IL10 haplotypes are associated with diabetic nephropathy susceptibility in patients from western Mexico.

INTRODUCTION: Diabetic Nephropathy (DN) is the main cause of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in diabetic patients. An IL-10 imbalance could be related to renal hypertrophy and trigger to nephropathy. Three promoter polymorphisms (-1082G>A, -819C>T, and -592C>A) at IL10 gene have been associated with changes in the IL-10 expression and DN susceptibility. Therefore, the aim of this study was to analyze this association in Mexican patients with DN. METHODS: We conducted a case-control study on 128 patients with DN and 150 control subjects (CS) from western Mexico. All patients were tested for IL10 polymorphisms by PCR-RFLP. Allele frequencies, genotypes, and haplotypes were compared between groups. The significant haplotypes were correlated with patient clinical features. RESULTS: IL10 gene ATC haplotype (-1082A/-819T/-592C) was found significantly more frequent in DN patients than in CS (P < 0.001; OR = 3.6, 95% CI: 1.7-7.4). Similarly GTA (-1082G/-819T/-592A) haplotype was more frequent in DN patients than CS with significant differences (P < 0.05; OR = 4.02, 95% CI: 1.10-14.78). There were no correlations between IL10 haplotypes and clinical parameters in patients with DN. However, that there is a trend of higher serum urea levels and lower eGFR in ATC haplotype carriers compared to carriers of the other haplotypes (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that IL10 promoter haplotypes ATC and GTA carriers have a higher risk factor to develop DN in the western Mexican population.

Determinación del estado nutricional mediante el ángulo de fase en pacientes en hemodiálisis.

INTRODUCTION: Multi-frequency bio-impedance analysis (BIA) accurately evaluates body composition. OBJECTIVE: To assess nutritional status and its relationship with body mass index (BMI) or with BIA-obtained phase angle in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) on hemodialysis. METHOD: BMI, BIA and dialysis malnutrition score (DMS) were assessed in 99 patients on hemodialysis (43.6 ± 17.2 years of age, 58.8% males). Multivariate linear regression analysis was used to determine BMI and phase angle independent associations with DMS. RESULTS: Malnutrition risk (DMS > 13) showed a gradual increase among patients with normal BMI and phase angle (44.4%), low BMI (45.8%), low phase angle (64.0%), and in those with both parameters at abnormal ranges (68.0%). The phase angle was the only variable that was independently associated with patient nutritional status (standardized coefficient beta -0.372, p < 0.001), accounting for 13.8% of DMS variation. CONCLUSION: Phase angle is inversely and independently associated with malnutrition risk in patients with ESRD, which suggests that BIA-assessed body composition might be better than BMI in the clinical assessment of patients with ESRD.

INTRODUCCIÓN: La bioimpedancia eléctrica multifrecuencia (BIE) evalúa con precisión la composición corporal. OBJETIVO: Investigar el estado nutricional y su relación con el índice de masa corporal (IMC) o el ángulo fase obtenido por BIE en pacientes con enfermedad renal terminal (ERT) en hemodiálisis. MÉTODO: En 99 pacientes en hemodiálisis (43.6 ± 17.2 años, 58.8 % varones) se evaluó IMC, BIE y puntuación de desnutrición (DMS, Dialysis Malnutrition Score). La independencia de las asociaciones del IMC y el ángulo fase con el DMS se determinó con regresión lineal múltiple. RESULTADOS: El riesgo de desnutrición (DMS > 13) se incrementó gradualmente entre los sujetos con IMC y ángulo fase normales (44.4 %), IMC bajo (45.8 %), ángulo fase bajo (64.0 %) y en aquellos con ambos parámetros anormales (68.0 %). El ángulo fase fue la única variable asociada independientemente con el estado nutricional de los pacientes (coeficiente beta estandarizado −0.372, p < 0.001), lo que explicó 13.8 % de la variación en el DMS. CONCLUSIONES: El ángulo fase se asocia inversa e independientemente con el riesgo de desnutrición en pacientes con ERT, lo que sugiere que la composición corporal evaluada por BIE pudiera ser mejor que el IMC en la valoración clínica de pacientes con esta enfermedad.

