Objective: Identifying the sexual and reproductive health knowledge and practice of adolescents living in the town of Miranda in the Cauca department of Colombia. Methods: Across-sectional, descriptive, observational study was made. The sample involved 406 adolescents. Sociodemographic, knowledge-related and practice-based variables were explored. Results: The adolescents had high and very high levels of knowledge; 90.5 % of the adolescents had received information about sex and pregnancy; the main source of information came from their parents (67.5 %). Safe sex for 26.7 % of the adolescents meant just using a condom. Regarding their sexuality (practice), 42 % stated that they had had sexual relationships, beginning on average when around13-years-old. Condom use was the most used protection mechanism. 12.5 % stated that they had used psychoactive substances or alcohol to intensify sexual experience; 87.7 % stated that they would seek counselling or treatment in a hospital or health centre without telling their parents if they contracted a sexually- transmitted infection (STI). Conclusions: The adolescents involved in this study had high levels of knowledge; however, such knowledge is not enough to stop them beginning their sexual life early and/or increasing the probability of using a condom or contraceptive when beginning their sexual relationships.

Inequidades en la atención odontológica en una red de salud en Cali, Colombia / Inequalities in oral health services in Cali, Colombia

Objetivo Evaluar la presencia de inequidades en la atención odontológica en una red de salud en Cali-Colombia. Materiales y Métodos Se realizó un estudio descriptivo retrospectivo. La zona de estudio fue el área de influencia de la red de servicios de salud más grande de Cali (cerca del 70 por ciento de la extensión geográfica de Cali); La población de estudio fue la población pobre vulnerable distribuida en población asegurada y no asegurada. Se realizó un análisis tipo sobrevida para determinar las probabilidades de cada población en terminar tratamiento o abandonar durante el tratamiento. Resultados La población no asegurada presentó un índice de Cariados-Obturados y perdidos (COP) de 11,12 mientras que el COP de los asegurados fue de 9,41. En el Área de Operatoria los tratamientos terminados se distribuyeron en el 63,7 por ciento en la población asegurada, el 33,3 por ciento de población no asegurada. En el Área de cirugía el 63,3 por ciento eran asegurados, el 36,6 por ciento no lo eran. Se observó que la probabilidad de terminar tratamiento los primeros 30 días para la población asegurada fue de 85,5 por ciento IC 0,8 (0,8 - 0,9) y para la población no asegurada fue de 78,5 por ciento IC 0.7 (0,4-0,8). Conclusiones Se encontraron inequidades en el estado de salud bucal de las poblaciones; En la atención en salud bucal; En las proporciones y probabilidades de ser pacientes terminados o abandonar, siendo mayores en la población asegurada.

Objective Assessing the presence of inequity in access to dental care in a health network in the city of Cali in Colombia Methods This was a descriptive, retrospective study. The study area was located in the area of influence of Cali’s largest health-service provider’s network (accounting for 70 percent of the city’s geographical extension). The study population dealt with the poor and vulnerable, consisting of both the insured and uninsured population. A survival rate analysis was carried for determining the likelihood of each population finishing treatment or abandoning it during treatment. Results The subsidised population had an 11.12 Decayed, Missing, and Filled Teeth (DMFT) index while that of the subsidised population was 9.41. In the area of dental operation, 63.7 percent treatments were completed in the subsidised population and 33.3 percent in the unsubsidised population; 63.3 percent of the population in area of oral surgery were subsidised and 36.6 percent were people without subsidy. It was noted that the likelihood of the subsidised population completing the first 30 days treatment was 85.5 percent (0.8-0.9, 80 percent CI) and 78 percent (0.4-0.8, 80 percent CI) for the population lacking insurance. Conclusions Inequities were found in both populations’ oral health status. Inequity were also shown in oral health care, in the percentage of patients being likely to finish treatment or being likely to abandon it, this being higher in the subsidised population (emphasis being placed on the first month of attention).

Creencias acerca de la salud oral en gestantes en tres ciudades colombianas / Beliefs about the oral health in pregnant women in three colombian cities

El objetivo fue describir las creencias en torno a la salud oral que tienen las gestantes en tres municipios de Colombia. Métodos: se hizo un estudio observacional descriptivo de corte transversal, para lo cual se aplicó una encuesta semiestructurada a un grupo de gestantes que asistían al control prenatal en instituciones prestadores de servicios de salud en tres municipios. Se incluyó un total de 441 gestantes, que cumplieron con los criterios de selección y aceptaron participar voluntariamente en la investigación. Resultados: el promedio de edad fue veintidós años. En cuanto a creencias en general se encontró que el 96,60% (426) de las gestantes pose en al menos una creencia en torno a la salud oral, y la mayoría (70%) se centra en que durante el embarazo el bebé le “roba” calcio a los dientes de la madre y se “pierde un diente por cada embarazo”. Conclusiones: las gestantes presentan en gran medida creencias erróneas que pueden estar influenciando su comportamiento frente a las prácticas y frente a su demanda en el área de odontología. La mayoría de las creencias presentadas se centran en que durante el embarazo el bebé le sustrae calcio a los dientes de la madre.

The objective of this study was to describe the beliefs about oral health among pregnant women in three Colombia’s cities. Methods: in an observational descriptive transversal study, a semi structured survey was applied to pregnant women attending pre-natal control at the city’s health service. 441 pregnant women that met the inclusion criteria and who voluntarily accepted to participate, were included in the study. Results: the average age was 22 years; it was found that 96.60% (426) of pregnant women have at least one belief about oral health, and the majority of the women (70%) believed that during pregnancy the baby “steals” calcium from the mother’s teeth and that “at least one tooth is lost in each pregnancy”. Conclusions: pregnant women have erroneous beliefs that to a great extent influence their behavior towards oral health practices and their demands for dental services. The majority of beliefs are related to the fact that during pregnancy, the baby steals calcium from the mother’s teeth.