Efficacy of phytosterols and fish-oil supplemented high-oleic-sunflower oil rich diets in hypercholesterolemic growing rats.

Phytosterols (P) and fish-oil (F) efficacy on high-oleic-sunflower oil (HOSO) diets were assessed in hypercholesterolemic growing rats. Controls (C) received a standard diet for 8 weeks; experimental rats were fed an atherogenic diet (AT) for 3 weeks, thereafter were divided into four groups fed for 5 weeks a monounsaturated fatty acid diet (MUFA) containing either: extra virgin olive oil (OO), HOSO or HOSO supplemented with P or F. The diets did not alter body weight or growth. HOSO-P and HOSO-F rats showed reduced total cholesterol (T-chol), non-high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (non-HDL-chol) and triglycerides and increased HDL-chol levels, comparably to the OO rats. Total body fat (%) was similar among all rats; but HOSO-F showed the lowest intestinal, epididymal and perirenal fat. However, bone mineral content and density, and bone yield stress and modulus of elasticity were unchanged. Growing hypercholesterolemic rats fed HOSO with P or F improved serum lipids and fat distribution, but did not influence material bone quality.

Monounsaturated fatty acids-rich diets in hypercholesterolemic-growing rats.

The effects of replacing dietary saturated fat by different monounsaturated fatty acid (ω-9MUFA) sources on serum lipids, body fat and bone in growing hypercholesterolemic rats were studied. Rats received one of the six different diets: AIN-93G (control, C); extra virgin olive oil (OO) + C; high-oleic sunflower oil (HOSO) + C or atherogenic diet (AT) for 8 weeks; the remaining two groups received AT for 3 weeks and then, the saturated fat was replaced by an oil mixture of soybean oil added with OO or HOSO for 5 weeks. Rats consuming MUFA-rich diets showed the highest body fat, hepatic index and epididymal, intestinal and perirenal fat, and triglycerides. T-chol and non-HDL-chol were increased in HOSO rats but decreased in OO rats. Bone mineral content and density were higher in both OO and HOSO groups than in AT rats. This study casts caution to the generalization of the benefits of MUFA for the treatment of hypercholesterolemia.

Prevalence of dyslipidemia and metabolic syndrome risk factor in overweight and obese children.

OBJECTIVE: To study the prevalence of dyslipidemia and metabolic syndrome risk factors in overweight/ obese children and adolescents. METHODOLOGY: The study included 139 healthy white Argentinean children/adolescents (aged 8-14 years) who were overweight (n = 30) or obese (n = 109), based on BMI z score according to WHO, 2007. Children were referred to the Nutrition Clinic, San Martin University Hospital, Buenos Aires, Argentina for evaluation and treatment. Dyslipidemia was considered when one or more serum lipids (mg/dL) were out of range: total cholesterol ≥ 200, high-density lipoprotein (HDL-C) ≤ 40, triglycerides (TG) > 110, low-density lipoprotein (LDL-C) > 130 or non-HDL-C > 145 and fasting blood glucose (FBG) > 110. Additional metabolic syndrome risk factors included: increased waist circumference (WC, ≥ 90th percentile) and high blood pressure (> 90th percentile). A history of low birth weight (< 2.5 kg) and a family history of: dyslipidemia (FHDL), premature acute myocardial infarction (FHPAMI) and/or type 2 diabetes mellitus (FHT2DM) were also assessed. RESULTS: The prevalence of dyslipidemia among overweight and obese children was 50.4% and its pattern was: hypertriglyceridemia 31.9%, low HDL-C 29.7%, high non-HDL-C 15.8%, hypercholesterolemia 11.9%, and elevated LDL-C 10.7%. The dyslipidemia was more often detected among those with increased WC (55.4%), FHDL (51.1%), and FHT2DM (48%); prevalence was lower in those with FHPAMI (18.7%) and low birth weight (4.3%). Most children presented a variety of metabolic syndrome risk factors; only 25.8% did not have any such alterations identified. BMI z score showed a positive association with TG and negative with HDL-C. Overweight and obesity increased the odds ratios of metabolic syndrome risk factors, hypertriglyceridemia and low HDL-C. CONCLUSIONS: Overweight/obese children were prone to have dyslipidemia and metabolic syndrome. Excess body weight is an important harbinger of health that requires the assessment of multiple parameters to discern further health concerns that may be amenable to specific treatment.

Effect of fried sunflower oil intake on mandibular biomechanical competence of growing rats.

