Impact of medical comorbidity and risk of death in 680 patients with alcohol use disorders.

BACKGROUND: The association between alcohol use disorders and increased risk of mortality is well known; however, there have been few systematic evaluations of alcohol-related organ damage and its impact on survival in younger alcoholics. Therefore, we assessed medical comorbidity with a clinical index to identify subgroups of alcoholic patients at high risk of premature death. METHODS: Hospital-based cohort of alcohol-dependent patients admitted for detoxification between 1999 and 2008 in Barcelona, Spain. At admission, sociodemographic characteristics and a history of alcohol dependence and abuse of illegal drugs were obtained through clinical interviews and questionnaires. Medical comorbidity was assessed with the Cumulative Illness Rating Scale (Substance Abuse) (CIRS-SA). Dates and causes of death were obtained from clinical records and death registers. Survival was analyzed using Kaplan-Meier methods, and Cox regression models were used to analyze the risk factors for premature death. RESULTS: Median age of the patients (686 total, 79.7% men) was 43.5 years (interquartile range [IQR], 37.8 to 50.4), average alcohol consumption was 200 g/d (IQR, 120 to 280 g/d), and duration of alcohol use disorder was 18 years (IQR, 11 to 24). Medical comorbidity by CIRS-SA at admission showed that the organs/systems most affected were liver (99%), respiratory (86%), and cardiovascular (58%). After median follow-up of 3.1 years (IQR, 1.5 to 5.1), 78 (11.4%) patients died with a mortality rate of 3.28 × 100 person-years; according to Kaplan-Meier estimates, 50% (95% confidence interval [95% CI], 24 to 69%) of patients with severe medical comorbidity died in the first decade after treatment. In multivariate analysis, severe medical comorbidity (hazard ratio [HR], 5.5; 95% CI, 3.02 to 10.07) and being treated with methadone at admission (HR, 2.60; 95% CI, 1.50 to 4.51) were independent risk factors for premature death. CONCLUSIONS: Systematic assessment of alcohol-related organ damage is relevant for the identification and treatment of those at increased risk of death.

[Diversity of Legionella pneumophila in cooling towers: coculture kinetics and virulence studies]. / Diversidad de subtipos de Legionella pneumophila en torres de refrigeración: estudios de cinética de crecimiento y virulencia.

BACKGROUND: Legionella pneumophila (L. pneumophila) was isolated from three cooling towers involved in three community outbreaks of Legionnaires disease. Each cooling tower had two different chromosomal DNA subtypes. However, only one matched identically to the clinical strains. To try to understand why only one of the environmental strains caused clinical cases we investigated the intrinsic virulence of these strains. METHODS: We selected six strains of L. pneumophila sg.1: two strains (A1 and B1) from cooling tower 1, two strains (A2 and B2) from tower 2 and two strains (A3 and B3) from tower 3. One of the two subtypes (A) exhibited the same chromosomal DNA subtype as the strains isolated from the patients in each outbreak and the other exhibited a different subtype. The replication within macrophages, the presence of lipopolysaccharide epitope recognized by MAb 3/1 and the growth kinetics in BCYE broth were investigated. Isolates were typed by pulsed field electrophoresis. RESULTS: The A strains did not have a higher virulence level, but were able to grow and survive better than strains B in BCYE broth. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that the strains better adapted to the environment will manage to displace the others and will be able to spread and infect humans. The adaptation to the environmental conditions could play an important role in the pathogenesis of the strains.