Insertion/deletion polymorphism of the angiotensin-converting enzyme gene in lupus nephritis among Mexicans.

UNLABELLED: The angiotensin (Ang)-converting enzyme (ACE) insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism determines Ang II levels, but its relationship with lupus nephritis (LN) in different populations is controversial. OBJECTIVE: To describe the allelic and genotypic distribution of the I/D polymorphism in Mexican mestizos with LN and assess an association with histological classes. METHODS: We included 24 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) without nephropathy, 41 with LN, 144 healthy subjects, and 36 with primary glomerulonephritis (GMN). Three ACE I/D polymorphism genotypes-ID, DD, and II--were detected by PCR using peripheral blood genomic DNA. RESULTS: Frequencies for II, ID, and DD were 0.29, 0.46, and 0.25 in the SLE group; 0.17, 0.63, and 0.20 in the LN group; 0.14, 0.5, and 0.36 in the GMN group; and 0.26, 0.52, and 0.22 among healthy subjects. The I/D polymorphism distribution according to histological class was class II: 1 II, 3 ID, and 1 DD; class III: 2 II, 10 ID, and 1 DD; class IV: 2 II, 9 ID, and 2 DD; class V: 2 II, 3 ID, and 4 DD; and class VI, 1 II. The histological classes with at least three patients had ID genotype as the most frequent except for class V. CONCLUSION: No association was identified between I/D polymorphisms of ACE and SLE, LN, or GMN in a Mexican population.

Antimicrobial Effect of Simira ecuadorensis Extracts and Their Impact on Improving Shelf Life in Chicken and Fish Products.

The objective of this work was to evaluate the antimicrobial potential of different extracts of Simira ecuadorensis, a characteristic plant of Ecuador, and to validate its potential as a food preservative. Four extracts referred to as ethanol, ethanol-water (50:50 v/v), spray-dried, and freeze-dried were obtained under different processes. Initially, their antimicrobial activities were evaluated against a wide group of microorganisms consisting of 20 pathogenic and spoilage microbial strains found in foods through the agar diffusion method. Then, the extracts with the best yields and antimicrobial properties against microorganisms of greatest interest were selected to determine their effect on model foods preserved under normal commercial conditions through challenge tests. Spray-dried and ethanol-water extracts were tested for their ability to inhibit C. jejuni in chicken model products, where is a common pathogen and Shew. putrefaciens in fish model products as it is a spoilage microorganism frequently found in fish. One solid and one liquid were chosen as model foods: burger and broth, respectively. Campylobacter jejuni and Shewanella putrefaciens were effectively inhibited by the four extracts with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 80 mg/mL. Bacillus cereus, Yersinia enterocolitica, Clostridium perfringens, and Leuconostoc mesenteroides were also inhibited by ethanolic extract. The ethanol-water extract showed greater antimicrobial activity in fish products, whereas spray-dried extract had low growth inhibition of C. jejuni in chicken burgers; however, it was quite effective on C. jejuni in broth. The spray-dried extract significantly decreased the pH of the chicken burgers, while the ethanolic extract had a slight impact on the pH of the fish burgers. The presence of antibacterial effects revealed that the S. ecuadorensis extracts could be potentially used in food preservation and as a natural antimicrobial.

The Antioxidant Effect of Colombian Berry (Vaccinium meridionale Sw.) Extracts to Prevent Lipid Oxidation during Pork Patties Shelf-Life.