Previous studies by us demonstrated that the consumption of thermally oxidized oil diet adversely affects body growth, lipid metabolism, bone mass and femur biomechanical competence. AIM: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of a diet containing fried sunflower oil on the mandible of growing rats. MATERIALS AND METHOD: Male Wistar rats (21±1 day old) (n=21) were assigned at weaning to one of three diets for 8 weeks: a control diet (C), a diet containing sunflower oil (SFO) or a diet containing sunflower oil that had been repeatedly heated (SFOx); both SFO and SFOx were mixed with commercial rat chow at 13% (w/w). The consistency and viscosity of the 3 diets were similar. Zoometrics and food intake were recorded weekly. At wk=8, mandibular growth was assessed by measurements of anatomical points of cleaned bones, and mandible biomechanical competence was assessed to estimate the structural properties of the bone. Statistical analysis was performed by SPSS v. 20.0. RESULTS: Rats fed SFOx diet attained the lowest final body weight (P=0.0074), mandibular weight (P=0.0001) and mandibular \length (P=0.0002). Load bearing capacity (Wf;N), load of yielding (Wy;N) and stiffness (Wy/dy;N/mm) of the mandible were negatively affected by both sunflower oil diets (fresh and fried) (P=0.001; P=0.002; P=0.003, respectively) though SFOx induced the most significant reduction in Wy/dy (C:44.4(5.4) > SFO:36.1(2.1) > SFOx: 26.3(3.7) N/ mm; P=0.003). The deleterious effect of SFOx on mandibular growth was more accentuated on the posterior part of the bone (C:11.4(0.3)=SFO:11.2(0.2)>SFOx: 10.7(0.2) mm; p=0.0005); the anterior/ posterior ratio (C:1.25(0.02)=SFO:1.27(0.02)

En estudios previos hemos demostrado los efectos adversos del consumo de una dieta rica en aceite termooxidado sobre el crecimiento corporal, el metabolismo de los lípidos, la masa ósea y la competencia biomecánica del fémur. OBJETIVO: El objetivo de este trabajo fue investigar el efecto de una dieta rica en aceite de girasol termooxidado (AGX) sobre los parámetros morfométricos y biomecánicos de la mandíbula de rata en crecimiento. Materiales y Método: Ratas macho Wistar de 22±1 días de edad (n=21) recibieron durante 8 semanas una de 3 dietas: control (C); dieta comercial, una dieta suplementada con aceite de girasol (AG) y una dieta suplementada con AGX. La consistencia y la viscosidad de las dietas fueron similares. Los parámetros zoométricos y el consumo de dieta se registraron semanalmente. A T=8, los animales se eutanasiaron y se obtuvieron las hemimandíbulas. El crecimiento mandibular se estimó por medidas morfométricas entre puntos anatómicos y las propiedades estructurales por biomecánica. El análisis estadístico se realizó por SPSS v. 20.0. RESULTADOS: Las ratas alimentadas con AGX presentaron menor peso corporal final (p=0.0074), peso mandibular (p=0.0001) y longitud mandibular (p=0.0002). Las propiedades estructurales de la mandíbula, Wf (p=0.001), Wy (p=0.002) y Wy/dy (p=0.003), se vieron afectadas negativamente en ratas alimentadas con AG o AGX, respecto a C; pero la rigidez ósea (Wy/dy) en AGX fue significativamente menor (C:44.4(5.4) > SFO:36.1(2.1) > SFOx: 26.3(3.7) N/mm; p=0.003). El efecto deletéreo del AGX sobre el crecimiento mandibular fue más acentuado en la región posterior (C:11.4(0.3)=SFO:11.2(0.2)>SFOx: 10.7(0.2) mm; p=0.0005). La relación anterior/posterior (C=1.25 (0.02); AG= 1.27(0.02) y AGX=1.32(0.03), p=0.001) indica que AGX indujo deformación mandibular. CONCLUSIONES: El efecto adverso del consumo de una dieta rica en AGX durante el crecimiento podría afectar los parámetros morfométricos y la biomecánica ósea en términos de rigidez ósea.

High-fat diets affect energy and bone metabolism in growing rats.

