Homelessness predicts attrition but not alcohol abstinence in outpatients experiencing co-occurring alcohol dependence and serious mental illness.

BACKGROUND: Adults experiencing homelessness and serious mental illnesses (SMI) are at an increased risk of poor mental health and treatment outcomes compared with stably housed adults with SMI. The additional issue of alcohol misuse further complicates the difficulties of those living with homelessness and SMI. In this secondary data analysis, the authors investigated the impact of homelessness on attrition and alcohol use in a contingency management (CM) intervention that rewarded alcohol abstinence in outpatients with SMI. METHODS: The associations between housing status and attrition and alcohol abstinence during treatment, as assessed by ethyl glucuronide (EtG) urine tests, were evaluated in 79 adults diagnosed with alcohol dependence and SMI. RESULTS: Thirty-nine percent (n = 31) of participants reported being homeless at baseline. Individuals who were homeless were more likely to drop out of CM (n = 10, 62.5%) than those who were housed (n = 4, 16.7%), χ2(1) = 8.86, P < .05. Homelessness was not associated with attrition in the noncontingent control group. Accounting for treatment group and prerandomization EtG levels, neither the effect of housing status nor the interaction of housing status and group were associated with EtG-assessed alcohol abstinence during treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Individuals experiencing homelessness and co-occurring alcohol dependence and SMI receiving CM had higher rates of attrition, relative to those who were housed. Homelessness was not associated with differences in biologically assessed alcohol abstinence.

User Experience Evaluation of a Smoking Cessation App in People With Serious Mental Illness.

INTRODUCTION: Smoking rates among people with serious mental illness are 3 to 4 times higher than the general population, yet currently there are no smoking cessation apps specifically designed to address this need. We report the results of a User Experience (UX) evaluation of a National Cancer Institute smoking cessation app, QuitPal, and provide user centered design data that can be used to tailor smoking cessation apps for this population. METHODS: Two hundred forty hours of field experience with QuitPal, 10 hours of recorded interviews and task performances, usage logs and a self-reported usability scale, informed the results of our study. Participants were five individuals recruited from a community mental health clinic with a reported serious mental illness history. Performance, self-reports, usage logs and interview data were triangulated to identify critical usability errors and UX themes emerging from this population. RESULTS: Data suggests QuitPal has below average levels of usability, elevated time on task performances and required considerable amounts of guidance. UX themes provided critical information to tailor smoking cessation apps for this population, such as the importance of breaking down "cessation" into smaller steps and use of a reward system. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first study to examine the UX of a smoking cessation app among people with serious mental illness. Data from this study will inform future research efforts to expand the effectiveness and reach of smoking cessation apps for this highly nicotine dependent yet under-served population. IMPLICATIONS: Data from this study will inform future research efforts to expand the effectiveness and reach of smoking cessation apps for people with serious mental illness, a highly nicotine dependent yet under-served population.

Determining ethyl glucuronide cutoffs when detecting self-reported alcohol use in addiction treatment patients.

BACKGROUND: Ethyl glucuronide (EtG) is an alcohol biomarker with potential utility as a clinical research and alcohol treatment outcome. Debate exists regarding the appropriate cutoff level for determining alcohol use, particularly with the EtG immunoassay. This study determined the EtG immunoassay cutoff levels that most closely correspond to self-reported drinking in alcohol-dependent outpatients. METHODS: Eighty adults with alcohol dependence and mental illness, taking part in an alcohol treatment study, provided urine samples 3 times per week for up to 16 weeks (1,589 samples). Self-reported drinking during 120 hours prior to each sample collection was assessed. Receiver operating characteristic analyses were conducted to assess the ability of the EtG immunoassay to detect self-reported alcohol use across 24- to 120-hour time periods. Sensitivity and specificity of EtG immunoassay cutoff levels was compared in 100 ng/ml increments (100 to 500 ng/ml) across 24 to 120 hours. RESULTS: Over half (57%) of the 1,589 samples indicated recent alcohol consumption. The EtG immunoassay closely corresponded to self-reported drinking from 24 (area under the curve [AUC] = 0.90, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.88, 0.92) to 120 hours (AUC = 0.88, 95% CI: 0.87, 0.90). When cutoff levels were compared across 24 to 120 hours, 100 ng/ml had the highest sensitivity (0.93 to 0.78) and lowest specificity (0.67 to 0.85). Relative to 100 ng/ml, the 200 ng/ml cutoff demonstrated a reduction in sensitivity (0.89 to 0.67), but improved specificity (0.78 to 0.94). The 300, 400, and 500 ng/ml cutoffs demonstrated the lowest sensitivity (0.86 to 0.33) and highest specificity (0.86 to 0.97) over 24 to 120 hours. CONCLUSIONS: For detecting alcohol use for >24 hours, the 200 ng/ml cutoff level is recommended for use as a research and clinical outcome.

