Tunable entanglement distillation of spatially correlated down-converted photons.

We report on a new technique for entanglement distillation of the bipartite continuous variable state of spatially correlated photons generated in the spontaneous parametric down-conversion process (SPDC), where tunable non-Gaussian operations are implemented and the post-processed entanglement is certified in real-time using a single-photon sensitive electron multiplying CCD (EMCCD) camera. The local operations are performed using non-Gaussian filters modulated into a programmable spatial light modulator and, by using the EMCCD camera for actively recording the probability distributions of the twin-photons, one has fine control of the Schmidt number of the distilled state. We show that even simple non-Gaussian filters can be finely tuned to a ∼67% net gain of the initial entanglement generated in the SPDC process.

Dynamics of multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children associated to COVID-19 in Chile: Epidemiologic trends during pandemic, before and after children vaccination.

BACKGROUND: Multisystem inflammatory syndrome associated to Covid-19 (MIS-C) is one of the most severe outcomes of SARS-CoV-2 in children. Covid-19 vaccines were successfully implemented in Chile for the pediatric population since 2021, using both mRNA and inactivated platforms. Effectiveness against MIS-C has been reported for mRNA vaccines. The aim of this study was to describe the epidemiologic trend of MIS-C in Chile during Covid-19 pandemic, both before and after the availability of vaccination for children. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Analytic study of MIS-C cases from April 2020 to December 2022. Epidemiological data, SARS-CoV-2 variants and vaccination uptake information were obtained from the Epidemiology Department-Ministry of Health, Institute of Public Health and the National Immunization Program, respectively. RESULTS: 496 cases of MIS-C were reported, 58 % males. Median age was 5 years and most frequent age-cohorts were 6-11 and 0-2 years old with a 33 % each. After the introduction of the Covid-19 vaccine, most cases occurred in children aged 0-2 years. Incidence rates were 3.8, 5.4 and 1.7 per 100,000 inhabitants in 2020, 2021 and 2022, respectively. 97 % of cases (481) occurred in unvaccinated subjects. On those previously vaccinated (15), all but one case occurred in children receiving the inactivated vaccine. No association among circulating variants and incidence was observed. Incidence rate reduction (IRR) comparison between 2020 and 2021-2022 periods was 0.72 (CI 95 % 0.65-0.81, p < 0.05) overall; 0.86 for 0-2 years (CI 95 %:0.71-1; p = 0.12); 0.88 for 3-5 years (CI 95 %:0.69-1.11; p = 0.28); 0.61 for 6-11 years (CI 95 %: 0.50-0.75; p < 0.05); and 0.64 for 12-17 years (CI 95 %:0.47-0.89; p < 0.05), consistent with vaccination uptake during the studied period: 63 % for 3-5 years, 91 % for 6-11 years, and 99 % for 12-17 years. CONCLUSIONS: A decline of MIS-C incidence and a shift to younger, unvaccinated population overtime was observed. IRR decreased in age-cohorts which achieved high vaccination rates.

[Learning with COVID-19: what about anticoagulation?]

Infection caused by SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) is associated with an increased risk of thromboembolic disease. So-me authors recommend anticoagulation at therapeutic doses for, at least, the most severely ill patients; this practice is not free of risks, which is why only thromboembolic prophylaxis is recommended by other consensuses. In the case of previously anticoagulated patients, changing the oral anticoagulant for a low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) is generally recommended. We present the cases of two patients admitted due to COVID-19, without serious clinical data, in whom anticoagulation (acenocoumarol and rivaroxaban, respectively) was replaced by LMWH at therapeutic doses, both presenting abdominal bleeding. This type of bleeding is an infrequent complication in anticoagulated patients, but the concurrence of two cases in a short period of time in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic leads us to consider that there is not yet any clear evidence on therapeutic anticoagulation in SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Competition in retinogeniculate patterning driven by spontaneous activity.

When contacts are first forming in the developing nervous system, many neurons generate spontaneous activity that has been hypothesized to shape appropriately patterned connections. In Mustela putorius furo, monocular intraocular blockade of spontaneous retinal waves of action potentials by cholinergic agents altered the subsequent eye-specific lamination pattern of the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN). The projection from the active retina was greatly expanded into territory normally belonging to the other eye, and the projection from the inactive retina was substantially reduced. Thus, interocular competition driven by endogenous retinal activity determines the pattern of eye-specific connections from retina to LGN, demonstrating that spontaneous activity can produce highly stereotyped patterns of connections before the onset of visual experience.