BACKGROUND: High-fat diets are usually associated with greater weight (W) gain and body fat (BF). However, it is still unclear whether the type and amount of fat consumed influence BF. Additionally, dietary fat intake may also have consequences on skeletal health. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate in healthy growing rats the effects of high-fat diets and type of dietary fat intake (saturated or vegetable oils) on energy and bone metabolism. METHODS: At weaning, male Wistar rats (n = 50) were fed either a control diet (C; fat = 7% w/w) or a high-fat diet (20% w/w) containing either: soybean oil, corn oil (CO), linseed oil (LO), or beef tallow (BT) for 8 weeks. Zoometric parameters, BF, food intake and digestibility, and total and bone alkaline phosphatase (b-AP) were assessed. Total skeleton bone mineral density (BMD) and content (BMC), BMC/W, spine BMD, and bone volume (static-histomorphometry) were measured. RESULTS: Animals fed BT diet achieved lower W versus C. Rats fed high-fat vegetable oil diets showed similar effects on the zoometric parameters but differed in BF. BT showed the lowest lipid digestibility and BMC. In contrast, high vegetable oil diets produced no significant differences in BMC, BMC/W, BMD, spine BMD, and bone volume. Marked differences were observed for LO and BT groups in b-AP and CO and BT groups in bone volume. CONCLUSION: BT diet rich in saturated fatty acids had decreased digestibility and adversely affected energy and bone metabolisms, in growing healthy male rats. There were no changes in zoometric and bone parameters among rats fed high vegetable oil diets.

The use of ozone to lighten teeth. An experimental study.

Tooth-whitening agents are available for therapeutic use in the dental office or at home. However, whitening more severe stains, such as those caused by systemic ingestion of tetracycline, constitutes a challenge. The aim of this study was to evaluate, in an experimental model of growing rats, the efficacy of using ozone to lighten tetracycline-stained incisors. At weaning, male Wistar rats (n=40) were randomly assigned to one of three groups. Two control groups, C2, and C60 (n=8, each) were used to document the usual age-related color. The third group (n=24) received 0.25 g% of oxytetracycline (0) until 60 days of age. These rats were subsequently divided into three further groups: O0, O3 and O5 (n=8, each). These rats were anesthetized; O3 and O5 groups received ozone application to the lower incisors for 3 (group O3) or 5 minutes (group O5), respectively; while O0 did not receive the ozone treatment. Teeth were then photographed and the incisors from the control (C60) and treatment groups (O0, O3 and O5) were cut, and compared to a standard color guide (there were eight shades numbered 0 to 7, lightest to darkest) to assess the hue visually. The teeth were then placed in phosphoric acid to quantify the color by spectrophotometry. The data (mean +/- SD) were analyzed by One-Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey's test or Dunnett test. The visual observation, analyzed blindly by one investigator showed that O3 and O5 groups had diminished yellowing of the teeth as compared to the untreated O0 group (P < 0.001). The color quantified by spectrophotometry also detected significant differences among groups (O3 < O0, P < 0.01; O5 < O0, P < 0.001 and O5 < 03, P < 0.01). C21 and C60 were significantly different among groups (P < 0.001). This is the first experimental study to show that ozone can be successfully used for lightening the yellowish tinge of tetracycline-stained rat incisors. Further studies are required for its potential use in the dental clinic.

Effect of fried sunflower oil intake on mandibular biomechanical competence of growing rats / Efecto del consumo de aceite de girasol termooxidado sobre la competencia biomecánica de la mandíbula, en animales en crecimiento

ABSTRACT Previous studies by us demonstrated that the consumption of thermally oxidized oil diet adversely affects body growth, lipid metabolism, bone mass and femur biomechanical competence. Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of a diet containing fried sunflower oil on the mandible of growing rats. Materials and Method: Male Wistar rats (21±1 day old) (n=21) were assigned at weaning to one of three diets for 8 weeks: a control diet (C), a diet containing sunflower oil (SFO) or a diet containing sunflower oil that had been repeatedly heated (SFOx); both SFO and SFOx were mixed with commercial rat chow at 13% (w/w). The consistency and viscosity of the 3 diets were similar. Zoometrics and food intake were recorded weekly. At wk=8, mandibular growth was assessed by measurements of anatomical points of cleaned bones, and mandible biomechanical competence was assessed to estimate the structural properties of the bone. Statistical analysis was performed by SPSS v. 20.0. Results: Rats fed SFOx diet attained the lowest final body weight (P=0.0074), mandibular weight (P=0.0001) and mandibular /length (P=0.0002). Load bearing capacity (Wf;N), load of yielding (Wy;N) and stiffness (Wy/dy;N/mm) of the mandible were negatively affected by both sunflower oil diets (fresh and fried) (P=0.001; P=0.002; P=0.003, respectively) though SFOx induced the most significant reduction in Wy/dy (C:44.4(5.4) > SFO:36.1(2.1) > SFOx: 26.3(3.7) N/ mm; P=0.003). The deleterious effect of SFOx on mandibular growth was more accentuated on the posterior part of the bone (C:11.4(0.3)=SFO:11.2(0.2)>SFOx: 10.7(0.2) mm; p=0.0005); the anterior/ posterior ratio (C:1.25(0.02)=SFO:1.27(0.02)<SFOx:1.32(0.03); p=0.0001) indicated that SFOx induced mandibular deformation. Conclusion: Consumption of SFOx diet during growth could affect mandibular morphometric properties and biomechanical competence, in terms of bone stiffness.