Addiction and suicide: A review.

BACKGROUND: Addiction specialists frequently find themselves faced with suicidal behavior in their addictions patients. Although many addiction treatment programs will not accept clients with recent suicidal behavior, up to 40% of patients seeking treatment for substance dependence report a history of suicide attempt(s).(1-3) Risk factors for suicide have been studied in the general population and among people with mental illness, less is known about risk factors in those with substance use disorders and co-occurring disorders. METHODS: Studies, psychological autopsies and recent reviews on risk factors for suicide and suicide attempts in patients with alcohol and drug use disorders and the relationship with co-occurring mental illness were examined. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Suicidal behavior is a significant problem for people with co-occurring disorders seeking addiction treatment. Several predisposing and precipitating risk factors such as marital and interpersonal relationship disruption, occupational and financial stressors, recent heavy substance use and intoxication as well as a history of previous suicide attempts and sexual abuse combine in an additive fashion with personality traits and mental illnesses to intensify risk for suicidal behavior in addiction patients. Major depression, bipolar disorder, borderline personality disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder are especially associated with suicidal behavior in people with addictive disorders. DISCUSSION AND SCIENTIFIC SIGNIFICANCE: Treatment implications of these findings are discussed. Addiction treatment providers should routinely gather information about client's suicidal histories, thoughts, and plans in order to assess risk and develop treatment plans for suicidality at various points in treatment.

High levels of agreement between clinic-based ethyl glucuronide (EtG) immunoassays and laboratory-based mass spectrometry.

BACKGROUND: Immunoassay urine drug screening cups that detect use for two or more days are commonly used in addiction treatment settings. Until recently, there has been no comparable immunoassay test for alcohol use in these settings. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to assess the agreement of a commercially available ethyl glucuronide immunoassay (EtG-I) test conducted at an outpatient addiction clinic and lab-based EtG mass spectrometry (EtG-MS) conducted at a drug testing laboratory at three cut-off levels. High agreement between these two measures would support the usefulness of EtG-I as a clinical tool for monitoring alcohol use. METHODS: Forty adults with co-occurring alcohol dependence and serious mental illnesses submitted 1068 urine samples over a 16-week alcohol treatment study. All samples were tested using EtG-I on a benchtop analyzer and 149 were randomly selected for EtG-MS analysis at a local laboratory. Agreement was defined as the number of samples where EtG-I and EtG-MS were both above or below a specific cut-off level. Agreement was calculated at low cut-off levels (100 and 250 ng/ml), as well as at a higher cut-off level (500 ng/ml) recommended by most by commercial drug testing laboratories. RESULTS: Agreement between EtG-I and EtG-MS was high across all cut-off levels (90.6% at 100 ng/ml, and 96.6% at 250 and 500 ng/ml). CONCLUSIONS: EtG immunoassays conducted at low cut-off levels in point-of-care testing settings have high agreement with lab-based EtG-MS. EtG-I can be considered a useful clinical monitoring tool for alcohol use in community-based addiction treatment settings.

Extended-release naltrexone and harm reduction counseling for chronically homeless people with alcohol dependence.

BACKGROUND: Abstinence-based alcohol interventions are minimally desirable to and effective for chronically homeless individuals with alcohol dependence who have multimorbidity and high publicly funded service utilization and associated costs. Lower-barrier, patient-centered combined pharmacobehavioral interventions may more effectively treat this population. Harm reduction counseling involves a nonjudgmental, empathic style and patient-driven goal setting that requires neither abstinence nor use reduction. Extended-release naltrexone (XR-NTX), a monthly injectable formulation of an opioid receptor antagonist, reduces craving, is safe and effective for active drinkers, and may thereby support harm reduction goal setting. The aims of this 12-week, single-arm pilot were to initially document some aspects of feasibility, acceptability, and alcohol outcomes following XR-NTX administration and harm reduction counseling for chronically homeless individuals with alcohol dependence. METHODS: Participants were currently/formerly chronically homeless, alcohol-dependent individuals (N = 31) from 2 community-based agencies in the US Pacific Northwest. Measures included self-reported alcohol craving, quantity/frequency, problems, and biomarkers (ethyl glucuronide [EtG], liver transaminases). XR-NTX and harm reduction counseling were administered monthly over the 3-month treatment course. RESULTS: Of the 45 individuals approached, 43 were interested in participation. The first injection was received by 31 participants, and 24 complied with all study procedures. Participants reported the treatment was acceptable. Participants evinced decreases in alcohol craving (33%), typical (25%) and peak (34%) use, frequency (17%), problems (60%), and EtG from the baseline to the 12-week follow-up (Ps < .05). CONCLUSIONS: XR-NTX and harm reduction counseling are promising means of supporting reductions in alcohol use and alcohol-related harm among chronically homeless, alcohol-dependent individuals.