A scarce amount of knowledge about the use of Colombian berry (CB) in meat products is available in the literature. This work studies the impact of the addition of CB extracts (CBE) on pork patties at three different concentrations in the range 250-750 mg/kg. CBE were characterized in terms of their polyphenolic profile and antioxidant activity [1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging capacity, half maximal inhibitory antioxidant concentration (IC50), 2,2'-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS), ferric reducing antioxidant power assay (FRAP) and oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) tests)]. After pork patties elaboration, instrumental and sensorial colour, as well as lipid oxidation measured as thiobarbituric acid reactive substances assay (TBARS) values, were evaluated for 10 days of refrigerated storage in a modified atmosphere (80% O2-20% CO2). The total anthocyanin composition represented 35% of the polyphenolic substances of the CBE, highlighting high contents in cyanidin derivatives. Additionally, other flavonoids (quercetin and kaempferol compounds) and phenolics acids, substances positively related to antioxidant activity, were identified and quantified. In addition, the incorporation of CBE resulted in improvements in colour and lipid stability of pork patties, especially for the highest concentration used. Our findings demonstrated that CBE could be added to pork patties without impairing their sensorial profile. Overall, our results indicate that the use of CBE as a source of natural antioxidant, natural colourant, or even as a functional ingredient could be promising, but more studies are necessary to confirm it.

Loss of muscle strength in patients under hemodialysis evaluated by dynamometry in the Mexican population.

INTRODUCTION: Introduction: chronic kidney disease contributes to decreased muscle strength and physical function through a decrease in muscle mass. Current evidence suggests that hemodialysis can accentuate this complication, as well as lead to deterioration of the patient's overall health. The aim of this study is to compare muscle strength in a group of Mexican patients undergoing hemodialysis, evaluated by dynamometry, with available reference values. Materials and methods: a cross-sectional study was conducted in male and female patients between 20 and 81 years of age, with stage-5 chronic kidney disease, from the outpatient Hospital General Regional No 46 of the Mexican Social Security Institute. Muscle strength was assessed by means of a mechanical dynamometer. The average value classified by age and gender was compared with the 50th percentile of a reference study. Inter-group differences were calculated with the nonparametric Mann-Whitney U-test, and correlation using Pearson's test, logistic regression, and chi-squared test. All patients signed an informed consent form. Results: a total of 150 patients, 97 (64.7 %) men and 53 (35.3 %) women, were included in the study. The mean dynamometric value for muscle strength was 21.5 ± 10.1 kg, and a significant correlation was found with age, weight, and hemoglobin concentration. Conclusion: patients undergoing hemodialysis treatment for chronic kidney disease were found to be at the 10th percentile for muscle strength, as measured by dynamometry, thus demonstrating a marked decrease in muscle strength. This result could, however, also have been affected by different variables such as patient age, height, weight, glomerular filtration rate (GFR), hemoglobin concentration, serum creatinine, serum glucose, and the subjective global assessment, given that a significant association was also found between these and muscle strength.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Introducción: la enfermedad renal crónica contribuye a disminuir la fuerza muscular y la función física a través de una disminución de la masa muscular. De acuerdo con la evidencia, la hemodiálisis puede acentuar esta complicación, así como llevar al paciente a un deterioro del estado general de salud. El objetivo de la investigación fue comparar la fuerza muscular de pacientes con hemodiálisis, evaluada mediante dinamometría en una población mexicana, con los valores de referencia. Material y métodos: se realizó un estudio transversal en pacientes masculinos y femeninos de 20 a 81 años, con enfermedad renal crónica en estadio 5, del área de consulta externa del Hospital General Regional No 46 del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social. La fuerza muscular se evaluó por medio de un dinamómetro mecánico. El valor promedio clasificado por rango de edad y género se comparó con el percentil 50 de un estudio de referencia. Las diferencias intergrupales se calcularon con la prueba no paramétrica de la U de Mann-Whitney y la correlación mediante la prueba de Pearson. Todos los pacientes firmaron la carta de consentimiento informado. Resultados: la muestra del estudio fue de 150 pacientes, 97 (64,7 %) hombres y 53 (35,3 %) mujeres. De acuerdo con la dinamometría, la media fue de 21,5 ± 10,1 kg; se demostró una correlación significativa entre la edad, el peso y la hemoglobina. Conclusión: se encontró que los pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica sometidos a hemodiálisis se encontraban en el percentil 10 de fuerza muscular, medido por dinamometría, lo que demuestra una disminución marcada de dicha fuerza muscular. Sin embargo, este resultado también podría verse afectado por diferentes variables, como la edad del paciente, la altura, el peso, la tasa de filtración glomerular (TFG), la concentración de hemoglobina, la creatinina sérica, la glucosa sérica y la evaluación global subjetiva, dado que se encontró una asociación significativa entre estos factores y la fuerza muscular.