RESUMEN En estudios previos hemos demostrado los efectos adversos del consumo de una dieta rica en aceite termooxidado sobre el crecimiento corporal, el metabolismo de los lípidos, la masa ósea y la competencia biomecánica del fémur. Objetivo: El objetivo de este trabajo fue investigar el efecto de una dieta rica en aceite de girasol termooxidado (AGX) sobre los parámetros morfométricos y biomecánicos de la mandíbula de rata en crecimiento. Materiales y Método: Ratas macho Wistar de 22±1 días de edad (n=21) recibieron durante 8 semanas una de 3 dietas: control (C); dieta comercial, una dieta suplementada con aceite de girasol (AG) y una dieta suplementada con AGX. La consistencia y la viscosidad de las dietas fueron similares. Los parámetros zoométricos y el consumo de dieta se registraron semanalmente. A T=8, los animales se eutanasiaron y se obtuvieron las hemimandíbulas. El crecimiento mandibular se estimó por medidas morfométricas entre puntos anatómicos y las propiedades estructurales por biomecánica. El análisis estadístico se realizó por SPSS v. 20.0. Resultados: Las ratas alimentadas con AGX presentaron menor peso corporal final (p=0.0074), peso mandibular (p=0.0001) y longitud mandibular (p=0.0002). Las propiedades estructurales de la mandíbula, Wf (p=0.001), Wy (p=0.002) y Wy/dy (p=0.003), se vieron afectadas negativamente en ratas alimentadas con AG o AGX, respecto a C; pero la rigidez ósea (Wy/dy) en AGX fue significativamente menor (C:44.4(5.4) > SFO:36.1(2.1) > SFOx: 26.3(3.7) N/mm; p=0.003). El efecto deletéreo del AGX sobre el crecimiento mandibular fue más acentuado en la región posterior (C:11.4(0.3)=SFO:11.2(0.2)>SFOx: 10.7(0.2) mm; p=0.0005). La relación anterior/posterior (C=1.25 (0.02); AG= 1.27(0.02) y AGX=1.32(0.03), p=0.001) indica que AGX indujo deformación mandibular. Conclusiones: El efecto adverso del consumo de una dieta rica en AGX durante el crecimiento podría afectar los parámetros morfométricos y la biomecánica ósea en términos de rigidez ósea.

Metabolic status in growing rats fed isocaloric diets with increased carbohydrate-to-fat ratio.

OBJECTIVE: A low-fat diet is hypothesized to be associated with significant weight loss. However, most previous studies have been limited to low-fat, low-calorie restrictive diets. This study evaluated the effect of isocaloric diets given "ad libitum" but different in relative amounts of fat and carbohydrate on body size, energy metabolism, body composition, insulin-like growth factor-1, and leptin serum levels in growing Wistar rats. METHODS: Weanling male rats were fed with one of three diets that contained a ratio of carbohydrate to fat of 1:1, 2:1, or 3:1. Food intake, body weight, body length, oxygen consumption, and body composition were measured at ages 21 to 50 d. Serum levels of insulin-like growth factor-1 and leptin were also determined. RESULTS: Energy intake was similar across groups. The ratio of body weight to body length remained adequate throughout the experimental period. However, groups that received 3:1 and 2:1 showed increased weight and progressive decreases in energy expenditure, body fat composition, and serum level of leptin, but the ratio of insulin-like growth factor-1 to body length was not affected. CONCLUSIONS: Dietary substitution of fat with carbohydrates contributes to weight gain by decreasing energy expenditure and possibly by decreasing leptin secretion.

Association among salivary flow rate, caries risk and nutritional status in pre-schoolers.