Acceptability of contingency management among clinicians and clients within a co-occurring mental health and substance use treatment program.

BACKGROUND: Emerging evidence supports the effectiveness of contingency management (CM) for addictions treatment among individuals with co-occurring serious mental illness (SMI). Addiction treatment for people with SMI generally occurs within community mental health centers (CMHCs) and it is not known whether CM is acceptable within this context. Client views regarding CM are also unknown. OBJECTIVES: This study is the first to describe CM acceptability among CMHC clinicians, and the first to explore client views. Clinician-level predictors of CM acceptability are also examined. METHODS: This study examined views about CM among 80 clinicians and 29 clients within a CMHC within the context of a concurrent CM study. RESULTS: Three-quarters of clinicians reported they would use CM if funding were available. Clinicians and clients affirmed that incentives enhance abstinence motivation. Clinician CM acceptability was related to greater years of experience, and identifying as an addictions or co-occurring disorders counselor, more than a mental health clinician. CONCLUSIONS: The findings provide preliminary evidence that CMHC clinicians, serving clients with addictions and complicating SMI, and client participants in CM, view CM as motivating and a positive tool to facilitate recovery. SCIENTIFIC SIGNIFICANCE: As an evidence-based intervention, CM warrants further efforts toward funding and dissemination in CMHCs.

Validation of the co-occurring disorder quadrant model.

The co-occurring disorders quadrant model has been used as a framework for characterizing the heterogeneity in persons with low- and high-severity substance use and psychiatric disorders. This study investigated the validity and stability of the quadrant model in 155 adults who presented to one county hospital with psychiatric, substance use, or medical complaints. Quadrant placement was defined using data that is routinely gathered in clinical care or available in administrative data sets (i.e., substance dependence diagnosis, Global Assessment of Functioning scores). Fifty-four percent (n = 84) of study participants were categorized into quadrant IV (high-severity psychiatric/substance use), followed by quadrant I (low-severity psychiatric/substance use) (n = 32, 21%), quadrant II (high-severity psychiatric & low-severity substance use) (n = 25, 16%), and quadrant III (low-severity psychiatric & high-severity substance use) (n = 14, 9%). Quadrant placement was correlated with psychiatric and/or substance use diagnoses, psychiatric symptom severity, drug/alcohol toxicology and psychiatric and substance use health utilization, supporting the concurrent validity of the model. Initial quadrant placement was correlated with validity measures administered at three-month follow-up supporting predictive validity of the model. Initial and follow-up quadrant placement was significantly correlated suggesting stability of the quadrant model. Data support the validity of the quadrant model for application in clinical and administrative purposes.

Exploring barriers to primary care for patients with severe mental illness: frontline patient and provider accounts.

The goal of this study was to obtain in-depth descriptions of barriers to primary care for adults with serious mental illness (SMI) and to provide solutions to these barriers. Qualitative interviews were administered to mental health and medical providers, as well as patients. Several major themes were reported including: poor access to care; patient limitations (e.g., psychopathology, cognitive difficulties); societal, health care system, and provider bias; integrated/fragmented care, communication difficulties; and quality of care issues. Results point to a need for nursing professionals to continue to improve access to medical care for this population, as well as to continue to integrate mental health and primary care.

Delivering Remote Measurement-Based Care in Community Addiction Treatment: Engagement and Usability Over a 6-Month Clinical Pilot.