Accuracy of simple biochemical tests in identifying liver fibrosis in patients co-infected with human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis C virus.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: We assessed the ability of 3 simple biochemical tests to stage liver fibrosis in patients co-infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV). METHODS: We analyzed liver biopsy samples from 324 consecutive HIV/HCV-positive patients (72% men; mean age, 38 y; mean CD4+ T-cell counts, 548 cells/mm(3)). Scheuer fibrosis scores were as follows: 30% had F0, 22% had F1, 19% had F2, 23% had F3, and 6% had F4. Logistic regression analyses were used to predict the probability of significant (>or=F2) or advanced (>or=F3) fibrosis, based on numeric scores from the APRI, FORNS, or FIB-4 tests (alone and in combination). Area under the receiver operating characteristic curves were analyzed to assess diagnostic performance. RESULTS: Area under the receiver operating characteristic curves analyses indicated that the 3 tests had similar abilities to identify F2 and F3; the ability of APRI, FORNS, and FIB-4 were as follows: F2 or greater: 0.72, 0.67, and 0.72, respectively; F3 or greater: 0.75, 0.73, and 0.78, respectively. The accuracy of each test in predicting which samples were F3 or greater was significantly higher than for F2 or greater (APRI, FORNS, and FIB-4: >or=F3: 75%, 76%, and 76%, respectively; >or=F2: 66%, 62%, and 68%, respectively). By using the lowest cut-off values for all 3 tests, F3 or greater was ruled out with sensitivity and negative predictive values of 79% to 94% and 87% to 91%, respectively, and 47% to 70% accuracy. Advanced liver fibrosis (>or=F3) was identified using the highest cut-off value, with specificity and positive predictive values of 90% to 96% and 63% to 73%, respectively, and 75% to 77% accuracy. CONCLUSIONS: Simple biochemical tests accurately predicted liver fibrosis in more than half the HIV/HCV co-infected patients. The absence and presence of liver fibrosis are predicted fairly using the lowest and highest cut-off levels, respectively.

Differences in virological response to pegylated interferon and ribavirin between hepatitis C virus (HCV)-monoinfected and HCV-HIV-coinfected patients.

BACKGROUND: Suboptimal doses of ribavirin have been suggested to explain the diminished efficacy of pegylated interferon (PEG-IFN) plus ribavirin in hepatitis C virus (HCV)-HIV-coinfected patients. METHODS: A cohort of 104 coinfected patients and an age-, sex- and genotype-matched cohort of HCV-monoinfected patients (n = 104) were compared. All patients received PEG-IFN-alpha2a 180 microg/week plus ribavirin 800-1,200 mg daily (HCV genotype 2/3 patients received 800 mg daily and those with genotype 1/4 received 1,000-1,200 mg daily) for 48 weeks (24 weeks for monoinfected patients with genotypes 2/3). HCV RNA levels were determined qualitatively at weeks 4, 12, 24, 48 and 72 and quantified monthly until week 12. RESULTS: The coinfected cohort had more advanced liver disease and lower body weight. HCV genotype 1 patients coinfected with HIV showed higher levels of HCV RNA than monoinfected patients. A significantly higher proportion of coinfected patients interrupted the prescribed treatment period prematurely (84% versus 98%). During the first 12 weeks, smaller decreases in HCV RNA levels were observed in coinfected patients. Among patients with HCV genotype 1, coinfected patients achieved lower rates of early virological response (64% versus 87%), end-of-treatment response (47.3% versus 80%) and sustained virological response (SVR; 27.3% versus 56.4%), but not rapid virological response (RVR). HCV-HIV-coinfected patients with HCV genotype 2/3 achieved significantly lower rates of RVR (52% versus 88%). Multivariate analysis identified RVR, gender and liver fibrosis as independent predictors of SVR. CONCLUSIONS: Differences in efficacy of PEG-IFN-alpha2a plus ribavirin treatment between HCV-HIV-coinfected and HCV-monoinfected patients were maintained despite optimized ribavirin dose.

Genotypic variability and persistence of Legionella pneumophila PFGE patterns in 34 cooling towers from two different areas.