Modeer T. et al.(2011) claim that there is association between decreased salivary flow rate and caries in obese adolescents. The aim of this study was to determine the association among nutritional status, salivary flow rate and caries risk in preschoolers. The study comprised 60 children aged 3 to 6 years attending kindergartens in areas immediately adjacent to Buenos Aires City, Argentina. Body weight and height of the children were determined. Body mass index was calculated and the population was classified anthropometrically according to the WHO 2007 (WHO Anthro. Program). Caries risk was determined. Saliva was collected in sterile graduated widemouth containers, without stimulation and without food restrictions. Salivary flow rate (SFR) was determined. Statistical analysis was performed using Pearson's test. It was found that 56.7% (IC95%: 37.7-74.0) of anthropometrically adequate children (Ad) and 37.0% (IC95%: 20.1-57.5) of overweight and obese children (OW/Ob) had caries. The odds ratio for caries (OR=3.78; IC95%: 1.2-11.8, p=0.02) was almost 4 times higher in adequate children than in the others. SFR was 0.534 0.318 ml/min in Ad and 0.439 } 0.234 ml/min in OW/Ob. Pearson's test showed no correlation between SFR and nutritional status (r= 0.004592, p= 0.5977). Although the presence of caries was lower in overweight and obese children, no correlation was found between nutritional status and salivary flow rate.

[Imbalance diets in preschool children: study in a day-care center in the Province of Buenos Aires, Argentina]. / Dietas desequilibradas en niños preescolares: estudio en un jardín integral de la provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of low fat diets in children aged 2 to 5. Eighty two children (40 females and 42 males) attending a school cafeteria (Province of Buenos Aires, Argentina), in a cross sectional study, were evaluated. Body weight (W), height (H) and body composition (BC) by bioimpedance were recorded. The anthropometric raw data were processed as Z-score of the weight-for-age (WEZ) and of the height-for-age (HAZ). Serum insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) and Zinc/haemoglobin ratio (Zn/Hb) were also measured. Results showed that 73.2% of the children were adequate (A) according WEZ, 13.4% were lean (L) and 13.4% overweight (O). 8.5% presented simultaneously impairment in WEZ and HAZ. Body fat percentage and energy metabolism were higher in O than in L and A (p < 0.05). Serum IGF-1's children--aged 4 to 5 years--with HAZ deficit were low than adequate HAZ ones. No statistical differences in Zn/Hb ratio between A, L and O were found. This cross sectional study suggests metabolic disorders in young children attending school cafeterias. These conclusions will allow to design balanced diets in order to optimize the resources, promote optimal growth and development and prevent adult diseases through dietary practices in childhood.

[Body composition by simple anthropometry, bioimpedance and DXA in preschool children: interrelationships among methods]. / Composición corporal en niños preescolares: comparación entre métodos antropométricos simples, bioimpedancia y absorciometría de doble haz de rayos X.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the interrelationships of body composition variables derived from simple anthropometry, bioelectrical impedance (BIA) and dualenergy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). POPULATION, MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 230 healthy preschool children (118 males and 112 females) age 4-6 years, attending a day care center, were examined to determine body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC). Percentage of body fat content (%BF) was predicted by BIA (Maltron BF- 900) and DXA (Lunar DPX-L, pediatric software). RESULTS: BMI and WC did not show significant differences among sex, while %BF by BIA or DXA did. BIA measures were lower than DXA s (p <0.0001). Correlation between BIA vs. anthropometric methods and WC vs. DXA were moderate (Pearson r= 0.43 to 0.53), whereas the other correlations were strong (r= 0.71 to 0.83). However Bland Altman comparison showed wide limits of agreement between BIA and DXA; BIA significantly underestimated %BF as determined by DXA (p <0.0001). CONCLUSION: The methods used to estimate body composition in healthy preschool children highly correlated. However, the Bland Altman procedure suggests that BIA and DXA should not be used interchangeably.

The use of ozone to lighten teeth: An experimental study

Tooth-whitening agents are available for therapeutic use in the dental office or at home. However, whitening more severe stains, such as those caused by systemic ingestion of tetracycline, constitutes a challenge. The aim of this study was to evaluate, in an experimental model of growing rats, the efficacy of using ozone to lighten tetracycline-stained incisors. At weaning, male Wistar rats (n=40) were randomly assigned to one of three groups. Two control groups, C21 and C60 (n=8, each) were used to document the usual age-related color. The third group (n=24) received 0.25 g% of oxytetracycline (O) until 60 days of age. These rats were subsequently divided into three further groups: O0, O3 and O5 (n=8, each). These rats were anesthetized; O3 and O5 groups received ozone application to the lower incisors for 3 (group O3) or 5 minutes (group O5), respectively; while O0 did not receive the ozone treatment. Teeth were then photographed and the incisors from the control (C60) and treatment groups (O0, O3 and O5) were cut, and compared to a standard color guide (there were eight shades numbered 0 to 7, lightest to darkest) to assess the hue visually. The teeth were then placed in phosphoric acid to quantify the color by spectrophotometry. The data (mean ± SD) were analyzed by One-Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey's test or Dunnett test. The visual observation, analyzed blindly by one investigator, showed that O3 and O5 groups had diminished yellowing of the teeth as compared to the untreated O0 group (P<0.001). The color quantified by spectrophotometry also detected significant differences among groups (O3 < O0, P<0.01; O5 < O0,P < 0.001 and O5 < O3, P<0.01). C21 and C60 were significantly different among groups (P<0.001). This is the first experimental study to show that ozone can be successfully used for lightening the yellowish tinge of tetracycline- stained rat incisors. Further studies are required for its potential use in the dental clinic.