Objective: Measurement-based care (MBC) is an evidence-based practice in which patients routinely complete standardized measures throughout treatment to help monitor clinical progress and inform clinical decision-making. Despite its potential benefits, MBC is rarely used in community-based substance use disorder (SUD) treatment. In this pilot study, we evaluated the feasibility of incorporating a digital and remotely delivered MBC system into SUD treatment within a community setting by characterizing patients' and clinicians' engagement with and usability ratings toward the MBC system that was piloted. Methods: A pilot study was conducted with 30 patients receiving SUD treatment and eight clinicians providing SUD treatment in a large, publicly funded addiction and mental health treatment clinic. Services as usual within the clinic included individual psychotherapy, case management, group therapy, peer support, and medication management for mental health and SUD, including buprenorphine. Patients who enrolled in the pilot continued to receive services as usual and were automatically sent links to complete a 22-item questionnaire, called the weekly check-in, via text message or email weekly for 24 weeks. Results of the weekly check-in were summarized on a clinician-facing web-based dashboard. Engagement was characterized by calculating the mean number of weekly check-ins completed by patients and the mean number times clinicians logged into the MBC system. Ratings of the MBC system's usability and clinical utility were provided by patients and clinicians. Results: Patient participants (53.3% male, 56.7% white, 90% Medicaid enrolled) completed a mean of 20.60 weekly check-ins (i.e., 85.8% of the 24 expected per patient). All but one participating clinician with a patient enrolled in the study logged into the clinician-facing dashboard at least once, with an average of 12.20 logins per clinician. Patient and clinician ratings of usability and clinical utility were favorable: most patients agreed with statements that the weekly check-in was easy to navigate and aided self-reflection. All clinicians who completed usability questionnaires agreed with statements indicating that the dashboard was easy to navigate and that it provided meaningful information for SUD treatment. Conclusions: A digital and remotely delivered MBC system can yield high rates of patient and clinician engagement and high ratings of usability and clinical utility when added into SUD treatment as usual. The success of this clinical pilot may be attributable, in part, to the user-centered design processes that were used to develop and refine the MBC system that was piloted. Future efforts may focus on strategies to test whether MBC can be sustainably implemented and offers clinical benefits to patients in community SUD treatment settings.

Effectiveness of a Suicide Prevention Module for Adults in Substance Use Disorder Treatment: A Stepped-Wedge Cluster-Randomized Clinical Trial.

Importance: Individuals with substance use disorders (SUDs) are at high risk for suicide. The Preventing Addiction Related Suicide (PARS) module is the first suicide prevention module developed in and for community substance use intensive outpatient programs (IOPs). Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of PARS on suicide-related outcomes (ie, knowledge, attitudes, and help-seeking behavior) compared with usual care. Design, Setting, and Participants: This stepped-wedge cluster-randomized clinical trial was conducted from 2017 to 2020, with follow-up assessments conducted after treatment and at 1, 3, and 6 months. Participants included adult outpatients in SUD treatment at community IOPs across western Washington state. Data were analyzed from July 1, 2020, to January 20, 2022. Interventions: The intervention, PARS, was a 1-session secondary prevention module administered by trained SUD counselors consisting of didactic presentations and group discussions about suicide risk factors, warning signs, and actions to take if suicide risk is observed in self or others. The control group received usual care. Main Outcomes and Measures: Primary outcomes were suicide knowledge, attitudes about suicide, and help-seeking behavior among patients enrolled in an IOP. Results: A total of 906 participants (mean [SD] age, 37.5 [12.0] years; 540 [59.6%] men) were included, with 478 participants receiving usual care and 428 participants receiving PARS. In intent-to-treat analysis from baseline to after treatment, there was a greater improvement in suicide knowledge (d = 0.15; 95% CI, 0.08 to 0.23; P < .001) and a greater reduction in maladaptive attitudes (d = 0.18; 95% CI, 0.14 to 0.25; P < .001) for PARS participants compared with those receiving usual care. Improvements were maintained at follow-up for suicide knowledge (1 month: d = 0.16; 95% CI, 0.07 to 0.22; P < .001; 3 months: d = 0.12; 95% CI, 0.05 to 0.19; P = .001; 6 months: d = 0.13; 95% CI, 0.06 to 0.20; P < .001) and reductions in maladaptive attitudes (1 month: d = 0.20; 95% CI, 0.12 to 0.23; P < .001; 3 months: d = 0.10; 95% CI, 0.05 to 0.16; P < .001; 6 months: d = 0.14; 95% CI, 0.09 to 0.19; P < .001), with 788 participants (87.0%) of the sample responding across time points. From baseline to 6 months, there was a greater improvement in help-seeking in the PARS group vs usual care (d = 0.16; 95% CI, 0.01 to 0.32; P = .04). Conclusions and Relevance: This stepped-wedge cluster-randomized clinical trial found that PARS was superior to usual care in improving suicide knowledge, maladaptive attitudes, and help-seeking in adults undergoing community addiction treatment. As a 1-session IOP module developed in partnership with community addiction agencies, PARS has the potential for wide impact in the national suicide prevention strategy. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03166709.