Genotypic variability and clonal persistence are important concepts in molecular epidemiology as they facilitate the search for the source of sporadic cases or outbreaks of legionellosis. We studied the genotypic variability and persistence of Legionella pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) patterns over time (period > 6 months) in 34 positive cooling towers from two different areas. In area A, radius of 70 km, 52 indistinguishable PFGE patterns were differentiated among the 27 cooling towers. In 13 cooling towers we observed >or= 2 PFGE patterns. Each cooling tower had its own indistinguishable Legionella PFGE pattern which was not shared with any other cooling tower. In area B, radius of 1 km, 10 indistinguishable PFGE patterns were obtained from the seven cooling towers. In four, we observed >or= 2 PFGE patterns. Three of these 10 indistinguishable PFGE patterns were shared by more than one cooling tower. In 27 of 34 cooling towers the same PFGE pattern was recovered after 6 months to up to 5 years of follow-up. The large genotypic diversity of Legionella observed in the cooling towers aids in the investigation of community outbreaks of Legionnaires' disease. However, shared patterns in small areas may confound the epidemiological investigation. The persistence of some PFGE patterns in cooling towers makes the recovery of the Legionella isolate causing the outbreak possible over time.

Association between HIV replication and cholesterol in peripheral blood mononuclear cells in HIV-infected patients interrupting HAART.

BACKGROUND: Cellular cholesterol is essential for HIV replication and may control HIV spread. HIV, in turn, appears to control cholesterol metabolism. OBJECTIVES: To describe the relationships between serum lipids, cellular cholesterol and viral replication during highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) interruption. METHODS: We have correlated virological parameters with the level of circulating lipids in serum and the content of cellular cholesterol in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). The study included 33 patients interrupting HAART with (n = 23) or without (n = 10) atorvastatin treatment. RESULTS: Atorvastatin treatment did not modify PBMC cholesterol levels at week 4 after HAART interruption, although it significantly reduced serum cholesterol (total and LDL, where LDL stands for low density lipoprotein) (P < 0.05). Serum cholesterol or LDL marginally influenced PBMC cholesterol since no significant correlations were found between these parameters either at 0 or 4 weeks after HAART interruption. Analysis of virological data in all patients revealed a negative trend (P = 0.07) between baseline PBMC cholesterol and absolute CD4 T cell counts at baseline but a poor correlation (P = 0.18) with the viral load (VL) at week 4. Separate analysis of control patients showed a correlation between baseline PBMC cholesterol and VL at week 4 (P = 0.01). However, atorvastatin treatment abrogated this correlation by increasing viral replication in individuals with low cellular cholesterol. CONCLUSIONS: Our data underscore the potential relevance of PBMC cholesterol in in vivo HIV replication and the complex effects of atorvastatin that seem to be unrelated to PBMC cholesterol.

Highly active antiretroviral therapy and incidence of cervical squamous intraepithelial lesions among HIV-infected women with normal cytology and CD4 counts above 350 cells/mm3.

OBJECTIVES: To provide evidence for the long-term effect of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) on the incidence of cervical squamous intraepithelial lesions (SILs) among HIV-positive women with normal cytology test and CD4 count above 350 cells/mm(3). PATIENTS AND METHODS: A retrospective cohort study was carried out in HIV-positive women with two consecutive normal cervical cytological tests (Papanicolaou test) and at least one subsequent test, without previous cervical history of SIL or cancer diagnosis, and with an immunological status >350 CD4 cells/mm(3). The patients were divided into two groups: treated with HAART (HAART group) or not treated with HAART (NO-HAART group), during the period of time between cytology tests included in the survival analysis and time until SIL. RESULTS: Between January 1997 and December 2006, 127 women were included: 90 in the HAART group and 37 in the NO-HAART group. Both groups of patients were similar with respect to demographic data, except for HIV viral load and previous HAART inclusion (P < 0.001). SIL was diagnosed in 27 of 90 (30%) patients in the HAART group and in 7 of 37 (19%) patients in the NO-HAART group (OR = 1.84, 95% CI: 0.72-4.69, P = 0.202). The actuarial probability of remaining free of SIL at 3 years was 70% in the HAART group and 78% in the NO-HAART group. No variable was associated with an increased risk of developing SILs. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that when the patients' immunological status is above 350 CD4 cells/mm(3), the HIV-infected women treated with HAART present a similar cervical SIL incidence to women not on HAART.

[Asymmetric dimethylarginine as cardiovascular risk factor]. / Dimetilarginina asimétrica como marcador de riesgo cardiovascular.