Tumor necrosis factor alpha -238 G/A and -308 G/A polymorphisms and soluble TNF-α levels in chronic kidney disease: correlation with clinical variables.

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is characterized by accumulation of proinflammatory cytokines, mainly tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α). Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of TNFA gene, including -238 G/A and -308 G/A, have been associated with alteration in the soluble TNF-α (sTNF-α) expression. The aim was to investigate the association of -238 y -308 TNFA gene SNPs with sTNF-α levels in CKD patients. We included 150 CKD patients and 192 control subjects (CS). Both SNPs were genotyped with polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism technique and sTNF-α levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The genotypic distribution of -238 and -308 SNPs was not significantly different between CKD patients and CS (p > 0.001). However, the sTNF-α levels were higher in CKD, compared to CS (p < 0.001). Also, sTNF-α correlated with creatinine (r = 0.279, p = 0.004), urea (r = 0.325, p = 0.001), phosphorus (r = 0.479, p = 0.001), glomerular filtration rate (r = -0.236, p = 0.019) and monocyte count (r = 0.276, p = 0.010). In conclusion, elevated sTNF-α levels are associated with CKD. However, the -238 and -308 TNFA gene SNPs were not associated with susceptibility to CKD and sTNF-α levels in a Mexican population.

Determinación del estado nutricional mediante el ángulo de fase en pacientes en hemodiálisis / Determination of nutritional status by phase angle in hemodialysis patients

Resumen Introducción: La bioimpedancia eléctrica multifrecuencia (BIE) evalúa con precisión la composición corporal. Objetivo: Investigar el estado nutricional y su relación con el índice de masa corporal (IMC) o el ángulo fase obtenido por BIE en pacientes con enfermedad renal terminal (ERT) en hemodiálisis. Método: En 99 pacientes en hemodiálisis (43.6 ± 17.2 años, 58.8 % varones) se evaluó IMC, BIE y puntuación de desnutrición (DMS, Dialysis Malnutrition Score). La independencia de las asociaciones del IMC y el ángulo fase con el DMS se determinó con regresión lineal múltiple. Resultados: El riesgo de desnutrición (DMS > 13) se incrementó gradualmente entre los sujetos con IMC y ángulo fase normales (44.4 %), IMC bajo (45.8 %), ángulo fase bajo (64.0 %) y en aquellos con ambos parámetros anormales (68.0 %). El ángulo fase fue la única variable asociada independientemente con el estado nutricional de los pacientes (coeficiente beta estandarizado −0.372, p < 0.001), lo que explicó 13.8 % de la variación en el DMS. Conclusiones: El ángulo fase se asocia inversa e independientemente con el riesgo de desnutrición en pacientes con ERT, lo que sugiere que la composición corporal evaluada por BIE pudiera ser mejor que el IMC en la valoración clínica de pacientes con esta enfermedad.

Abstract Introduction: Multi-frequency bio-impedance analysis (BIA) accurately evaluates body composition. Objective: To assess nutritional status and its relationship with body mass index (BMI) or with BIA-obtained phase angle in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) on hemodialysis. Method: BMI, BIA and dialysis malnutrition score (DMS) were assessed in 99 patients on hemodialysis (43.6 ± 17.2 years of age, 58.8% males). Multivariate linear regression analysis was used to determine BMI and phase angle independent associations with DMS. Results: Malnutrition risk (DMS > 13) showed a gradual increase among patients with normal BMI and phase angle (44.4%), low BMI (45.8%), low phase angle (64.0%), and in those with both parameters at abnormal ranges (68.0%). The phase angle was the only variable that was independently associated with patient nutritional status (standardized coefficient beta −0.372, p < 0.001), accounting for 13.8% of DMS variation. Conclusion: Phase angle is inversely and independently associated with malnutrition risk in patients with ESRD, which suggests that BIA-assessed body composition might be better than BMI in the clinical assessment of patients with ESRD.