A pilot study of the accuracy of onsite immunoassay urinalysis of illicit drug use in seriously mentally ill outpatients.

OBJECTIVES: This pilot study investigated the accuracy of onsite immunoassay urinalysis of illicit drug use in 42 outpatients with co-occurring substance use disorders and serious mental illness. METHODS: Up to 40 urine samples were submitted by each participant as part of a larger study investigating the efficacy of contingency management in persons with co-occurring disorders. Each sample was analyzed for the presence of amphetamine, methamphetamine, cocaine, marijuana, and opiates or their metabolites using onsite qualitative immunoassays. One onsite urinalysis was randomly selected from each participant for confirmatory gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analyses. RESULTS: Agreement between immunoassay and GC-MS was calculated. Agreement was high, with 98% agreement for amphetamine, methamphetamine, opiate, and marijuana. Agreement for cocaine was 93%. CONCLUSIONS: Results of this pilot study support the use of onsite immunoassay screening cups as an assessment and outcome measure in adults with serious mental illness. SCIENTIFIC SIGNIFICANCE: Data suggest that onsite urinalysis screenings may be a helpful assessment tool for measuring clinical and research outcomes.

Clinical prevalence and correlates of substance use in adolescent psychiatric emergency patients.

OBJECTIVES: This study used clinical and administrative data to describe the clinical prevalence and correlates of substance use disorders (SUDs) in 622 adolescents aged 12 to 17 years who were evaluated with 1 or more psychiatric diagnoses after presenting to an urban psychiatric emergency service. METHODS: Clinical and administrative data including demographics, diagnosis, psychiatric severity, suicidality, treatment history, treatment disposition, social support, and overall functioning were retrospectively obtained from patient records. These data were used to describe the prevalence and correlates of SUDs in this sample of adolescents with psychiatric disorders. RESULTS: Twenty-eight percent of youth had an SUD. Marijuana and alcohol use disorders were the most common. The diagnosis of SUD was not associated with specific psychiatric diagnostic categories (mood, anxiety, and psychotic), psychiatric symptom severity, or suicidality, in the overall sample. There was limited evidence for a mediating/moderating effect of sex on the correlation between psychiatric measures and SUD diagnosis. Older age, SUD treatment history, and role dysfunction (ie, poor school functioning) were independently associated with any SUD diagnosis or a drug use disorder when accounting for sex. Older age and history of SUD treatment were independently correlated with alcohol use disorders. Twenty-three percent of youth with SUDs were referred for SUD treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Substance use disorders were prevalent in this population, and the rate of SUD treatment disposition was lower than anticipated. Substance use disorders were associated with lower functioning but not independently correlated with psychiatric diagnostic categories or symptom severity. This study supports the need for improved screening, intervention, and referral options for SUDs in this setting.

What do clinicians want? Understanding frontline addiction treatment clinicians' preferences and priorities to improve the design of measurement-based care technology.

BACKGROUND: Measurement-based care (MBC) is the practice of routinely administering standardized measures to support clinical decision-making and monitor treatment progress. Despite evidence of its effectiveness, MBC is rarely adopted in routine substance use disorder (SUD) treatment settings and little is known about the factors that may improve its adoptability in these settings. The current study gathered qualitative data from SUD treatment clinicians about their perceptions of MBC, the clinical outcomes they would most like to monitor in MBC, and suggestions for the design and implementation of MBC systems in their settings. METHODS: Fifteen clinicians from one publicly-funded and two privately-funded outpatient SUD treatment clinics participated in one-on-one research interviews. Interviews focused on clinicians' perceived benefits, drawbacks, and ideas related to implementing MBC technology into their clinical workflows. Interviews were audio recorded, transcribed, and coded to allow for thematic analysis using a mixed deductive and inductive approach. Clinicians also completed a card sorting task to rate the perceived helpfulness of routinely measuring and monitoring different treatment outcomes. RESULTS: Clinicians reported several potential benefits of MBC, including improved patient-provider communication, client empowerment, and improved communication between clinicians. Clinicians also expressed potential drawbacks, including concerns about subjectivity in patient self-reports, limits to personalization, increased time burdens, and needing to learn to use new technologies. Clinicians generated several ideas and preferences aimed at minimizing burden of MBC, illustrating clinical changes over time, improving ease of use, and improving personalization. Numerous patient outcomes were identified as "very helpful" to track, including coping skills, social support, and motivation for change. CONCLUSIONS: MBC may be a beneficial tool for improving clinical care in SUD treatment settings. MBC tools may be particularly adoptable if they are compatible with existing workflows, help illustrate gradual and nonlinear progress in SUD treatment, measure outcomes perceived as clinically useful, accommodate multiple use cases and stakeholder groups, and are framed as an additional source of information meant to augment, rather than replace, existing practices and information sources.

