RESUMO
Alterations in the sense of smell (dysosmia, anosmia, hyposmia) are frequently experienced by patients with chronic kidney disease. However, currently, the aetiology and consequences are poorly understood, with no effective treatments available to address such impairment. In general, the capacity of olfactory perception is affected in patients with chronic kidney disease (even in those who have not undergone dialysis therapy), and whether these alterations improve after dialysis is disputed. Patients in peritoneal dialysis and haemodialysis have the same olfactory perception defects. Kidney transplantation improves olfactory perception, and one important consequence of such impairment is the potential impact on the patient's nutritional status.
Assuntos
Transplante de Rim , Transtornos do Olfato/etiologia , Diálise Renal , Insuficiência Renal Crônica/complicações , Olfato , Feminino , Humanos , Rim/química , Masculino , Distúrbios Nutricionais/etiologia , Transtornos do Olfato/terapia , Receptores Odorantes/fisiologia , Diálise Renal/efeitos adversos , Insuficiência Renal Crônica/terapia , Olfato/fisiologiaRESUMO
We currently recognise that environmental toxins such as cadmium, lead, and arsenic play a significant role in the development of chronic renal failure. Epidemiological studies have shown a strong association between exposure to these metals and the presence of chronic kidney injury. The physiopathological mechanisms behind metal-induced kidney injury are complex, and some aspects of their metabolism and damage mechanisms remain unknown. This review aims to analyse the physiopathological mechanisms of kidney injury due to cadmium, lead and arsenic.