Los agentes blanqueadores dentales estan disponibles para tratamientos que se realizan en el consultorio odontologico o en el domicilio. Sin embargo, aclarar manchas severas, como las causadas por la ingestion sistemica de tetraciclina, constituyen un desafio. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar en un modelo experimental de ratas en crecimiento, la eficiencia del uso de ozono para aclarar los incisivos oscurecidos por el uso de tetraciclina. Ratas macho Wistar al destete (N=40) fueron asignadas aleatoriamente a uno de tres grupos. Dos de ellos grupos controles, C21 y C60 (N=8, cada uno), para documentar el color habitual de los incisivos, correspondiente a la edad del animal. El tercer grupo (N = 24) recibio 0,25 % de oxitetraciclina (O) hasta los 60 dias de edad. Entonces, el grupo O se dividio aleatoriamente en tres grupos O0, O3 y O5 (N = 8, cada uno) y las ratas se anestesiaron. Los grupos O3 y O5 recibieron en los incisivos inferiores la aplicacion de ozono durante 3 y 5 minutos, respectivamente; mientras que O0 no recibio tratamiento. Los incisivos de C60, O0, O3 y O5 fueron fotografiados. Luego se cortaron y se contrastaron con una guia estandar de ocho colores (ordenados de 0 a 7, desde el mas claro a mas oscuro) para cuantificar visualmente el color de los incisivos. Luego, se colocaron en acido fosforico para cuantificar el color por espectrofotometria. Los resultados (media ± SD) se analizaron por medio de ANOVA y prueba de Tukey o Dunnett (α =0.05) para determinar el efecto del tratamiento. El analisis visual de las imagenes mostro que los grupos O3 y O5 disminuyeron el color amarillo intenso respecto a O0. Dicha diferencia de color fue evaluada a traves de la guia (G) y cuantificada mediante espectrofotometria (E). Segun G, la mayor diferencia de color respecto a C60 fue para O0 (P<0.001), disminuyo en O3 (P<0.001) y aun mas en O5 (P<0.01). De acuerdo a E, O3

Association among salivary flow rate, caries risk and nutritional status in pre-schoolers / Relación entre la tasa de flujo salival, riesgo de caries y estado nutricional en niños pre-escolares

Modéer T. et al. (2011) afirman que en las poblaciones de adolescentes obesos existe asociación entre reducción de tasa de flujo salival y caries. El objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar la asociación entre el estado nutricional, la tasa de flujo salival y el riesgo de caries en preescolares. Se estudiaron 60 niños de 3 a 6 años de edad, que concurrían a Jardines de Infantes del conurbano de la ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina. En este grupo de niños se midió el peso corporal y la talla. Se calculó el índice de masa corporal y se categorizó antropométricamente a la población según OMS 2007. (Programa WHO Anthro). Se determinó el riesgo de caries. La saliva se recolectó en frascos estériles, graduados, de boca ancha sin estimulación y sin restricciones alimentarias. Se determinó la tasa de flujo salival (TFS). El análisis estadísticos e realizó con el Test de Pearson. Presentaron caries el 56.7 por ciento (IC95 por ciento: 37.7-74.0) de los niños adecuados (Ad) antropométricamente y el 37.0 por ciento (IC95 por ciento: 20.1-57.5) de los niños con sobrepeso y obesidad (SP/O). El odds ratio para caries (OR=3.78; IC95 por ciento: 1.2–11.8, p=0.02) fue casi 4 veces mayor en los niños Ad, comparados con los SP/O. La TFS fue 0.534 ± 0.318 ml/min en Ad y 0.439 ± 0.234 ml/min en SP/O. El test de Pearson no evidenció correlación entre la TFS y el estado nutricional (r=0.004592, p=0.5977). A pesar que los niños con sobrepeso y obesidad tienen menor presencia de caries no se encontró correlación entre el estado nutricional y tasa de flujo salival.