Combining behavioral harm-reduction treatment and extended-release naltrexone for people experiencing homelessness and alcohol use disorder in the USA: a randomised clinical trial.

BACKGROUND: The rate of alcohol-related mortality in people experiencing homelessness and alcohol use disorder is high and necessitates accessible and effective treatment for alcohol use disorder. However, typical abstinence-based treatments do not optimally engage this population. Recent studies have shown that harm-reduction treatment, which does not require abstinence, but instead aims to incrementally reduce alcohol-related harm and improve health-related quality of life, is acceptable to and effective for this population. The aim of this study was to test the efficacy of combined pharmacological and behavioural harm-reduction treatment for alcohol use disorder (HaRT-A) in people experiencing homelessness and alcohol use disorder. METHODS: This randomised clinical trial was done at three community-based service sites (low-barrier shelters and housing programmes) in Seattle (WA, USA). Eligible participants were adults (aged 21-65 years) who met the DSM-IV-TR criteria for alcohol use disorder and who experienced homelessness in the past year. Participants were randomly assigned (1:1:1:1) by permuted block randomisation, stratified by site, to receive either HaRT-A plus intramuscular injections of 380 mg extended-release naltrexone (XR-NTX; HaRT-A plus XR-NTX group); HaRT-A plus placebo injection (HaRT-A plus placebo group); HaRT-A alone (HaRT-A alone group); or community-based supportive services as usual (services-as-usual control group). Patients assigned to receive HaRT-A attended sessions at baseline (week 0) and in weeks 1, 4, 8, and 12. XR-NTX and placebo injections were administered in weeks 0, 4, and 8. During the study, participants, interventionists, and investigators were masked to group assignment in the two injection arms. All participants were invited to follow-up assessments at weeks 4, 8, 12, 24, and 36. The primary outcomes were self-reported alcohol use quantity (ie, alcohol quantity consumed on peak drinking occasion, as measured with the Alcohol Quantity Use Assessment questionnaire) and frequency (measured with the Addiction Severity Index), alcohol-related harm (measured with the Short Inventory of Problems-2R questionnaire), and physical and mental health-related quality of life (measured with the Short Form-12 survey). Using piecewise growth modelling and an intention-to-treat model, we compared the effects of the three active treatment groups with the services-as-usual control group, and the HaRT-A plus XR-NTX group with the HaRT-A plus placebo group, over the 12-week treatment course and during the 24 weeks following treatment withdrawal. Safety analyses were done on an intention-to-treat basis. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT01932801. FINDINGS: Between Oct 14, 2013, and Nov 30, 2017, 417 individuals experiencing homelessness and alcohol use disorder were screened, of whom 308 were eligible and randomly assigned to the HaRT-A plus XR-NTX group (n=74), the HaRT-A plus placebo group (n=78), the HaRT-A alone group (n=79), or the services-as-usual control group (n=77). Compared with the services-as-usual control group, the HaRT-A plus XR-NTX group showed significant improvements from baseline to 12 weeks post-treatment across four of the five primary outcomes: peak alcohol quantity (linear B -0·48 [95% CI -0·79 to -0·18] p=0·010; full model Cohen's d=-0·68), alcohol frequency (linear B -4·42 [-8·09 to -0·76], p=0·047; full model Cohen's d=-0·16), alcohol-related harm (linear B -2·22 [-3·39 to -1·06], p=0·002; full model Cohen's d=-0·56), and physical health-related quality of life (linear B 0·66 [0·23 to 1·10], p=0·012; full model Cohen's d=0·43). Compared with the services-as-usual control group, the HaRT-A plus placebo group showed significant improvements in three of the five primary outcomes: peak alcohol quantity (linear B -0·41 [95% CI -0·67 to -0·15] p=0·010; full model Cohen's d=-0·23), alcohol frequency (linear B -5·95 [-9·72 to -2·19], p=0·009; full model Cohen's d=-0·13), and physical health-related quality of life (linear B 0·53 [0·09 to 0·98], p=0·050; full model Cohen's d=0·35). Compared with the services-as-usual control group, the HaRT-A alone group showed significant improvements in two of the five primary outcomes: alcohol-related harm (linear B -1·58 [95% CI -2·73 to -0·42] p=0·025; full model Cohen's d=-0·40) and physical health-related quality of life (linear B 0·63 [0·18 to 1·07], p=0·020; full model Cohen's d=0·41). After treatment discontinuation at 12 weeks, the active treatment groups plateaued, whereas the services-as-usual group showed improvements. Thus, during the post-treatment period (weeks 12 to 36), the services-as-usual control group showed greater reductions in alcohol-related harm compared with both the HaRT-A plus XR-NTX group (linear B 0·96 [0·24 to 1·67], p=0·028; full model Cohen's d=0·24) and the HaRT-A alone group (linear B 1·02 [0·35 to 1·70], p=0·013; full model Cohen's d=0·26). During the post-treatment period, the services-as-usual control group significantly improved on mental health-related quality of life compared with the HaRT-A alone group (linear B -0·46 [-0·79 to -0·12], p=0·024; full model Cohen's d=-0·28), and on physical health-related quality of life compared with the HaRT-A plus XR-NTX group (linear B -0·42 [-0·67 to -0·17], p=0·006; full model Cohen's d=-0·27), the HaRT-A plus placebo group (linear B -0·42 [-0·69 to -0·15], p=0·009; full model Cohen's d=-0·27), and the HaRT-A alone group (linear B -0·47 [-0·72 to -0·22], p=0·002; full model Cohen's d=-0·31). For all other primary outcomes, there were no significant linear differences between the services-as-usual and active treatment groups. When comparing the HaRT-A plus placebo group with the HaRT-A plus XR-NTX group, there were no significant differences for any of the primary outcomes. Missing data analysis indicated that participants were more likely to drop out in the services-as-usual control group than in the active treatment groups; however, primary outcome findings were found to be robust to attrition. Participants in the HaRT-A plus XR-NTX, HaRT-A plus placebo, and HaRT-A alone groups were not more likely to experience adverse events than those in the services-as-usual control group. INTERPRETATION: Compared with existing services, combined pharmacological and behavioural harm-reduction treatment resulted in decreased alcohol use and alcohol-related harm and improved physical health-related quality of life during the 12-week treatment period for people experiencing homelessness and alcohol use disorder. Although not as consistent, there were also positive findings for behavioural harm-reduction treatment alone. Considering the non-significant differences between participants receiving HaRT-A plus placebo and HaRT-A plus XR-NTX, the combined pharmacological and behavioural treatment effect cannot be attributed to XR-NTX alone. Future studies are needed to further investigate the relative contributions of the pharmacological and behavioural components of harm-reduction treatment for alcohol use disorder, and to ascertain whether a maintenance treatment approach could extend these positive outcome trajectories. FUNDING: National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism.