Functional requirement for class I MHC in CNS development and plasticity.

Class I major histocompatibility complex (class I MHC) molecules, known to be important for immune responses to antigen, are expressed also by neurons that undergo activity-dependent, long-term structural and synaptic modifications. Here, we show that in mice genetically deficient for cell surface class I MHC or for a class I MHC receptor component, CD3zeta, refinement of connections between retina and central targets during development is incomplete. In the hippocampus of adult mutants, N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor-dependent long-term potentiation (LTP) is enhanced, and long-term depression (LTD) is absent. Specific class I MHC messenger RNAs are expressed by distinct mosaics of neurons, reflecting a potential for diverse neuronal functions. These results demonstrate an important role for these molecules in the activity-dependent remodeling and plasticity of connections in the developing and mature mammalian central nervous system (CNS).

An estimate of the percentage of non-predatory dead variability in coastal zooplankton of the southern Humboldt Current System.

Non-predatory dead variability in zooplankton remains poorly quantified worldwide. Here, we make the first estimation of the percentage of dead organisms in coastal zooplankton communities in the Humboldt Current System (HCS) under in situ conditions. The study was conducted in four coastal sites of the southern HCS (between 36 and 37°S) over a period of one year. Percentages of dead organisms were based on the classification as live or dead of 158,220 holoplankton and 17,591 meroplankton individuals using neutral red staining technique. The percentage of dead organisms in total-zooplankton was between 4.3% in Coronel Bay (summer) and 76.9% in Llico (autumn). The percentage of dead total-holoplankton varied from 4.2% (Itata River Mouth; autumn) to 77.6% (Llico; autumn), while the percentage of dead total-meroplankton ranged from 1.5% to 56.8% in Coronel Bay and Coliumo Bay, respectively. The most abundant taxa analyzed were the copepods Acartia sp., Paracalanus sp., Calanoides sp., Cladocera, Polychaeta, and the eggs of anchoveta Engraulis ringens. Among these taxa, there was a high degree of interspecific variability in the estimation of the dead organisms. The Pearson correlation shows significant relationships between maximum temperature, and minimum salinity, with the percentage of dead individuals of Acartia sp. and Paracalanus sp. Environmental factors explaining those relationships were: the El Niño 2015-2016 event, and freshwater river runoff. The use of vital staining to estimate non-predatory death for total-zooplankton and selected sentinel species is a promising tool to establish baselines to evaluate natural perturbations (e.g. ENSO), and anthropogenic alterations in coastal pelagic ecosystems.

Métodos de diagnóstico para la detección de la infección por Helicobacter pylori / Diagnostic methods for detection of Helicobacter pylori infection

Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a Gram-negative bacterium that survives in gastric acidity. Approximately 50% of the world population is a carrier of this infection and the prevalence is higher in African and Latin American populations. The clinical manifestations associated with this infection are gastritis, peptic ulcers, MALT lymphoma, gastric cancer (GC), and other extra-digestive pathologies. Chronic H. pylori infection is the most important risk factor for GC development. There are several diagnostic methods to detect H. pylori infection. The most widely used invasive methods are the rapid urease test and Giemsa staining in gastric biopsies. Culture and molecular techniques are very useful for the study of H. pylori presence and antibiotic resistance, but they are not easily available in health centers. The most widely used non-invasive methods are the urea breath test and bacterial antigens in stools. Serological studies are used for population studies. The use and indication of the diagnostic method for detecting H. pylori infection will depend on the clinical manifestations, risk factors for GC, and the age of the patient.

Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) es una bacteria Gram negativa que sobrevive a la acidez gástrica. Se estima que aproximadamente el 50% de la población mundial es portadora de esta infección, siendo mayor la prevalencia en poblaciones africanas y latinoamericanas. Entre las manifestaciones clínicas asociadas a esta infección se encuentra gastritis, úlceras pépticas, linfoma MALT, cáncer gástrico y otras patologías extradigestivas. La infección crónica por H. pylori es el factor de riesgo más importante para el desarrollo de CG. Existen diversos métodos diagnósticos para detectar la infección por H. pylori, los métodos invasivos más utilizados son la prueba rápida de ureasa y tinción de Giemsa en biopsias gástricas. El cultivo y las técnicas moleculares son de gran utilidad para el estudio de presencia de H. pylori y estudios de resistencia antibiótica, pero suelen estar poco disponibles en los centros de atención en salud. Los métodos no invasivos más utilizados son la prueba de aire espirado con urea marcada y antígeno bacteriano en deposiciones. Los estudios serológicos son utilizados para estudios poblacionales. El uso e indicación de cada uno de los métodos de diagnóstico para la detección de infección por H. pylori, dependerá de las manifestaciones clínicas, los factores de riesgo de CG y la edad del paciente.

Erradicación de Helicobacter pylori, consideraciones clínicas según la edad / Helicobacter pylori eradication, clinical considerations related to age

Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a gram negative bacteria that survives in the gastric acid environment. The infection is acquired mainly during childhood. Fifty to 70% of adult population has the infection. However, in the last 10 year, a decrease in the prevalence of this infection has been observed in all age groups, in particular in pediatric population and elderly patients over 60 years old. The evolution of the infection depends on bacterial factors (virulence and toxins) and host immune response. People infected mainly develop gastrointestinal diseases such as gastritis, peptic ulcer and MALT lymphoma. H. pylori infection is the main risk factor of gastric cancer and for that reason, the eradication is recommended if H. pylori has been detected through invasive or non-invasive tests. Among children, eradication is not recommended unless there is a clinical manifestation that merits. H. pylori eradication is recommended in symptomatic adults and there is a controversy about massive eradication in asymptomatic population due to the risk of development of antibiotic resistance. Treatment is based on the use of proton pump inhibitors (PPI) associated to antibiotics, that should be chosen taking into account the increasing antibiotic resistance, and local availability. Clarithromycin (CLA) and levofloxacin resistance is increasingly high, and CLA-free quadruple therapy schemes are currently recommended for first-line therapy. H. pylori eradication must be confirmed with invasive or non-invasive tests. Second-line therapy based on antibiotics not previously used, PPI high doses and bismuth is recommended.

Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) es una bacteria gramnegativa que sobrevive en el medio ácido gástrico. La infección se adquiere principalmente en la niñez. Un 50 a 70% de la población adulta es portadora, pero en los últimos 10 años, se ha observado una disminución en la prevalencia de infección en todos los grupos etarios, en particular en población pediátrica y mayores de 60 años. La evolución de la infección depende de factores propios de la bacteria (virulencia, toxinas) y de la respuesta inmune del huésped. Los individuos infectados desarrollan principalmente patologías gastrointestinales como gastritis, úlcera péptica y linfoma MALT. La infección por H. pylori es el principal factor de riesgo del cáncer gástrico por lo que se recomienda su erradicación en caso de haberse detectado mediante test invasivo o no invasivo. En niños, no es recomendable la erradicación a menos que exista una manifestación clínica que lo amerite. Se recomienda su erradicación en adultos sintomáticos y existe controversia respecto a la erradicación masiva en población asintomática debido al riesgo de desarrollar resistencia antibiótica. El tratamiento se basa en el uso de inhibidores de la bomba de protones asociado a antibióticos, los cuales deben ser escogidos teniendo en cuenta la tasa de resistencia antimicrobiana y disponibilidad local. La resistencia a claritromicina (CLA) y levofloxacino es creciente, por lo que se recomienda el uso de esquemas de cuadriterapia libre de CLA en esquemas de primera línea. Se recomienda confirmar su erradicación con test no invasivos y retratar con esquema de segunda línea con antibióticos no utilizados previamente, asociado a dosis altas de inhibidores de bomba de protones y sales de bismuto.