The amino acid L-arginine is the substrate for endothelial nitric oxide synthesis. The endothelium is capable of producing asymmetric dimethylargine (ADMA) (L-arginine methylated). ADMA is able to compete with L-arginine in nitric oxide (NO) production and inhibits oxide nitric synthase activity. Elevated blood levels of ADMA can block the synthesis of NO, and induce endothelial dysfunction, which may lead to the initiation and progression of atherosclerosic vascular disease. Prospective clinical studies in different patients populations suggest that ADMA is a new marker in cardiovascular disease and is to able to predict new cardiovascular events. Recently, intraindividual variations of ADMA in healthy subjects have been described. This fact induces to continue studying the diagnosis and prognosis value of this potential and novel marker of cardiovascular risk.

Survival of HIV-infected injection drug users (IDUs) in the highly active antiretroviral therapy era, relative to sex- and age-specific survival of HIV-uninfected IDUs.

BACKGROUND: In the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), it remains unclear whether human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected injection drug users (IDUs) have durations of survival similar to those for comparable HIV-uninfected IDUs. The goal of this study was to compare survival durations of HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected IDUs for the period 1987-2004.Methods. Demographic data, drug use characteristics, and biological markers were obtained at the time of admission to a substance abuse treatment program. The outcome of interest was the duration of survival after admission, and the primary exposure was HIV infection. Vital status was ascertained by means of the mortality register by the end of 2004. Three calendar periods, which were defined on the basis of use of specific therapies, were considered: 1987-1991 (the antiretroviral monotherapy era), 1992-1996 (the dual combination therapy era and the era when methadone was introduced in Spain), and 1997-2004 (the era of HAART and of established methadone programs). We used Cox regression methods allowing for late entries to handle the contribution of persons who survived a given period and entered the following period with nonzero time. We compared HIV-uninfected and HIV-infected IDUs with adjustments for age, sex, and duration of follow-up after admission. RESULTS: A total of 1209 IDUs were admitted to the hospital during the period from January 1987 through December 2004, and 1181 were eligible for the study. The majority (81.3%) of patients were men. The mean age (+/- standard deviation) at admission was 27.8+/-5.6 years, and the mean duration of injection drug use (+/- standard deviation) was 7.6+/-5.0 years. The prevalences of HIV and hepatitis C virus infections were 59.0% and 92.3%, respectively, and the total duration of follow-up was 10.116 person-years. Although survival duration for HIV-uninfected IDUs in 1997-2004 was similar to the duration in earlier periods, the duration for HIV-infected IDUs improved significantly since 1997 (P<.01). Furthermore, among patients admitted in the last period, the survival durations for HIV-uninfected and HIV-infected IDUs was virtually the same (relative hazard, 0.89; 95% confidence interval, 0.44-1.81). CONCLUSIONS: The duration of survival of HIV-infected IDUs has improved substantially since 1997, reaching rates similar to the rates for HIV-seronegative IDUs who accessed the health care system in the era of HAART.

Hospital-acquired legionnaires disease in a university hospital: impact of the copper-silver ionization system.

We evaluated the impact of the copper-silver ionization system in a hospital where hyperendemic nosocomial legionellosis and was present and all previous disinfection measures had failed. After implementation of the copper-silver ionization system, environmental colonization with Legionella species decreased significantly, and the incidence of nosocomial legionellosis decreased dramatically, from 2.45 to 0.18 cases per 1000 patient discharges.

Impact of copper and silver ionization on fungal colonization of the water supply in health care centers: implications for immunocompromised patients.

Copper and silver ionization is a well-recognized disinfection method to control Legionella species in water distribution systems in hospitals. These systems may also serve as a potential indoor reservoir for fungi. The prevalence of fungi was significantly lower in ionized than in nonionized water samples from health care facilities. The clinical consequences of this finding require further investigation.

Evolution of cervical cytologic changes among HIV-infected women with normal cytology in the HAART era.