Modéer T. et al. (2011) afirman que en las poblaciones deadolescentes obesos existe asociación entre reducción de tasade flujo salival y caries. El objetivo del presente estudio fuedeterminar la asociación entre el estado nutricional, la tasa deflujo salival y el riesgo de caries en preescolares. Se estudiaron60 niños de 3 a 6 años de edad, que concurrían a Jardines deInfantes del conurbano de la ciudad de Buenos Aires,Argentina. En este grupo de niños se midió el peso corporal yla talla. Se calculó el índice de masa corporal y se categorizó antropométricamente a la población según OMS 2007. (Programa WHO Anthro). Se determinó el riesgo de caries. La saliva se recolectó en frascos estériles, graduados, de bocaancha sin estimulación y sin restricciones alimentarias. Se determinó la tasa de flujo salival (TFS). El análisis estadísticos e realizó con el Test de Pearson. Presentaron caries el 56.7% (IC95%: 37.7-74.0) de los niños adecuados (Ad) antropométricamente y el 37.0% (IC95%: 20.1-57.5) de los niños con sobrepeso y obesidad (SP/O). El odds ratio paracaries (OR=3.78; IC95%: 1.2–11.8, p=0.02) fue casi 4 veces mayor en los niños Ad, comparados con los SP/O. La TFS fue 0.534 ± 0.318 ml/min en Ad y 0.439 ± 0.234 ml/min en SP/O.El test de Pearson no evidenció correlación entre la TFS y el estado nutricional (r=0.004592, p=0.5977). A pesar que los niños con sobrepeso y obesidad tienen menor presencia de caries no se encontró correlación entre el estado nutricional y tasa de flujo salival.

Composición corporal en niños preescolares: comparación entre métodos antropométricos simples, bioimpedancia y absorciometría de Doble Haz de Rayos X / Body composition by simple anthropometry, bioimpedance and DXA in Preschool Children: interrelationships among methods

Objetivo. Comparar la composición corporal estimadapor dos métodos antropométricos simples ypor impedanciometría (BIA, por sus siglas en inglés)y absorciometría de doble haz de rayos X(DXA, por sus siglas en inglés) y estudiar las correlacionesexistentes entre ellos, en una poblaciónpreescolar de Argentina.Población, material y métodos. Se estudió transversalmenteuna población clínicamente sana, deedad comprendida entre 4 y 6 años, de 230 niños(118 varones y 112 niñas), que concurrían a JardinesIntegrales de La Matanza, Argentina. Se determinóel índice de masa corporal (IMC), la circunferenciade cintura (Cci) y el contenido de grasa corporal,expresado como porcentaje, por BIA (Maltron BF-900) y por DXA (densitómetro Lunar DPX-L, softwarepediátrico).Resultados. En IMC y Cci no se observaron diferenciasestadísticamente significativas entre ambossexos, pero sí en el porcentaje de grasa corporal porBIA o DXA. La correlación entre BIA y ambos métodosantropométricos fue moderada (r de Pearson=0,43-0,53), al igual que entre DXA y Cci (r= 0,66),mientras que las demás correlaciones fueron fuertes(r= 0,71-0,83). Las medidas obtenidas por BIA yDXA no concordaron (prueba de Bland Altman); sinembargo, las diferencias se distribuyeron en formahomogénea a lo largo del eje horizontal e independientementede las medias. BIA reprodujo valoresmás bajos de porcentaje de grasa corporal que DXA(p <0,0001).Conclusiones. Existe buena correlación entre losmétodos antropométricos sencillos y la bioimpedanciay DXA. Sin embargo, los resultados no sonintercambiables, incluso entre BIA y DXA

Objective. To examine the interrelationships of body composition variables derived from simple anthropometry, bioelectrical impedance (BIA) and dualenergy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Population, material and methods. A total of 230 healthy preschool children (118 males and 112 females) age 4-6 years, attending a day care center, were examined to determine body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC). Percentage of body fat content (%BF) was predicted by BIA (Maltron BF- 900) and DXA (Lunar DPX-L, pediatric software). Results. BMI and WC did not show significant differences among sex, while %BF by BIA or DXA did. BIA measures were lower than DXA´s (p <0.0001). Correlation between BIA vs. anthropometric methods and WC vs. DXA were moderate (Pearson r= 0.43 to 0.53), whereas the other correlations were strong (r= 0.71 to 0.83). However Bland Altman comparison showed wide limits of agreementbetween BIA and DXA; BIA significantly underestimated %BF as determined by DXA (p <0.0001). Conclusion. The methods used to estimate body composition in healthy preschool children highly correlated. However, the Bland Altman procedure suggests that BIA and DXA should not be used interchangeably.

