Frequency and surgical management of complex posterior leaflet prolapse of the mitral valve.

BACKGROUND AND AIM OF THE STUDY: Isolated posterior leaflet prolapse of the mitral valve may present with more complex anatomy than limited middle scallop prolapse (P2). The study aim was to describe the incidence and surgical management of extensive or commissural posterior leaflet prolapse, in addition to long-term outcomes following repair. METHODS: Between October 2001 and May 2008, among 481 patients operated on for mitral valve prolapse, 201 consecutive patients underwent mitral valve repair for isolated posterior leaflet prolapse. Of the latter patients, only 81 (40%) had limited P2 prolapse, while the remaining 120 (60%) showed complex posterior leaflet prolapse, including either extensive (n = 105) or commissural (n = 15) prolapse. Extensive leaflet prolapse was treated with aggressive leaflet resection and sliding plasty, combined with a longitudinal annular plication using polytetrafluoroethylene running sutures. Commissural prolapse was repaired with an edge-to-edge technique or commissuroplasty. The clinical and echocardiographic follow up was complete for all patients, and extended up to 6.8 years (mean 2.4 +/- 1.9 years). RESULTS: There was no hospital mortality. Repair was successful in 200 patients (99%), who showed no or trivial mitral regurgitation (MR) intraoperatively. The five-year freedom from recurrent MR (grade > 1+) was 91.5 +/- 4.2% in patients with isolated P2 prolapse, compared to 98.8 +/- 1.2% in patients with complex posterior leaflet prolapse (p = 0.07). The repair of complex posterior leaflet prolapse was also similar to that of isolated P2 prolapse with regard to five-year freedom from reoperation (98.9 +/- 5.9% versus 100%; p = 0.4), and survival (92.1 +/- 3.3% versus 88.9 +/- 8.0%; p = 0.9). CONCLUSION: In the present series, posterior leaflet prolapse offered more complexity than usually reported, requiring surgical skills beyond simple quadrangular resection. However, the surgical approach, which typically involved extensive leaflet resection and sliding plasty, offered high repair rates and acceptable durability, considering the initial severity of the prolapse anatomy.

Very long-term survival implications of heart valve replacement with tissue versus mechanical prostheses in adults <60 years of age.

BACKGROUND: Several centers favor replacing a diseased native heart valve with a tissue rather than a mechanical prosthesis, even in younger adult patients. However, long-term data supporting this approach are lacking. We examined the survival implications of selecting a tissue versus a mechanical prosthesis at initial left-heart valve replacement in a cohort of adults <60 years of age who were followed for over 20 years. METHODS AND RESULTS: Comorbid and procedural data were available from 6554 patients who underwent valve replacement at our institution over the last 35 years. Of these, 1512 patients contributed follow-up data beyond 20 years, of whom 567 were adults <60 years of age at first left-heart valve operation (mean survivor follow-up, 24.0+/-3.1 years). Late outcomes were examined with Cox regression. Valve reoperation, often for prostheses that are no longer commercially available, occurred in 89% and 84% of patients by 20 years after tissue aortic and mitral valve replacement, respectively, and was associated with a mortality of 4.3%. There was no survival difference between patients implanted with a tissue versus a mechanical prosthesis at initial aortic valve replacement (hazard ratio 0.95; 95% CI: 0.7, 1.3; P=0.7). For mitral valve replacement patients, long-term survival was poorer than after aortic valve replacement (hazard ratio 1.4; 95% CI: 1.1, 1.8; P=0.003), but again no detrimental effect was associated with use of a tissue versus a mechanical prosthesis (hazard ratio 0.9; 95% CI 0.5, 1.4; P=0.5). CONCLUSIONS: In our experience, selecting a tissue prosthesis at initial operation in younger adults does not negatively impact survival into the third decade of follow-up, despite the risk of reoperation.

Prosthesis-patient mismatch is less frequent and more clinically indolent in patients operated for aortic insufficiency.

OBJECTIVE: To date, no study has focused on the incidence and effects of prosthesis-patient mismatch in patients requiring aortic valve replacement for aortic insufficiency. We hypothesized that the incidence and implications of prosthesis-patient mismatch in patients with aortic insufficiency might be different than for aortic stenosis or mixed disease because the annulus is generally larger in aortic insufficiency and left ventricular remodeling might differ. METHODS: Ninety-eight patients with lone aortic insufficiency (>or=3+ with a preoperative mean gradient <30 mm Hg) were followed over 7.7 +/- 4.3 years (maximum, 17.5 years) with clinical and echocardiographic assessments. They were compared with 707 patients who had aortic valve replacement for aortic stenosis or mixed disease. Prosthesis-patient mismatch was defined as an in vivo indexed effective orifice area of 0.85 cm(2)/m(2) or less. RESULTS: Compared with patients with aortic stenosis/mixed disease, patients with aortic insufficiency had approximately half the incidence of prosthesis-patient mismatch (P = .003). Patients with prosthesis-patient mismatch had significantly higher transprosthesis gradients postoperatively. An independent detrimental effect of prosthesis-patient mismatch on survival was observed in patients with aortic stenosis/mixed disease who had preoperative left ventricular dysfunction (hazard ratio, 2.3; P = .03) but not in patients with aortic insufficiency, irrespective of left ventricular function (hazard ratio, 0.7; P = .7). In patients with aortic stenosis/mixed disease with left ventricular dysfunction, prosthesis-patient mismatch predicted heart failure symptoms by 3 years after aortic valve replacement (odds ratio, 6.0; P = .002), but there was no such effect in patients with aortic insufficiency (P = .8). Indexed left ventricular mass regression occurred to a greater extent in patients with aortic insufficiency than in patients with aortic stenosis/mixed disease (by an additional 29 +/- 5 g/m(2), P < .001), and there was a trend for prosthesis-patient mismatch to impair regression in patients with aortic insufficiency (by 30 +/- 17 g/m(2), P = .1). CONCLUSIONS: The incidence and significance of prosthesis-patient mismatch differs in patients with aortic insufficiency compared with those with aortic stenosis or mixed disease. In patients with aortic insufficiency, prosthesis-patient mismatch is seen less frequently and has no significant effect on survival and freedom from heart failure but might have a negative effect on left ventricular mass regression.

Clopidogrel is safe early after on- and off-pump coronary artery bypass surgery.

OBJECTIVES: The goal of this study was to assess the safety of early postoperative clopidogrel in patients undergoing on-pump and off-pump coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery. METHODS: Observational data was collected prospectively on 117 consecutive patients who underwent primary multivessel CABG between July 2002 and June 2005. When postoperative chest tube drainage was < or =50 cc/h for 2 hours, daily clopidogrel (75 mg) and aspirin (81 mg) were initiated in 63 patients (Group CA) versus aspirin alone in 54 patients (Group A). Demographic, operative, and postoperative data were compared with linear regression and propensity-score based techniques. RESULTS: Total chest tube drainage and drainage after patients received antiplatelet agents were equivalent between groups. Clopidogrel administration did not increase the incidence of reexploration, transfusion, or the quantity of blood products transfused. No mortality or extrathoracic bleeding occurred in either group, and there were no differences in the incidence of adverse myocardial events or hospital length of stay. CONCLUSIONS: When given according to a predefined postoperative protocol, early postoperative clopidogrel can safely be administered in on-pump and off-pump CABG patients, without increasing the risk of bleeding complications. Evaluation of the benefits of clopidogrel therapy early after CABG in a randomized setting is ongoing.