Análisis del rol de los exámenes de imagen en el régimen de garantías explícitas en salud en Chile / Analysis of the role of imaging exams in the regime of explicit health guarantees in Chile

Resumen: Objetivo: Describir la participación de los exámenes de imagen en el Régimen de Garantías Explícitas en Salud en Chile y analizar el papel de los radiólogos en este campo. Materiales y métodos: todas las patologías incluidas en el Programa de garantías explícitas en salud, cuentan con una guía de práctica clínica (GC) y un listado de prestaciones específicas (LP). Ambos fueron analizados respecto a la cantidad y la modalidad de los exámenes de imagen recomendados, la presencia de radiólogos dentro de los paneles de expertos y la concordancia entre las recomendaciones de las guías y los Listados de Prestaciones. Resultados: 60 GC (67%) y 55 LP (69%) incluyen pruebas de imagen dentro de sus prestaciones garantizadas. 7 GC (8%) recomiendan pruebas de imágenes no cubiertas en su listado de prestaciones respectivos y 5 pruebas de imágenes del LP (6%) no están incluídas en las guías clínicas. La participación de un radiólogo en el panel de expertos se asoció con la ausencia de discrepancias en las pruebas de imagen entre GC y LP (p = 0,007). Discusión: el diagnóstico por imágenes juega un papel importante dentro del Programa de garantías explícitas y se asocia al aumento de los costos de atención médica. Algunos casos de discordancia entre las guías clínicas y los Listados de Prestaciones representan costos económicos y sociales significativos que podrían reducirse al incluir radiólogos en los paneles de expertos, así como optimizar el uso de recursos y reducir la exposición de los pacientes a la radiación ionizante.

Abstract: Objective: To describe the involvement diagnostic imaging exams in the framework of Regime of Explicit Health Guarantees in Chile and analyze the role of radiologists in this field. Materials and methods: Every pathology included in the Explicit Healthcare Guarantees Program encompasses an expert consensus clinical guideline (CG) and a specific services list (SL). Both of them were analyzed regarding the amount and modality of imaging exams recommended, the presence of radiologists within the expert panels and the concordance between guidelines recommendations and service lists. Results: 60 CG (67%) and 55 SL (69%) include imaging tests within their guaranteed services. Seven CG (8%) recommend medical imaging tests not covered in their respective services list and 5 SL (6%) reference imaging tests not included in the clinical guidelines. The involvement of a radiologist on the expert panel was associated with the absence of imaging test discrepancies between CG and SL (p=0.007). Discussion: Diagnostic imaging plays an important role within the Explicit Healthcare Guarantees Program and is associated with rising healthcare costs. There are cases of discordance between clinical guidelines and specific services lists that account for significant economic and social costs, which may be reduced by including radiologists on expert panels, optimizing resource use and lowering patients' exposure to ionizing radiation.

Chlamydophila pneumoniae infection is not associated with primary biliary cholangitis / La infección por Chlamydophila pneumoniae no está asociada con colangitis biliar primaria

ANTECEDENTES: La colangitis biliar primaria (CBP) es una enfermedad hepática inflamatoria crónica colestásica de causa desconocida. Varios patógenos virales y bacterianos han sido propuestos como factores que podrían gatillar una respuesta inmune por mimetismo molecular, o directamente estar relacionados en la persistencia del daño biliar. Existen reportes controversiales respecto al rol de en la patogenia de CBP. OBJETIVOS: Investigar marcadores de infección de séricos y en hígado de pacientes con CBP. PACIENTES Y MÉTODOS: Veinte pacientes diagnosticados con CBP y 20 pacientes control con otras enfermedades hepáticas crónicas no colestásicas fueron estudiados. Se determinaron anticuerpos séricos anti- (IgG). Se realizó detección inmunohistoquímica de antígenos de en hígado. Se extrajo DNA de hígado para amplificación de la secuencia específica de rRNA 16S de por PCR. Fueron usados controles de amplificación de DNA bacteriano y humano. Los pacientes firmaron consentimiento informado. Se realizó un metaanálisis de la diferencia de riesgo de CBP en pacientes infectados por y en un grupo control. RESULTADOS: Los anticuerpos séricos fueron positivos en 30% de los pacientes con CBP y 50% de los controles (p = NS). Antígenos de no fueron detectados en tejido hepático de pacientes con CBP ni de controles. No se amplificó ADN bacteriano en ninguna de las muestras. El metaanálisis de la diferencia de riesgo mostró gran heterogeneidad de los estudios, por lo que no se realizó una estimación de diferencia de riesgo agrupada. DISCUSIÓN: No encontramos asociación entre infección por y CBP. En la evidencia actual, un estudio presenta resultados a favor de la asociación entre y CBP y tres estudios resultados en contra.,

Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) is a chronic cholestatic inflammatory liver disease of unknown cause. Several viral and bacterial pathogens have been proposed as factors that could either trigger an immune response by molecular mimicry or directly be involved in the persistence of biliary damage. There are conflicting reports respecting the role of in the pathogenesis of PBC. To investigate markers of infection in serum and liver tissue from patients with PBC. Twenty patients with diagnosis of PBC and 20 control patients with other non-cholestatic chronic liver diseases were studied. Serum anti- antibodies (IgG) were determined. Liver tissue was available for immunohistochemistry detection of antigens. DNA was extracted from liver tissue and a specific sequence of 16S rRNA gene was amplified by CPR. Adequate controls of bacterial and human DNA amplification were used. Informed consent was obtained from patients. A meta-analysis of risk difference of PBC in Chlamydophila pneumoniae infected patients and in the control groupwas performed. Serum antibodies were positive in 30% of patients with PBC and 50% of controls (p = NS). antigens were not detected in liver tissue neither of patients with PBC nor controls. Bacterial DNA did not amplify in any of the samples, despite good amplification of internal and external controls. Risk difference meta-analysis showed high heterogeneity between studies. Therefore, we did not estimate a pooled risk difference. Our results do not support the association between infection and PBC. In the current literature only one study shows an association between and PBC, but other three studies do not support it.

Eventos adversos asociados al uso de inhibidores de bomba de protones: un análisis crítico de la evidencia actual / Adverse events associated with the use of proton-pump inhibitors: a critical analysis of current evidence

Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are one of the most widely used types of drugs in clinical practice, designed to treat highly prevalent pathologies in the clinical activity of gastroenterology. Despite having precise and approved indications, reports have described a use beyond the established indications, such as management of various symptoms of the digestive tract or associated with polypharmacy, considering that their indication could be questionable in a significant percentage of individuals on prolonged treatment with PPI. In recent years, several basic, clinical and epidemiological studies have warned of possible adverse events associated with the use of PPIs that have generated concern in physicians and patients, and an impact on the public opinion due to the wide use of these drugs among the population. The purpose of this review is to critically analyze the available evidence regarding adverse events associated with the use of PPIs, in addition to providing some recommendations for clinical practice

Los inhibidores de bomba de protones (IBP) son fármacos ampliamente usados en la práctica clínica, destinados a tratar patologías altamente prevalentes en la actividad clínica de gastroenterología. Pese a contar con indicaciones precisas y aprobadas, reportes han descrito un uso más allá de las indicaciones establecidas, como manejo de diversos síntomas del tracto digestivo o asociado a polifarmacia, considerándose que su indicación podría ser cuestionable en un porcentaje importante de individuos en tratamiento prolongado con IBP. En los últimos años, diversos estudios básicos, clínicos y epidemiológicos han alertado sobre posibles eventos adversos asociados al uso de IBP que han generado preocupación en tratantes y pacientes, además de impactar en la opinión pública por la amplia distribución del uso de estos fármacos en la población. El objetivo de esta revisión es analizar críticamente la evidencia disponible respecto a los eventos adversos asociados al uso de IBP, además de entregar algunas recomendaciones para la práctica clínica.

Ascitis quilosa post cirugía abdominal: caso clínico y revisión de la literatura / Chylous ascites management: clinical case and literature review

Chylous ascites is a peritoneal collection with milky appearance, rich in triglycerides produced by the presence of thoracic or intestinal lymph in the abdominal cavity. The increasing number of surgical interventions has meant an increase of this disease in the last time. We present the case of a 39-yearsold woman with a history of a retroperitoneal cystic lesion in the abdominal ultrasound, which was a finding, and was followed up for 5 years. In the last control abdominal ultrasound showed an accelerated growth, the study was complemented with a Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the abdomen showed a retroperitoneal cystic lesion, 7 cm larger diameter in contact with aorta, left ureter and lower pole of the left kidney, suspecting malignancy, reason why its surgical resection was decided. It evolved after the surgical intervention with progressive increase of the abdominal perimeter, diffuse pain and early satiety, performing abdominal ultrasound showing a liver of normal structure with moderate ascites. The diagnostic paracentesis gave out 1,000 mL of milky-white liquid with triglycerides of 1,287 mg/dL. The diagnosis of chylous ascites was proposed, secondary to thoracic duct injury and it was managed with a diet with low intake of saturated, polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fats, with medium chain triglycerides with favorable results. The pathophysiology, etiology, nutritional and non-nutritional management of chylous ascites are discussed.