The influence of HAART on the evolution to cervical squamous intraepithelial lesions (SIL) among HIV(+) women with a normal cytological test in the HAART era was studied. A retrospective cohort study (1997-2005) of HIV-infected women treated with HAART was conducted. Those with a normal cervical cytology (Papanicolaou test) and at least one subsequent test were included. Survival (time until diagnosis of SIL), univariate, and multivariate analyses were performed. A total of 133 HIV-infected patients treated with HAART were included. The incidence of SIL was 35% (47 patients). SIL was diagnosed in 36 of 110 (33%) patients with a baseline and final immunological status of >200 CD4 cells/microl and in 6 of 9 (67%) patients with a baseline and final immunological status of < or =200 CD4 (OR: 0.24, 95% CI: 0.06-1.03, p = 0.041). SIL was diagnosed in 10 of 60 (17%) patients with an undetectable baseline and final HIV viral load and in 36 of 70 (51%) patients with a detectable HIV viral load (OR: 0.19, 95% CI: 0.07-0.46, p < 0.001). A high incidence of SIL (cancer precursor lesions) was observed among HIV(+) women without a background of cervical pathology. The effect of HAART on the control of HIV replication and of immunological status (>200 CD4) through the follow-up was associated with a reduction of SIL.

Community-acquired legionella pneumonia in elderly patients: characteristics and outcome.

OBJECTIVES: To compare the risk factors, clinical and laboratory features, and outcome of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) caused by Legionella pneumophila in elderly (aged > or =65) and younger patients. DESIGN: Prospective enrollment of subjects with retrospective data analysis. SETTING: A 630-bed tertiary center in Badalona (Barcelona), Spain. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 158 patients diagnosed with CAP caused by L. pneumophila from 1994 to 2004: 104 younger than 65 and 54 aged 65 and older. MEASUREMENTS: Epidemiological, clinical, laboratory, and radiological data and the outcome of the two groups were compared using univariate and multivariate analysis. RESULTS: Underlying diseases, such as chronic pulmonary diseases, diabetes mellitus, neuromuscular diseases, and heart failure; risk of aspiration; and therapy with corticosteroids were significantly more frequent in patients aged 65 and older. Patients younger than 65 were more likely to be male and have toxic habits (cigarette smoking, alcoholism) and human immunodeficiency virus infection than older patients. Fever, nonrespiratory symptoms (diarrhea and headache), and some laboratory abnormalities (hyponatremia (serum sodium concentration <130 mmol/L) and high aspartate aminotransferase and creatinine kinase levels) were significantly less frequent in patients aged 65 and older than in younger patients. No significant differences were observed between the two groups in the frequency of higher-severity risk classes and intensive care unit admission or in outcome (complications and mortality). CONCLUSION: Elderly patients with CAP caused by L. pneumophila had a higher frequency of underlying comorbidities and presented less frequently with fever and classical nonrespiratory symptoms and laboratory abnormalities of Legionnaires' disease than younger patients, although greater severity of illness at onset and higher mortality were not significantly different between the two age groups.

Does heart failure therapy differ according to patient sex?

OBJECTIVES: To assess differences in clinical characteristics, treatment and outcome between men and women with heart failure (HF) treated at a multidisciplinary HF unit. All patients had their first unit visit between August 2001 and April 2004. PATIENTS: We studied 350 patients, 256 men, with a mean age of 65 +/- 10.6 years. In order to assess the pharmacological intervention more homogeneously, the analysis was made at one year of follow-up. RESULTS: Women were significantly older than men (69 +/- 8.8 years vs. 63.6 +/- 10.9 years, p < 0.001). Significant differences were found in the HF etiology and in co-morbidities. A higher proportion of men were treated with ACEI (83% vs. 68%, p < 0.001) while more women received ARB (18% vs. 8%, p = 0.006), resulting in a similar percentage of patients receiving either of these two drugs (men 91% vs. women 87%). No significant differences were observed in the percentage of patients receiving beta-blockers, loop diuretics, spironolactone, anticoagulants, amiodarone, nitrates or statins. More women received digoxin (39% vs. 22%, p = 0.001) and more men aspirin (41% vs. 31%, p = 0.004). Carvedilol doses were higher in men (29.4 +/- 18.6 vs. 23.8 +/- 16.4, p = 0.03), ACEI doses were similar between sexes, and furosemide doses were higher in women (66 mg +/- 26.2 vs. 56 mg +/- 26.2, p < 0.05). Mortality at 1 year after treatment analysis was similar between sexes (10.4% men vs. 10.5% women). CONCLUSIONS: Despite significant differences in age, etiology and co-morbidities, differences in treatment between men and women treated at a multidisciplinary HF unit were small. Mortality at 1 year after treatment analysis was similar for both sexes.