The rewarding recovery study: a randomized controlled trial of incentives for alcohol and drug abstinence with a rural American Indian community.

AIMS: To test if contingency management (CM) interventions for alcohol and drug abstinence were associated with increased alcohol and drug abstinence among American Indian adults with alcohol dependence who also use drugs. DESIGN: In this 2 × 2 factorial randomized controlled trial, American Indian adults with alcohol dependence who also used drugs were randomized to four conditions: (1) incentives for submission of urine samples only (control condition), (2) CM incentives for alcohol abstinence, (3) CM incentives for drug abstinence or (4) CM incentives for abstinence from both alcohol and drugs. SETTING: A Northern Plains Reservation in the United States. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 114 American Indian adults aged 35.8 years (standard deviation = 10.4); 49.1% were male. INTERVENTION AND COMPARATOR: Participants received incentives if they demonstrated abstinence from alcohol (CM for alcohol, n = 30), abstinence from their most frequently used drug (CM for drugs, n = 27) or abstinence from both alcohol and their most frequently used drug (CM for alcohol and drugs, n = 32) as assessed by urine tests. Controls (n = 25) received incentives for submitting urine samples only. MEASUREMENTS: Primary outcomes were urine ethyl glucuronide (alcohol) and drug tests conducted three times per week during the 12-week intervention period. Data analyses included listwise deletion and multiple imputation to account for missing data. FINDINGS: The three CM groups were significantly (P < 0.05) more likely to submit alcohol-abstinent urine samples compared with the control condition, with odds ratios ranging from 2.4 to 4.8. The CM for drugs (OR = 3.2) and CM for alcohol and drugs (OR = 2.5) were significantly more likely to submit urine samples that indicated drug abstinence, relative to the control condition (P < 0.05). However, these differences were not significant in multiple imputation analyses (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Contingency management (CM) incentives for abstinence were associated with increased alcohol abstinence in American Indian adults diagnosed with alcohol dependence who also used drugs, living on a rural reservation. The effect of CM incentives on drug abstinence was inconclusive.