La ascitis quilosa es una colección peritoneal con apariencia lechosa, rica en triglicéridos producido por la presencia de linfa torácica o intestinal en la cavidad abdominal. El creciente número de intervenciones quirúrgicas ha significado un aumento de esta patología en el último tiempo. Se presenta el caso de una mujer de 39 años, con historia de una lesión retroperitoneal quística en la ecotomografía abdominal, que fue un hallazgo, realizándose seguimiento por 5 años. En la última ecotomografía de control presentó crecimiento acelerado por lo que se complementa estudio con una Resonancia Nuclear Magnética de abdomen que muestro lesión quística retroperitoneal de 7 cm de diámetro mayor en contacto con aorta, uréter izquierdo y polo inferior del riñón izquierdo, sospechándose malignidad, por lo que se decide su resección. Evolucionó posterior a la intervención quirúrgica con aumento progresivo del perímetro abdominal, dolor difuso y saciedad precoz, realizándose ecotomografía abdominal que muestra un hígado de estructura normal con ascitis moderada. La paracentesis diagnóstica dio salida a 1.000 mL de líquido blanquecino de aspecto lechoso con triglicéridos de 1.287 mg/dL. Se planteó el diagnóstico de ascitis quilosa, secundario a lesión del conducto torácico y se manejó con dieta con bajo aporte en grasas saturadas, poliinsaturadas y monoinsaturadas, con aporte de triglicéridos de cadena media con resultados favorables. Se discuten la fisiopatología, etiología, manejo nutricional y no nutricional de la ascitis quilosa.

Efecto del extracto purificado rico en antocianinas del fruto del maqui (Aristotelia chilensis) en un modelo experimental de hígado graso no alcohólico / Effect of a purified anthocyanin-rich extract of maqui (Aristotelia chilensis) on experimental model of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

Background: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a spectrum of hepatic lesions, ranging from benign intrahepatic lipid accumulation (steatosis) to progressive non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, in absence of other known secondary causes. Both insulin resistance and oxidative stress have been involved in NAFLD development and progression and, therefore, insulin-sensitizers and/or antioxidants have been targets of different therapeutic agents. Some natural compounds such as Aristotelia chilensis have a high content of polyphenols, which are known for their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Objective: To assess the effect of a purified anthocyanin-rich extract of maqui (Aristotelia chilensis) on experimental model of NAFLD. Methods: C57BL6 mice were separated in four experimental groups (n = 4-10) and fed a control diet (chow) or a high fat diet (HFD) with or without a purified anthocyanin-rich extract of Aristotelia chilensis (ACnE) (400 mg/kg/day diluted in drinking water). The hepatic effects of HFD were assessed measuring serum levels of glucose and aminotransferases, hepatic histology and triglycerides. Results: HFD diet induced an increase in hepatic triglycerides and histological NAFLD. Administration of ACnE did not affect serum aminotransferases, hepatic triglycerides, liver weight or histological NAFLD. Conclusion: Administration of an ACnE showed no effects on NAFLD in the HFD experimental model.

Introducción: El hígado graso no alcohólico (HGNA) constituye un espectro de lesiones hepáticas, desde la acumulación lipídica intrahepática benigna (esteatosis) hasta la esteatohepatitis no-alcohólica progresiva, en ausencia de causas secundarias conocidas. En el desarrollo y la progresión del HGNA se ha involucrado la resistencia a insulina y el estrés oxidativo y, por lo tanto, insulino-sensibilizantes y antioxidantes han sido blancos de diferentes agentes terapéuticos. Algunos compuestos naturales como la Aristotelia chilensis (maqui) tienen un alto contenido de polifenoles, los que presentan propiedades antiinflamatorias y antioxidantes. Objetivo: Evaluar el efecto de un extracto purificado rico en antocianinas (EACn) del fruto del maqui (Aristotelia chilensis) sobre la esteatosis, en un modelo experimental de HGNA. Métodos: Los ratones fueron distribuidos en 4 grupos (n = 4-10). Dos alimentados con una dieta estándar (grupo control) y dos con una dieta alta en grasa- high fat diet (grupo HFD). Un grupo control y uno HFD recibieron además 400 mg/kg/día de EACn (grupo EACn). Se determinaron los niveles séricos de aminotransferasas y glucosa; se evaluó la histología hepática y el contenido hepático de triglicéridos. Resultados: HFD indujo aumento de triglicéridos hepáticos e HGNA histológico. La administración de EACn no modificó las transaminasas séricas, los triglicéridos hepáticos, el peso del hígado ni el HGNA histológico. Conclusiones: La administración de un EACn no mostró efectos en el modelo experimental de HGNA inducido por una dieta alta en grasa.