[Clinical, echocardiographic and prognostic evaluation of atrial fibrillation in patients with heart failure]. / Valoración clínica, ecocardiográfica y pronóstica de la fibrilación auricular en pacientes con insuficiencia cardíaca.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: We aimed to assess the prevalence of atrial fibrillation (AF) in a general heart failure (HF) population admitted to a HF unit, analyze the parameters associated with AF, and evaluate its prognostic significance. PATIENTS AND METHOD: 389 patients, 64 with AF at the first visit. Mean (SD) age was 65.38 (10.77) years and 72.5% were men. The main etiology was ischemic heart disease (59.9%). Mean ejection fraction (EF) was 32.25% (13%). Vital status at 2 years was available in 377 patients (97%), 314 in sinus rhythm (SR) and 63 in AF. RESULTS: The prevalence of AF was 15.8%. AF was associated with: older age, female gender, valvular and hypertensive etiology, longer time since the onset of HF symptoms, higher EF, higher left atrium diameter, degree of mitral regurgitation, and lower quality of life, but not with the NYHA functional class. The 2-years mortality (16.7%) was significantly higher in patients with AF (33.3% vs 18.4%; OR = 2.20; 95% confidence interval, 1.21-4). However, when adjusted for other relevant variables such as age, NYHA functional class, ejection fraction, sex and etiology, AF did not remain as an independent prognostic factor. The strongest mortality differences between patients with AF and those with SR where observed in ischemic heart disease and dilated cardiomyopathy. CONCLUSIONS: AF was associated mainly with age, valvular and hypertensive etiology, higher left atrium diameter and lower end-systolic left ventricular diameter. Two years mortality was significantly higher in patients with AF, although other parameters such as age and NYHA functional class had a higher prognostic value.

Ezetimibe, a promising lipid-lowering agent for the treatment of dyslipidaemia in HIV-infected patients with poor response to statins.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the efficacy, safety, and pharmacokinetic interactions of ezetimibe in HIV-infected patients with poorly controlled antiretroviral-associated dyslipidaemia while taking pravastatin alone. DESIGN: A prospective, open-label, one-arm study of 24 weeks duration. PATIENTS AND SETTING: Nineteen patients (18 on stable HAART), with low density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol values of > or = 130 mg/dl despite the use of pravastatin. METHODS: Ezetimibe, 10 mg/day, was added to pravastatin 20 mg/day, while patients maintained the same antiretroviral regimen. Determinations of total, LDL-, and high density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol, triglycerides, apoproteins, and inflammatory factors (homocystein and C-reactive protein) were performed at baseline, and at weeks 6, 12, and 24. Liver enzymes and creatinine phosphokinase were also assessed. Protease inhibitor (PI) or non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) Cmin was determined just before and 12 weeks after ezetimibe introduction. RESULTS: At week 24, 61.5% of patients achieved the endpoint of the study (LDL-cholesterol < 130 mg/dl). Significant declines in mean total and LDL-cholesterol levels were observed between baseline and weeks 6, 12, and 24, irrespective of antiretroviral type (PI or NNRTI). Mean HDL-cholesterol and apoprotein A increased significantly. No patients discontinued therapy due to intolerance or presented toxicity of grade 2 or more. No differences were observed in lopinavir or nevirapine Cmin measured just before and 12 weeks after ezetimibe introduction. CONCLUSION: The addition of ezetimibe to ongoing pravastatin seems to be an effective and safe option for HIV-infected patients not achieving the NCEP ATPIII LDL-cholesterol goals while receiving a statin alone. Its high tolerability and the lack of interactions with the cytochrome CYP3A4 indicate that ezetimibe will not increase the risk of toxicity or pharmacokinetic interactions with antiretrovirals.