Addiction and suicidal behavior in acute psychiatric inpatients.

OBJECTIVE: This study aims to evaluate the relationship of alcohol/drug use and effect severities to the degree of suicidality in acutely admitted psychiatric patients. Both degree of substance dependency and degree of substance-induced syndrome were analyzed. In addition, length of stay, involuntary status, and against medical advice discharge status were determined as they related to these variables. METHODS: Structured clinical admissions and discharge ratings were gathered from 10,667 consecutive, single-case individual records, from an urban acute care county psychiatric hospital. RESULTS: Data indicate that of the most severely suicidal group, 56% had substance abuse or dependence, 40% were rated as having half or more of their admission syndrome substance induced, and most had nonpsychotic diagnoses. There was an inverse relationship between degree of substance problem and length of stay. Although these patients more commonly left against medical advice, and were readmitted more frequently, they were less likely to be involuntarily committed. CONCLUSIONS: A large, potentially lethal, and highly expensive subgroup of patients has been characterized, which might be called the "New Revolving Door acute psychiatric inpatient." This group, which uses the most expensive level of care in the mental health system but is substantially addiction related, poses special challenges for inpatient psychiatric units, addiction treatment providers, and health care planners.

Global Appraisal of Individual Needs Short Screener (GSS): psychometric properties and performance as a screening measure in adolescents.

Psychiatric and substance use disorders, separately or combined, are frequent in adolescence. Brief, psychometrically sound screening tools are needed to identify those at-risk. The Global Appraisal of Individual Needs-Short Screener (GAIN-SS) is a brief, inexpensive screener that was derived from the well researched full GAIN interview. However, its validity has not been independently investigated based on independent validated screening instruments in an adolescent clinical population. In this project, the internal consistency, validity, and optimal screening cutoff scores were examined in 95 adolescents, most of whom were receiving treatment, and suffered from internalizing (52%; n = 49), externalizing (66%, n = 63), and co-occurring substance use disorders (55%, n = 56). Results indicated adequate internal consistency and overall and subscale construct validity. Receiver operating characteristics (ROC) analyses revealed that the GSS substance use disorder subscale had adequate sensitivity (88%) and specificity (89%). Psychiatric disorder subscales performed less well. The discussion focuses on the strengths and potential weaknesses of use of the GSS and its potential utility in other populations.

Addiction and Suicide: A Review.

(Reprinted with permission from The American Journal on Addictions 24: 98-104, 2015).

Perspectives on a contingency management intervention for alcohol use among consumers with serious mental illness.

OBJECTIVE: This study describes the perspectives of outpatients with serious mental illness (SMI) and alcohol dependence on their participation in a contingency management (CM) intervention for alcohol use. METHODS: Thirty-five adults with SMI and alcohol dependence participated in a randomized trial of CM for alcohol use, where they were rewarded with prizes contingent on abstinence from alcohol. All participants were interviewed regarding their participation in CM with a consistent structure that included nine open-ended questions. Favored and disliked aspects of CM, perception of alcohol biomarker accuracy, and interest in participating in similar CM interventions provided by treatment centers, rather than researchers, were explored. RESULTS: Participants spoke enthusiastically about receiving prizes, as well as how CM increased their awareness of drinking and helped support their abstinence from alcohol. Most participants felt the ethyl glucuronide biomarker urine tests used to measure alcohol use were accurate, and they were interested in enrolling in CM if it was offered as a clinical program. Research staff who implemented the intervention were well regarded by participants, and interactions with research staff were perceived positively. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: Adults with SMI and alcohol dependence participating in a trial of CM for alcohol use reported overall positive perceptions of and experiences with CM. Receiving small tangible prizes and having positive interpersonal interactions with study staff were reported as especially impactful. These findings indicate that CM is well received by consumers, in addition to its empirical and practical benefits as an evidence-based, low-cost intervention. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).