Focal cortical dysplasia: a pictorial review.

Abnormalities of cortical development are frequent causes of refractory epilepsy. Among these pathologies, focal cortical dysplasia (FCD) is a heterogeneous group of disorders pathologically characterized by loss of normal cortical structure. Two distinct entities with different etiology have been described (FCD type I and FCD type II Taylor). This study presents relevant case studies, highlighting the pathological features in magnetic resonance imaging.

Validación de Sensibacter pylori test® como prueba de ureasa para el diagnóstico de infección por Helicobacter pylori en Chile / Validation of Sensibacter pylori test ® as urease tests for the diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection in Chile

Introduction: Helicobacter pylori is a highly prevalent bacterium in Chile that causes various gastric pathologies including gastric cancer, which corresponds to the leading cause of cancer-related death in Chile in men. This is why early detection of an Helicobacter pylori infection is gaining importance, for tis purpose there are various diagnostic methods, including rapid urease tests (RUT) such as the Sensibacter pylori test®. Objectives: To validate the Sensibacter pylori test® in Chile, so that it may be used in healthcare centres in our country. Materials and Methods: Upper gastrointestinal endoscopies were performed on symptomatic patients in 3 healthcare centres and gastric mucosa samples were obtained following established protocols. These underwent the health centre ́s RUT and the Sensibacter pylori test®, and the results were compared to the gastric mucosa histology (gold standard) Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) were calculated for each test. Kappa test was used to assess agreement between the RUT’s and the turning time of each test was measured. Results: Sensibacter pylori test® showed a sensitivity of 82.6 percent, specificity 92.3 percent, PPV 95 percent and NPV 75 percent. The consistency with the other RUT’s was 0.958 (p < 0.001) and 0.872 (p < 0.001). The turning time was 15 min. Conclusion: Sensibacter pylori test® is a sensitive and specific method, similar to other tests used daily in Chile, which has the advantage of yielding results within a few minutes.

Introducción: Helicobacter pylori es una bacteria de gran prevalencia en Chile y es causante de variadas patologías gástricas, entre las cuales se encuentra el cáncer gástrico, que corresponde a la primera causa de muerte por cáncer en Chile en hombres. Por esto, cobra relevancia detectar a tiempo la existencia de Helicobacter pylori, para lo cual existen diversos métodos diagnósticos, entre los que se encuentran los test rápidos de ureasa (TRU) como Sensibacter pylori test®. Objetivos: Validar Sensibacter pylori test® en Chile, para poder ser utilizado en centros de salud de nuestro país. Materiales y Métodos:Se realizaron endoscopias digestivas altas a pacientes sintomáticos en tres centros de salud y se obtuvieron muestras de mucosa gástrica según protocolos establecidos. Estas se sometieron al TRU del centro de salud y a Sensibacter pylori test®, comparándose el resultado con histología de la mucosa gástrica (estándar de oro), calculándose sensibilidad, especificidad, valor predictivo positivo (VPP) y valor predictivo negativo (VPN). Se utilizó test kappapara evaluar concordancia entre TRU y se midió el tiempo de viraje de cada test. Resultados: Sensibacter pylori test® demostró una sensibilidad de 82,6 por ciento, especificidad de 92,3 por ciento, VPP de 95 por ciento y VPN de 75 por ciento. La concordancia con los otros TRUs fue de 0,958 (p < 0,001) y 0,872 (p < 0,001). El tiempo de viraje fue de 15 min. Conclusión: Sensibacter pylori test® es un método sensible y específico comparable con otros test de uso diario en Chile, y tiene la ventaja de mostrar resultados en pocos minutos.