The effect of atorvastatin treatment on HIV-1-infected patients interrupting antiretroviral therapy.

We conducted a pilot study to assess the effect of atorvastatin on HIV replication. Patients with stable HAART-controlled infection interrupted therapy and were randomly assigned to a control group or to start atorvastatin 40 or 80 mg/day. Statin groups showed lower serum cholesterol but similar viral loads and CD4 T-cell counts to the control group at weeks 4 and 12. Paradoxically, baseline serum cholesterol, but not atorvastatin, influenced viral rebound at week 4.

High prevalence of human papillomavirus infection in the anus, penis and mouth in HIV-positive men.

Human papillomavirus (HPV) types are associated with squamous cell cancers. HIV infection is linked with a higher prevalence of anal HPV infection. It is important to assess whether HPV is present in other body parts involved in sexual practices to establish a cancer prevention program. A high prevalence of high-risk HPV types was present in the anus, penis and mouth (78, 36 and 30%, respectively) in a cohort of HIV-infected males (men who have sex with men and heterosexual), without evidence of pathology in these areas.

Significant reductions of HIV prevalence but not of hepatitis C virus infections in injection drug users from metropolitan Barcelona: 1987-2001.

OBJECTIVES: To characterize trends from 1987 to 2001 in the prevalence of HIV and HCV infections among 2219 injection drug users (IDUs) starting treatment for substance abuse in two large hospitals in metropolitan Barcelona. METHODS: The study population comprised IDUs with HIV tests completed from 1987 to 2001 and admitted for detoxification. Testing for HCV started in 1991 (n=1132). Characterization of temporal trends was carried out using logistic regression methods. Stratification was used to describe possible heterogeneities of the temporal trends. RESULTS: The overall prevalence of HIV, HCV, and HBV (HBsAg+) was 55%, 88%, and 7%, respectively. Adjusted by duration of IDU, sex, and age at initiation, the prevalence of HIV infection declined significantly (p<0.001) from 1989 to 2004. The substantially higher prevalence of HCV showed a decline (p=0.065) of lesser magnitude. The decline of HIV infection was consistently observed among those with duration of IDU of less than 10 years. In turn, the decline of HCV was restricted to those with short duration of IDU (<4 years) because the prevalence of HCV infection was close to 100% for durations longer than 4 years in all calendar periods. CONCLUSIONS: Preventive interventions and treatment for substance abuse might have contributed to the waning of the HIV epidemic in Spain. However, the extremely high levels of HCV infection and the underlying prevalence of HIV might lead to a large health burden of liver disease.

[Superheat-and-flush effect on the control of hospital-acquired Legionella infection]. / Choque térmico como medida de control de un brote de legionelosis hospitalaria.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Superheat-and-flush is one of the methods of disinfection used against Legionella in hospital water distribution systems. An outbreak of nosocomial legionellosis (NL) was detected in the hospital Germans Trias i Pujol in January 1996. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of this disinfection technique at an environmental and clinical level. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Water samples were collected daily from central and tap water points 3 days prior to 15 days after superheating and flushing. Clinical surveillance of NL was performed 30 consecutive days following disinfection. RESULTS: After superheat-and-flush, the inoculum of Legionella pneumophila decreased in the central points but increased after day 11, achieving maximum values at 15 days. On the other hand, L. pneumophila was not detected in tap water points after 4 days but recolonization was observed after day 7, achieving 66% at day 9. No clinical cases of NL were detected during the study period. CONCLUSIONS: Superheat-and-flush is an effective albeit transitory method of rapid disinfection in outbreaks of NL.