Estudio de la percepción del peso corporal en tres grupos de estudiantes universitarios de Argentina y España / Study of body weight perception in three groups of university students from Argentina and Spain

Objetivo: comparar los datos antropométricos y la percepción del propio peso (imagen corporal) en estudiantes universitarios de carreras relacionadas con el área Salud, de dos ciudades de dos países de habla hispana, según género, ciudades y países. Población y Método: se realizó una encuesta a 879 estudiantes universitarios, de 18 a 24 años de edad, de Barcelona (España) y Buenos Aires (Argentina), pertenecientes a las siguientes facultades: Veterinaria (Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, UAB) (n= 495), Agricultura (Universidad Politécnica de Cataluña, UPC) (n= 249) y Odontología (Universidad de Buenos Aires, UBA) (n= 135). Se distribuyó un cuestionario autoadministrado, en el horario de clase de una asignatura troncal de cada curso, que incluyó datos personales, antropométricos y algunas preguntas relacionadas con sus creencias y motivaciones acerca de hábitos saludables. Resultados: Se han encontrado diferencias entre género, entre facultades y entre países. El IMC de la población total fue: mujeres: 21.1± 5.1; varones: 22.7± 2.7. El porcentaje de mujeres con Índice de Masa Corporal (IMC) inferior a 18,5 fue similar en los 3 grupos de estudiantes (12,3 a 15,7). El 64% del total de las mujeres universitarias presentaron disconformidad con su peso y deseos de adelgazar. La población de estudiantes con IMC adecuado que deseaba perder peso fue (% e IC 95%): UAB: 76.2% (58.0%-94.4%), UPC: 67.9% (50.9%-85.2%); UBA: 72.2% (51.5%-92.9%). El intento previo de reducir el peso fue de 61% en mujeres vs. 32% en varones (p<0,001) y la población argentina es la que más se deja aconsejar por un profesional. Las estudiantes con IMC<18.5 también manifestaron el deseo de perder peso (UAB=34%; UPC=46%; UBA=39%). Conclusión: la educación nutricional debería ser utilizada como una herramienta para modificar actitudes tendientes a mejorar la percepción de la imagen y peso corporales, la nutrición y las prácticas alimentarias.

Enanismo por desnutricion: cronodinamia de los procesos metabolicos en ratas / Nutrition dwarfing: longitudinal analysis of anthropometric and metabolic parameters in rats

El enanismo por desnutrición es una enfermedad no orgánica, cuya causa es la reducción voluntaria o no intencional de la ingesta de alimentos, debida a hábitos alimentarios inapropiados, insatisfacción en el peso corporal o a inadecuadas dietas para adelgazar. Los pacientes con retardo en el crecimiento debido a una causa nutricional logram alcanzar un crecimiento que es el equilibrio entre el potencial genético para el crecimiento y la ingesta de nutrientes. Esta desaceleración en el crecimiento produce una adaptación metabólica que no se refleja en los parámetros bioquímicos tradicionales utilizados como marcados de malnutrición. El objetivo de nuestro trabajo fue comparar en un modelo experimental en ratas en crecimineto las posibles modificaciones en la utilización de sustrato endógeno (CC), el consumo de oxígeno (VO2) y la velocidad de crecimiento. Se emplearon 30 ratas macho de la cepa Wistar que al momento del destete se subdividieron en 3 grupos: control (C) y experimentales: E4 y E8. El grupo C recibió una dieta stock ad libitum. El E4 y E8 recibieron por cada 100 gr de peso corporal un 80 por ciento de la misma dieta durante 4 y 8 semanas, respectivamente. Durante el período de depleción nutricional se midieron los siguientes parámetros: 1) peso (P) y talla (T) corporales en función de la edad, 2) P/T Z Score, 3) Composición corporal (CC) por el EM-SCAN, TOBEC modelo SA 3000/3076, Springfield, USA, 4) VO2 por calorimetría indirecta (ECO-OXYMAX, Columbus Instruments). Se obtuvieron los siguientes resultados a las 4 y 8 semanas, respectivamente: 1) La categoría antropométrica (CA) de delgado (P/T Z Score: -0.70 + 0.43) y de desnutrido (P/T Z Score: -1.44 + 0.32), respectivamente, 2) La reserva lipídica fluctuó dentro del rango normal con una cronodinamia significativamente diferente respecto de la del C. 3) No hubo diferencia significativa del VO2 entre C, E4 y E8. Los resultados obtenidos sugieren que la ingesta crónica de una cantidad subóptima (80 por ciento) de una dieta balanceada afecta el crecimiento corporal sin alterar el desarrollo del individuo.